論文題目：目的論視角下商務合同漢英翻譯詞性轉換技巧研究目的論視角下商務合同漢英翻譯詞性轉換技巧研究摘要在世界經濟一體化的背景下，國際商務合作呈快速增長之勢，商務合同的漢英翻譯在國際商務合作中扮演著重要角色，準確嚴謹的商務合同漢英翻譯尤為重要。因此，研究商務合同漢英翻譯方法具有重要的現(xiàn)實意義。本論文將以費米爾的目的論為基礎，研究商務合同漢英翻譯詞性轉換技巧。本文共分為三部分：第一部分介紹目的論的誕生背景和主要觀點；第二部分概述商務合同的特點以及翻譯難點；第三部分探討商務合同漢英翻譯的詞性轉換策略。最后得出結論：目的論對于商務合同漢英翻譯具有很好的指導意義。本文所研究的商務合同漢英翻譯詞性轉換技巧，一方面可以推動翻譯內容的準確性和嚴謹性，另一方面可以更好地推動國際商務合作順利進行。關鍵詞：國際商務合同目的論詞性轉換

PartofSpeechConversioninC-ETranslationofBusinessContractGuidedbySkoposTheorieAbstractInthecontextofglobaleconomicintegration,internationalbusinesscooperationisgrowingrapidly.TheChinese-Englishtranslationofbusinesscontractsplaysamoreandmoreimportantroleininternationalbusinesscooperation.So,accurateandrigorousChinese-Englishtranslationofbusinesscontractsisparticularlyimportant.AnditisofgreatpracticalsignificancetostudytheChinese-Englishtranslationmethodofbusinesscontracts.ThispaperwillbebasedonSkoposTheoriewhichisproposedbyVermeer,andwillstudytheconversionofpartofspeechinbusinesscontract.Thisarticleisdividedintothreeparts:thefirstpartintroducesthedevelopmentbackgroundandmainpointsofSkoposTheorie;thesecondpartoutlinesthefeaturesofbusinesscontractsandthedifficultiesintranslation;thethirdpartdiscussesthepart-of-speechconversionstrategyofChinese-Englishtranslationofbusinesscontracts.Finally,itisconcludedthatSkoposTheoriehasagoodguidingsignificancefortheChinese-Englishtranslationofbusinesscontracts.ThepartofspeechconversiontechniquesforChinese-Englishtranslationofbusinesscontractsstudiedinthisarticleontheonehandcanimprovetheaccuracyandrigorofthecontent,ontheotherhandhelppromotethesmoothprogressofinternationalbusinesscooperation.Keywords:businesscontract;SkoposTheorie;partofspeechContentsTOC\o"1-3"\h\u9435Introduction 13903PartIAnIntroductiontoSkoposTheorie 2315931.1EmergenceanddevelopmentofSkoposTheorie 2206961.2ThemaincontentsofSkoposTheorie 328404PartIITranslationDifficultiesandSolutionsofBusinessContract 5135292.1Businesscontractfeatures 5205302.2Methodsforhandlingtranslationdifficulties 621684PartIIIMethodsofPartofSpeechConversioninBusinessContractC-ETranslation 9189703.1Anintroductiontopartofspeechconversion 9303983.2Conversionofverb 963813.2.1Convertingverbintonoun 9238183.2.2Convertingverbintopreposition 11238183.2.3Convertingverbintoadjective 12312103.3Conversionofnoun 12276703.3.1Convertingnounintoverb 12281223.3.2Convertingnounintoadjective 139528Conclusion 1429460Acknowledgments 158043Notes 1631633Bibliography 17唐山學院畢業(yè)論文PAGE1IntroductionSinceourcountryhasjoinedWTO,internationalbusinesstradebetweenChinaandothercountrieshavebecomemoreandmorefrequent.BusinesscontractC-Etranslationintheinternationalbusinessactivitieshaveaninestimableprospectoftheindustry,andsuddenlybecamenoticeable.Therefore,itismeaningfultostudytheC-Etranslationofinternationalbusinesscontracts.IntheprocessofbusinesscontractsC-Etranslation,partofspeechconversionisthemostprimarytranslationtechnique.Thesuccessofthisbasictranslationtechniqueintheapplicationofbusinesscontractsisdirectlyrelatedtothequalityoftheoveralltranslation.In1970s,GermantranslatorVermeerputforwardthetranslationSkoposTheorie,sothattranslationstudiesarenolongerboundbytheoriginal-centrictheory.Besides,SkoposTheoriealsoprovideatheoreticalbasisandanewperspectiveonthestudyofChinese-Englishtranslationofbusinesscontracts.InVermeer’sview,translatingis"notmerelyandnotevenprimarilyalinguisticprocess",[1]andtranslation(includinginterpreting)isonly"atypeoftransferwherecommunicativeverbalandnon-verbalsignsaretransferredfromonelanguageintoanother".[2]IntheframeworkofSkoposTheorie,threeimportantprincipleswhichisskoposprinciple,coherenceprincipleandfidelityprincipleshouldbefollowedintranslation.Theskoposprincipleisthesupremeprincipleamongthethreeprinciples.Andcoherenceprincipleandfidelityprinciplearesubordinatetoskoposprinciple.Therearethreepartsinthispaper:thefirstpartisabouttheconceptofSkoposTheorieanditsimportantroleinbusinesscontractC-Etranslation.Thesecondpartintroducesthefeaturesofbusinesscontractandhowtosolvethetranslationdifficulties.The

third

part

analyzesmethodsof

the

partofspeechconversionskillundertheguidanceofSkoposTheorie.

PartIAnIntroductiontoSkoposTheorieSkoposTheorieisoneofthemostimportanttheoriesinChinese-Englishtranslation.SkoposTheorieisthetheoryofapplyingtheSkoposconcepttotranslation.Itscoreideaisthatthemostimportantelementinthetranslationprocessisthepurposeofthewholetranslationbehavior.Therefore,inthischapter,wewillintroducesomebasicinformationaboutSkoposTheorie.EmergenceanddevelopmentofSkoposTheorieAsweallknow,thedevelopmentofSkoposTheoriehasbeenthroughalongprocess.KatharinaReiss,HansVermeerandChristianeNordandmanyotherWesterntranslatorshavecontributedgreatlytothestudyoftranslation.TheirresearchprovidesagoodtheoreticalbasisforSkoposTheorie.Thefirststage:KatharinaReissforthefirsttimeintroducedthefunctionalcategoryoftranslationcriticism.Thelanguagefunction,texttypeandtranslationstrategyarerelatedtothedevelopmentoftranslationcriticismmodelbasedonsourcetextandtargettextfunction.Reissthinksthattheidealtranslationshouldbecommunicativeandcomprehensive,thatis,thecontent,languageformsandcommunicativefunctionsareallequivalenttotheoriginal,butinpracticeshouldpayattentiontothefunctionalfeaturesofthetranslation.Thesecondstage:HansVermeerputforwardtheSkoposTheorie,translationstudygetridoffromtheoriginaltext-centeredtheory.Thetheoryholdsthattranslationisapurposefulaction.Anditisonthebasisoforiginaltext.Thethirdstage:JustaHolzManttariproposedthetheoryoftranslationactionaccordingtocommunicationandbehavioraltheory.Itfurtherdevelopedthefunctionaltranslationtheory.ThistheorywassimilartoSkoposTheorie,andVermeerintegratedthetwotheoriestogether.Thefourthstage:ChristianeNorddidacomprehensivesummaryandimprovedthefunctionaltheory.ChristianeNordsortedoutthevariousfunctionalisttheories.Hesuggestedthatthetranslatorshouldfollowtheguidingprincipleof"functionplusloyalty".ThemaincontentsofSkoposTheorieAsweallknowthatinternationalbusinesscontractsarelegaldocuments.Itsfunctionistoregulatepeople'ssocialbehaviorsanddefinethedutiesofsocialmembers,andtellpeoplewhattodoandwhatnottodo.Therefore,intheinternationalbusinesscontracttranslationprocess,thetranslationshouldconveyalltheinformationcontainedinthesourcetext.Andbusinesscontactasthelegaltextshouldbeproperlytranslatedtoachievethepurposeoflegaleffect.SkoposTheorieclarifiesthefunctionsandpurposesofthetranslationofinternationalbusinesscontracts.IftherelevanttheoriesareeffectivelyusedtoguideChinese-Englishtranslationofbusinesscontract,itwilldefinitelyhaveapositiveeffect.SkoposTheorieproposedbyVermeercanbesummarizedintothefollowingthreeprinciples:skoposprinciple,coherenceprincipleandfidelityprinciple.Theskoposprinciplereferstothepurposeoftranslationbehaviordeterminesthewholeprocessoftranslationbehavior.Thepurposeofbusinesscontracttranslationistounderstandtheoriginaltextaccuratelyandexpressitaccuratelyintargetlanguagetoprotectthelegitimaterightsandinterestsofthecontactparties.Therefore,beforetranslatingtheoriginaltextyoumustunderstandtheoriginaltextaccuratelyandreducedeviationstoavoiddisputes.Thecoherenceruleisalsocalledtheintra-textualcoherenceprinciple.Itmeansthatthetargetcontentmustmeettheintra-textualcoherencerule.Thatistosay,thetranslationisacceptable.Italsocanbeunderstoodbytherecipient.Acontractisacomprehensivebusinessactivityinvolvingvariousfields.So,whenwetranslatetheinternationalbusinesscontract,wewillencounteralargenumberofterminologies.Thenatureandcharacteristicsofthebusinesscontractdeterminethatstandardandequivalenttermsmustbeused.Intranslation,thetermcannotbetranslatedaccordingtothesubjectivewill.Sometranslatortranslatethetermintootherformsinsomeplaces.Butthisbehaviorwillcausethedeviationintranslation,andconfusethereader,andseriouslymaymakethecontracttofailtoexecute.Themeaningofsometermsinbusinesscontractsisdifferentfromwhatweusuallyunderstand.So,inthetranslationpractice,theremaybeaphenomenonofrandomtranslationorcopyingacertainmeaninggiveninthedictionary.AccordingtoSkoposTheorie,coherenceprincipleistheintra-lingualcoherenceprinciple.Inotherwords,thetranslationmustmaintainconsistencyincertainexpressions.Differentexpressionscannotbeusedtoexpressthesameconcept,orwillcausereaderstobepuzzledbythetranslation.Inthebusinesscontractstranslation,coherenceprinciplerequirestheexpressionofprofessionaltermstobeunified.Thefidelityprinciplemeansthatthereshouldbeinter-textualcoherencebetweenthesourcetextandthetargettext.Thisisequivalenttoothertranslationtheorieswhicharefaithfultotheoriginaltext.Besidesthedegreeandformofloyaltytotheoriginaldependsonthepurposeofthetranslationandthetranslator’sunderstandingtotheoriginal.Theskoposprincipledeterminescoherenceprincipleandfidelityprinciple.Therearemanynumbersanddatesinvolvedinthebusinesscontracttext.Whetherthetranslatorcanexpressthetargetlanguagefaithfullydependsonthecorrectunderstandingoftheoriginalcontracttext.Thetranslationmustbefaithfultotheoriginaltexttoprotectthelegitimaterightsandinterestsofallparties.Vermeerbelievesthatthehighestprincipleintranslationisskoposprinciple.So,Thepurposeoftranslationisdifferent,andthestrategiesandmethodsadoptedintranslationarealsodifferent.Thatistosay,thepurposeoftranslationdeterminesthestrategiesandmethodsoftranslation.PartIITranslationDifficultiesandSolutionsofBusinessContractAninternationalbusinesscontractisalegalandofficialdocumentthatstipulatesthelegalrightsandobligationsofbothcontractparties.Andisalsoacodeofconductforthepartiestothecontracttoworktogether.Thereisnodoubtthattranslatinginternationalbusinesscontractsaccuratelyhasgreatpracticalsignificanceforensuringthelegalrightsandinterestsofbothparties,avoidinglegaldisputesandpromotingtheprogressofinternationalbusinesscooperationonthebasisofequalityandmutualbenefit.Thissectionwillintroducethecharacteristicofbusinesscontractsandthedifficultiesoftranslationandtherelatesolutions.2.1BusinesscontractfeaturesPursuanttoArticle2oftheContractLawofthePeople’sRepublicofChina（1999）definesacontractas"anagreementontheestablishment,alteration,andterminationofcivilrightsandobligationsbetweenequalsubjectsofnaturalpersons,legalpersons,andotherorganizations."wecanknowthecontractisregardedasalegaldocument.Bysigningthecontract,thecontractpartieshopetoreducetheuncertaintyinbusinessactivities.Onceconcluded,thecontractbecomestheguidingprincipleofthecontractingparties’performanceandthebasisorresolvinganydisputes.Ininternationaltradeactivities,internationalbusinesscontractsarethelegalbasiswhichstipulatethecontractparties’rightsandobligations.Theyarealsoaguaranteeforthesmoothprogressofeconomicandtradeactivities.Therefore,thetranslationofinternationalbusinesscontractsplaysanimportantroleininternationaltradeactivities.Thetranslationofaninternationalbusinesscontractisdirectlyrelatedtothesuccessorfailureofinternationalbusinesscooperation.Sincethecontractbelongstothelegalstyle,ithasdistinctfeaturesintermsofwordsandsyntax.Theusageofthewordsininternationalbusinesscontractsisextremelysophisticated,requiringprofessional,formalandaccuratewords.Becausetheprofessionalterminologyhasthecharacteristicsofsinglemeaning,fixed,noambiguity,etc.,anditcanbeusedinternationally.Therefore,byusingprofessionalterminology,thebusinesscontractmakesitscontentexpressionmoreprecise,professional,andstandardized,effectivelyavoidingthemisunderstandingscausedbythedifferencesinunderstandingbetweentheparties.Inaddition,thestyleofbusinesscontractsismoreseriousandsolemn.Therefore,moreformallanguageisusedininternationalbusinesscontracts,andinformalexpressionssuchasslangandspokenlanguageareavoided.Forexample:Eitherpartyreservestherighttoterminatethisagreementuponnegotiation.Inthissentence,thewrittenterm"terminate"isusedtoreplacethemorecolloquial"end",whichgreatlyenhancestheformality.Similarexamplesarepurchase(buy),party(side),reserve(keep),render(make),residence(home),state(say),inform(tell),deem(think),andsoon.Thesentencestructureofbusinesscontractisrigorousandlong,pursuingtheprecisionandrigoroflogic,theprofessionalismandstandardizationofexpression.Moredeclarativesentencesareusedininternationalbusinesscontractstostatethefactsaccuratelyandobjectively.Anditindicatestheresponsibilities,rightsandobligationsoftheparties.Thelanguageofdeclarativesentencesismoreobjectiveandplain.Therefore,declarativesentencesareusedmorefrequentlyinbusinesscontracts,andinterrogativesentencesandexclamatorysentencesareseldomused.Moreconditionalsentencesareusedinbusinesscontracttostipulatetherights,obligationsandresponsibilitiesamongtheparties.Therefore,thecontracttermsmusttakeintoaccountvariouspossiblesituations,thatis,withvariousconditions,onlyiftheseconditionsaremet,thetwopartiescanimplementtheirownrightsandobligations.Therefore,conditionalsentencesareoftenusedextensivelyinbusinesscontracts,andevenifsomeassumptionsareunlikelytooccur,thesubjunctivetoneisstillnotused.Inordertomakethetermsclearandclear,excludeallthepossibleambiguitiesandmisunderstandings,andstrictlydefinetheobligationsandrightstothecontract,theEnglishcontractisfullofdefinitions,restrictions,modifications,andrepeatedwordstoavoidomittingorreferring,Sothesentenceisverylong.2.2TranslationdifficultiesYanFusaid:Therearethreedifficultiesintranslationwhichis信、達、雅."信"meansbeingfaithfultotheoriginaltext."達"meansthatthetranslationshouldbeclearandfluent;"雅"meansthatthetranslationshouldbeelegant.Inotherwords,thetranslatormuststrivetobefaithfultotheoriginaltext.Andalsomakethetranslationconformtotheexpressionhabitsofitslanguage,sothatthetranslationissmoothandfluent.Thereisnodoubtthatthisisthedifficultyoftranslatingbusinesscontracts.Thetwopartiesinvolvedinaninternationalbusinesscontracthavedifferentculturalbackgrounds,sothemindsetandlanguageexpressionhabitsofthetwopartiesaredifferent.ThoughtherearesomesimilaritiesbetweenEnglishandChinese,therearequitemuchvarianceinmanyaspects(suchasvocabulary,grammar,sentencestructureandculture,etc).ThepartofspeechclassificationofChineseandEnglishareroughlyconsistentandthegrammaticalfunctionsofpartofspeecharealsosimilar.AlargenumberofresearchresultsindicatethatChineseandEnglishdonotcorrespondcompletelyintheirpartsofspeechinC-Etranslation.InEnglishsentences,thereisonlyonepredicateverb.ButinChinesesentences,thereareoftenmultiplepredicateverbsasthewordorderchanges,especiallyinnormativetextssuchasbusinesscontracts.Itisfoundthatifawordofthesamepartofspeechistranslatedinasentenceaccordingtothewordofthesamepartofspeechintheoriginaltext,thetranslationproblemwillnotbesolved.Chinesesentencesusemoreverbs.However,Englishsentenceshaveacommonphenomenonwhichisnominalization.Ifword-to-wordtranslationisusedtotranslateChineseverbsintoEnglishverbs,theoriginalmeaningcannotbeexpressedfaithfullyandcompletely.IfWordssuchasverbs,adjectives,prepositionsandsoonofthecontractsarenotchangedandtheirpartofspeechareretained,thetranslationwillbenotauthentic.Itatleastaffectstoconveythemeaningoftheoriginaltext,andworstofall,itmaycausethedirectlossofeconomicinterests.2.3Methodsforhandlingtranslationdifficulties"Accordingtocombinethenatureoflegallanguageandtranslationpractice,wecanconcludethatbefaithfulandaccurate,fluentandrigorous,andkeepingoriginalstylearethemostcomprehensiveandsuitablestandardsforlegaltexttranslation."[3]Faithfulandaccurateisthatthetranslationmustbefaithfultotheoriginaltext.Andthereaderscanunderstandthemeaningoftheoriginaltextclearly.Faithfulandaccurateisthesouloflegaltranslation.Fluentandrigorousrefertotheformofthetranslation,whichmeansthatthetranslationshouldbeinaccordancewiththegrammar,rhetoricrulesandexpressionhabitsofitslanguage.Whenweusenormalandrigorouswords,trytokeepthetranslationsimpleandlogical.Keepingoriginalstylereferstomaintainthelegalstyleandspiritoftheoriginaltextasmuchaspossible.Themeaningexpressedbythestandardof"faithfulandaccurate,fluentandrigorous,andkeepingoriginalstyle"isconsistentwiththecontentofskoposprinciple,coherenceprincipleandfidelityprinciple.Therefore,SkoposTheoriecanbetterguidethetranslationofinternationalbusinesscontracts.InbusinesscontractC-Etranslation,thequalityofwordtranslationisinseparablyconnectedwiththefluencyoftranslation.Ifthetranslationneedstobefaithfultotheoriginaltext,conformstoitslanguageexpressionhabits,andalsomaintainthestrictstyleofthecontract,wecanonlychangesomepartofspeechoftheoriginalwords.Aimingattheproblemofpartofspeechbarrier,theauthorofthispapertriestosolveitwiththepartofspeechconversionundertheguidanceofSkoposTheorie.PartIIIMethodsofPartofSpeechConversioninBusinessContractC-ETranslationTheexpressionandusageofsentencesininternationalChineseandEnglisharequitedifferent,andthenatureofwordsisalsonotcorrespondent.Intheactualtranslationandlearningprocess,itisnecessarytousepartofspeechconversionstrategiesflexiblyforunderstandingandanalysis.UndertheguidanceofSkoposTheorie,thissectionwillanalyzethetypesandstrategiesofpartofspeechconversioninC-EtranslationbasedonSkoposprinciple,coherenceprincipleandfidelityprinciple.3.1AnintroductiontopartofspeechconversionFromtheperspectiveoftranslationstudies,itisnecessarytotranslatecertainwordsinthesourcelanguageintothewordsinthelanguagebelongtoanotherpartofspeech,thatis,convertonepartofspeechintheoriginaltexttoanotherpartofspeechappropriately.Thisispartofspeechconversion.ThemainclassificationsofpartofspeechofChineseandEnglisharenotwithmuchdistinction,buttheydonotbelongtothesamecategoryintheclassificationoflanguagefamilies.So,thewayofexpressionbetweenChineseandEnglishareverydifferentindifferentsocialbackgrounds.AccordingtothethreeprinciplesofSkoposTheorie,themostimportantistheinformationoftheoriginalandthetranslationisequivalent.Therefore,Whentranslatingapieceoftext,weshouldpursueboththetranslationandtheoriginaltexthavetheequalvalue.Thisiswhyweneedtousepartofspeechconversionflexibly,anditisalsothesignificanceofpartofspeechconversion.3.2Conversionofverb"ItiswellknownthatoneChinesesentencecouldhavemanyverbs,butinoneEnglishsentencecouldonlyhaveoneverbasthepredicate".[4]ThenforabetterinternationalbusinesscontractC-Etranslation,thepartofspeechwillbeconverted.Inaddition,theverbscanbeconvertedintopropositions,adjectivesandconjunctions.Inthissection,theauthorwillgivesomeexamplesabouttheconversionofverbsininternationalbusinesscontract.3.2.1Convertingverbintonoun"Translationisacomplicatedcross-culturalcommunicationactivitywhichisoftensubjectedtotheinfluenceandconstraintsofvariouscomplicatedfactorsinthetargetlanguagecontext.ConversionisacommonandflexibletranslationskillusedinthetranslatingfromChinesetoEnglish".[5]ChineseverbscanbetranslatedintoEnglishnounsderivedfromverbsornounswithactionmeaning.Besides,normalizationisthemostpowerfulmeansintheconversion.Ittransformsaverboranadjectiveintoitsnounform,andhasadualsemanticfeature.Andthisconversionfrequentlyusesinthetranslation.Example1Original:如因買方未能付款，或因其違反本協(xié)議任意一條規(guī)定，賣方均有權取消合約。Translation:(1)TheSellersreservetherighttocancelthiscontractatanytimeifthebuyersmakedefaultinpaymentorcommitabreachofanyclausehereof.(2)TheSellersreservetherighttocancelthiscontractatanytimeifthebuyersmakedefaultinpaymentorbreachanyclausehereof.InCase(2)above,"breach"inthesentencecompositionisaverb,butitalsohaveanotherpartofspeechwhichisanoun.However,ithasthesamewordclasswithChineseverb"違反"here.ComparewiththeCase(1),thetranslatoruse"commitabreach"insteadof"breach",whichappearsmoreformal.Thisisinlinewiththecharacteristicofinternationalbusinesscontractwhichistheformalization.Example2Original:甲方應于裝運之日前30天為乙方開具不可撤銷的即期信用證,該證在裝運之日后第10天于中國議付有效。Translation:ThePartyAshallstrictlyopenanirrevocablesightletterofcredittothePartyB30daysbeforethedayoftheshipment,validfornegotiationinChinauntilthe10thdayafterthedateofshipment.Inthiscaseabove,theverb"議付"isrenderedinto"negotiation"whichiswithactionmeaning.ThisisalsoinlinewithEnglishexpressionhabits.Example3Original:賣方收到這樣的通知后須在14天內歸還所有款項。Translation:AllmoniesSellerwillreturnwithinfourteendaysafterreceiptofsuchnotice.InthisChinesesentence,"收到"isaverbwhichisrenderedinto"receipt"inEnglishsentence.Accordingtotheexpressionlogic,itwillbebetter.Themeaningofreceiptinthedictionaryistheactofreceivingsomething.Soitisanounwithactionmeaning.Afterthisconversion,itisinlinewithEnglishexpressionhabitswhichisonlyoneverbasthepredicateinonesentence.3.2.2ConvertingverbintoprepositionEnglishisaninflectinglanguage,andmanyregulationsandrulesareimposedonit.Onthecontrary,Chineseisnotainflectinglanguage,whichdoesn’thavetheconstraintofverbs.Beingananalyticlanguage,withoutthelimitationofinflections,Chineseverbscanbefreelyandfrequentlyused.Verbaldominanceisobvious,andprepositionsarelessused.ThissectionaimsatdiscussingtheshiftofChineseverbsintoEnglishprepositions.Example4Original:當事人可以委托代理人依法訂立合同。Translation:Thepartiesmayconcludeacontractthroughanagentinaccordancewiththelaw.Inthiscase"委托"isrenderinto“through”,whichsuccessfullyincreasescomprehensibilityandreadabilitywhilefollowingthesourcetextascloselyaspossible.Example5Original:按照此處的描述，規(guī)格和性能標準（規(guī)格），成為嶄新并具備可商銷品質，處于良好的狀態(tài)及工作秩序，在設計，制造和其他工藝上無任何缺陷。Translation:Conformtothedescription,specificationsandperformancestandardssetoutherein(the"Specification")andwillbenewandofmerchantablequality,ingoodworkingorderandconditionwithoutdefectindesign,manufactureorotherworkmanship.Itiscommontotranslatetheword"具備"intoprepositionofEnglishwords,suchas"of"and"with".Itisalsocommontotranslatetheword"處于"into"in"duringtranslation.Afterthisconversion,thetranslationismoreauthenticandthereaderscangetclosetotheoriginalmeaningbythegreatestextent.Example6Original:出租人同意將一套年生產一百五十噸醋酸的成套設備出租給承租人，并提供完整的操作與維修手冊，期限五年。Translation:Thelessoragreetoleaseoutawholeplantforaceticacidproductionwithanannualproductioncapacityof150tonstotheLesseetogetherwithafullsetofoperationandmaintenancemanualsforaperiodoffiveyears.Wecanseetherearetwoverbsintheoriginalsentence.However,onlyoneverbwecanuseinoneEnglishsentence.Therefore,convertingthesecondChineseverbintoEnglishprepositionismuchbetter.Besides,thetranslationnotonlyconformstoEnglishlanguagehabitsandthecoherencerule,butalsomakeiteasierforforeignreaderstounderstand.3.2.3ConvertingverbintoadjectiveItiscommonforverbsinlegalChinesetobetranslatedintoEnglishadjectives.EspeciallytranslatethestructureoftheverbintheChineseintothe"be+adjective"inEnglishlanguage.Besides,therearesomeChinesewordsusedtoexpresstheconsciousness,emotionandthoughtwhicharealwaysconvertedintotheEnglishadjectives.Example7Original:租約第五十二條（1）項的規(guī)定不適用于此退回場地。Translation:TheprovisionsofSection52(I)oftheLeaseshallnotbeapplicabletotheSurrenderSpace.Accordingtotheconversionprinciple,thematch"be+liable"isafixedarrangement,andthiscategoryofadjectivesnexttothecopula"be"isoftenconvertedintoChineseverb"適用".Inthisway,themeaningcanbeexpressedcorrectlyandclearly,andatthesametimethemandatesofthelawhavebeengivenanaccurateinterpretation.3.3ConversionofnounHypotaxisandparataxisarethegreatdifferencebetweenEnglishandChinese.Sometimes,itwillbebettertoconvertthepartofspeechaboutChinesenoun,whichcouldmakethetranslationclosetotheoriginal.Theauthorwillanalyzetheconversionofnounindetailsatthissection.3.3.1ConvertingnounintoverbCompareEnglishwithChinese,verbsareusedlessfrequentlyinEnglishthaninChinese,butthephenomenonofEnglishpolysemouswordsismorecommonthanChinese,andEnglishverbnotonlycanbechangedint