碳材料的應(yīng)用研究文獻(xiàn)綜述不同的碳具有不同的物理化學(xué)性質(zhì)，這取決于碳碳鍵的結(jié)合、表面官能團(tuán)的缺陷程度以及它們的微納米結(jié)構(gòu)。自富勒烯的發(fā)現(xiàn)、20世紀(jì)90年代初碳納米管的發(fā)現(xiàn)以及2004年石墨烯的（重新）發(fā)現(xiàn)以來(lái)，這些納米碳材料越來(lái)越受到關(guān)注ADDINEN.CITEADDINEN.CITE.DATA[\o"McCreery,2008#229"84-87]。1.1碳材料概述（1）石墨烯石墨烯（graphene）是由sp2雜化的蜂窩形結(jié)構(gòu)ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>Korkmaz</Author><Year>2020</Year><RecNum>233</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">[88]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>233</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="ax0xfvs58wftsoevfa55vx96praevp9vz2tw">233</key><keyapp="ENWeb"db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Korkmaz,Satiye</author><author>Kariper,?Af?in</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Grapheneandgrapheneoxidebasedaerogels:Synthesis,characteristicsandsupercapacitorapplications</title><secondary-title>JournalofEnergyStorage</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>JournalofEnergyStorage</full-title></periodical><pages>101038</pages><volume>27</volume><dates><year>2020</year></dates><isbn>2352152X</isbn><urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.1016/j.est.2019.101038</electronic-resource-num></record></Cite></EndNote>[\o"Korkmaz,2020#233"88]，石墨烯擁有很多優(yōu)異的性能，如高的理論表面積（2600m2/g）、優(yōu)異的熱導(dǎo)率（4840-5300W/m?k）和優(yōu)異的力學(xué)性能（抗拉強(qiáng)度高達(dá)130GPa,彈性模量為1000GPa）成為研究最廣泛的二維材料，它引起了研究者們的關(guān)注，尤其是在電化學(xué)方面的應(yīng)用ADDINEN.CITEADDINEN.CITE.DATA[\o"Liu,2016#234"89-91]。（2）氧化石墨烯氧化石墨烯（GO）是含氧官能團(tuán)附著在石墨烯薄片上的一種sp2雜化碳原子排列成蜂窩結(jié)構(gòu)的二維納米材料。在氧化石墨烯上，羧基、羰基、環(huán)氧基、羥基等不同的含氧官能團(tuán)附著在氧化石墨烯層的邊緣，從而提高了層間間距和親水性。另一方面，氧化石墨烯的含氧官能團(tuán)可被水合肼、硼氫化鈉等不同的化學(xué)物質(zhì)還原，形成與石墨烯類似的還原石墨烯氧化物（rGO），表現(xiàn)出更高的表面積、更強(qiáng)的吸附和催化活性位點(diǎn)。氧化石墨烯合成中最廣泛使用的方法是使用高錳酸鉀等強(qiáng)氧化劑對(duì)石墨進(jìn)行濕法化學(xué)氧化ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>Siddiqui</Author><Year>2018</Year><RecNum>238</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">[92,93]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>238</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="ax0xfvs58wftsoevfa55vx96praevp9vz2tw">238</key><keyapp="ENWeb"db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Siddiqui,SharfIlahi</author><author>Chaudhry,SaifAli</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>AreviewongrapheneoxideanditscompositespreparationandtheirusefortheremovalofAs3+andAs5+fromwaterundertheeffectofvariousparameters:Applicationofisotherm,kineticandthermodynamics</title><secondary-title>ProcessSafetyandEnvironmentalProtection</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>ProcessSafetyandEnvironmentalProtection</full-title></periodical><pages>138-163</pages><volume>119</volume><dates><year>2018</year></dates><isbn>09575820</isbn><urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.1016/j.psep.2018.07.020</electronic-resource-num></record></Cite><Cite><Author>Aher</Author><Year>2017</Year><RecNum>239</RecNum><record><rec-number>239</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="ax0xfvs58wftsoevfa55vx96praevp9vz2tw">239</key><keyapp="ENWeb"db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Aher,Ashish</author><author>Cai,Yuguang</author><author>Majumder,Mainak</author><author>Bhattacharyya,Dibakar</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Synthesisofgrapheneoxidemembranesandtheirbehaviorinwaterandisopropanol</title><secondary-title>Carbon</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Carbon</full-title></periodical><pages>145-153</pages><volume>116</volume><dates><year>2017</year></dates><isbn>00086223</isbn><urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.1016/j.carbon.2017.01.086</electronic-resource-num></record></Cite></EndNote>[\o"Siddiqui,2018#238"92,\o"Aher,2017#239"93]。（3）碳納米管碳納米管（CNT）其結(jié)構(gòu)形式可以認(rèn)為是將富勒烯拉長(zhǎng)成管狀。它的直徑只有幾納米，長(zhǎng)度只有幾微米，因此被稱為納米管。由于其優(yōu)異的機(jī)械強(qiáng)度和硬度，可以合成最大長(zhǎng)徑比為132000000:1的碳納米管ADDINEN.CITEADDINEN.CITE.DATA[\o"Wang,2009#242"94]。在碳納米管中，sp2雜化碳原子以類似石墨的六邊形排列，并以封閉的圓柱形存在，碳納米管具有富勒烯的開(kāi)端和閉端ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>Aqel</Author><Year>2012</Year><RecNum>240</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">[95]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>240</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="ax0xfvs58wftsoevfa55vx96praevp9vz2tw">240</key><keyapp="ENWeb"db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Aqel,Ahmad</author><author>El-Nour,KholoudM.M.Abou</author><author>Ammar,RedaA.A.</author><author>Al-Warthan,Abdulrahman</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Carbonnanotubes,scienceandtechnologypart(I)structure,synthesisandcharacterisation</title><secondary-title>ArabianJournalofChemistry</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>ArabianJournalofChemistry</full-title></periodical><pages>1-23</pages><volume>5</volume><number>1</number><dates><year>2012</year></dates><isbn>18785352</isbn><urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.1016/j.arabjc.2010.08.022</electronic-resource-num></record></Cite></EndNote>[\o"Aqel,2012#240"95]。根據(jù)碳的層數(shù)，碳納米管可分為單壁碳納米管（SWCNT）、雙壁碳納米管（DWCNT）和多壁碳納米管（MWCNT）。從形態(tài)上看，單壁碳納米管由納米直徑范圍較小的單層碳組成，具有較好的彎曲特性。單壁碳納米管以金屬和非金屬性質(zhì)存在，因此它們有望用于微型化電子設(shè)備；雙壁碳納米管由兩個(gè)碳層組成，與單壁碳納米管相比，具有更高的電阻率；多壁碳納米管由于其合成簡(jiǎn)單而被廣泛使用，多壁碳納米管包含兩個(gè)以上的碳層，其外徑為3–30nm，類似于同心管ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>Bekyarova</Author><Year>2005</Year><RecNum>244</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">[96]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>244</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="ax0xfvs58wftsoevfa55vx96praevp9vz2tw">244</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Bekyarova,Elena</author><author>Itkis,MikhailE.</author><author>Cabrera,Nelson</author><author>Zhao,Bin</author><author>Yu,Aiping</author><author>Gao,Junbo</author><author>Haddon,RobertC.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Electronicpropertiesofsingle-walledcarbonnanotubenetworks</title><secondary-title>JournaloftheAmericanChemicalSociety</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>JAmChemSoc</full-title><abbr-1>JournaloftheAmericanChemicalSociety</abbr-1></periodical><pages>5990-5</pages><volume>127</volume><number>16</number><dates><year>2005</year><pub-dates><date>2005-Apr-27</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>0002-7863</isbn><accession-num>MEDLINE:15839699</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url><GotoISI>://MEDLINE:15839699</url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.1021/ja043153l</electronic-resource-num></record></Cite></EndNote>[\o"Bekyarova,2005#244"96]。（4）膨脹石墨膨脹石墨（EG）是由石墨與各種化學(xué)物質(zhì)的嵌入而得到的，從而形成石墨嵌入化合物，當(dāng)石墨嵌入化合物受到快速加熱處理時(shí)，由于插層劑的快速揮發(fā)，會(huì)發(fā)生較大的膨脹ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>Sengupta</Author><Year>2011</Year><RecNum>245</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">[97]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>245</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="ax0xfvs58wftsoevfa55vx96praevp9vz2tw">245</key><keyapp="ENWeb"db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Sengupta,Rajatendu</author><author>Bhattacharya,Mithun</author><author>Bandyopadhyay,S.</author><author>Bhowmick,AnilK.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Areviewonthemechanicalandelectricalpropertiesofgraphiteandmodifiedgraphitereinforcedpolymercomposites</title><secondary-title>ProgressinPolymerScience</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>ProgressinPolymerScience</full-title></periodical><pages>638-670</pages><volume>36</volume><number>5</number><dates><year>2011</year></dates><isbn>00796700</isbn><urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.1016/gpolymsci.2010.11.003</electronic-resource-num></record></Cite></EndNote>[\o"Sengupta,2011#245"97]。膨脹石墨的優(yōu)勢(shì)包括酸處理的多孔隙以及表面的一些官能團(tuán)（例如-OH和-COOH）的存在，這有助于石墨與聚合物之間的相互作用ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>Yasmin</Author><Year>2004</Year><RecNum>246</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">[98]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>246</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="ax0xfvs58wftsoevfa55vx96praevp9vz2tw">246</key><keyapp="ENWeb"db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Yasmin,Asma</author><author>Daniel,IsaacM.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Mechanicalandthermalpropertiesofgraphiteplatelet/epoxycomposites</title><secondary-title>Polymer</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Polymer</full-title></periodical><pages>8211-8219</pages><volume>45</volume><number>24</number><dates><year>2004</year></dates><isbn>00323861</isbn><urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.1016/j.polymer.2004.09.054</electronic-resource-num></record></Cite></EndNote>[\o"Yasmin,2004#246"98]。1.2碳材料的應(yīng)用（1）超級(jí)電容器超級(jí)電容器裝置包含兩個(gè)具有高表面積或氧化還原活性材料的電極，兩個(gè)電極被電解質(zhì)層隔開(kāi)。傳統(tǒng)的電容器通過(guò)兩個(gè)電極間的電解質(zhì)極化來(lái)存儲(chǔ)電荷，但在超級(jí)電容器中，電荷存儲(chǔ)在電極本身，超級(jí)電容器提供的電容比傳統(tǒng)電容器更高。依據(jù)電荷存儲(chǔ)機(jī)制，超級(jí)電容器一般分為雙電層電容（EDLC）和贗電容（PC）ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>Dubal</Author><Year>2015</Year><RecNum>259</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">[99]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>259</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="ax0xfvs58wftsoevfa55vx96praevp9vz2tw">259</key><keyapp="ENWeb"db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Dubal,D.P.</author><author>Ayyad,O.</author><author>Ruiz,V.</author><author>Gómez-Romero,P.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Hybridenergystorage:themergingofbatteryandsupercapacitorchemistries</title><secondary-title>ChemicalSocietyReviews</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>ChemSocRev</full-title><abbr-1>ChemicalSocietyreviews</abbr-1></periodical><pages>1777-1790</pages><volume>44</volume><number>7</number><dates><year>2015</year></dates><isbn>0306-0012 1460-4744</isbn><urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.1039/c4cs00266k</electronic-resource-num></record></Cite></EndNote>[\o"Dubal,2015#259"99]。Sahu等制備了還原氧化石墨烯納米帶，將其應(yīng)用于超級(jí)電容器。還原氧化石墨烯納米帶的合成過(guò)程中產(chǎn)生的孔不僅增強(qiáng)了電解的可行性，而且還通過(guò)邊緣平面上的突起和單個(gè)石墨烯中的褶皺將所有石墨烯層堆疊。還原氧化石墨烯在超級(jí)電容器電池中表現(xiàn)出超高的比電容、容量保持性能和功率密度ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>Lawler</Author><Year>2015</Year><RecNum>147</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">[13]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>147</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="ax0xfvs58wftsoevfa55vx96praevp9vz2tw">147</key><keyapp="ENWeb"db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Lawler,CindyP.</author><author>Heindel,JerroldJ.</author><author>Gray,Kimberly</author><author>Blawas,AshleyM.</author><author>Schug,ThaddeusT.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>ElucidatingtheLinksBetweenEndocrineDisruptorsandNeurodevelopment</title><secondary-title>Endocrinology</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Endocrinology</full-title></periodical><pages>1941-1951</pages><volume>156</volume><number>6</number><dates><year>2015</year></dates><isbn>0013-7227 1945-7170</isbn><urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.1210/en.2014-1734</electronic-resource-num></record></Cite></EndNote>[\o"Lawler,2015#147"13]。Kumar等制備了一種高性能的導(dǎo)電聚苯胺/還原氧化石墨烯復(fù)合材料（如圖1-9所示是制備原理圖和實(shí)際樣品圖片），將它用于超級(jí)電容器。導(dǎo)電聚苯胺的加入大大提高了材料的比電容，比電容值高達(dá)250F/gADDINEN.CITEADDINEN.CITE.DATA[\o"Kumar,2012#249"100]。圖1-9PANi-g-rGO的制備原理圖，中間是實(shí)際樣品的圖片[100]Figure1-9.SchematicgoverningthepreparationofPANi-g-rGOwithadigitalpictureofthesampleinthemiddle.（2）鋰離子電池由于對(duì)手機(jī)、平板電腦、筆記本電腦、相機(jī)等便攜式產(chǎn)品的巨大需求，鋰離子電池作為高能量密度存儲(chǔ)設(shè)備已經(jīng)主導(dǎo)了儲(chǔ)能市場(chǎng)，作為減少環(huán)境污染的一種手段，它們?cè)谛履茉雌嚿弦诧@示出巨大的性能潛力。鋰電由三部分組成（陽(yáng)極、陰極和電解液），通過(guò)法拉第反應(yīng)將化學(xué)能轉(zhuǎn)化為電能；在充電過(guò)程中，鋰離子從陰極材料中被提取出來(lái)，通過(guò)電解液遷移到陽(yáng)極，電子在外部電路中從陰極流向陽(yáng)極。Zhu等采用微波處理法制備了Fe2O3納米片修飾rGO復(fù)合材料，將其應(yīng)用于鋰離子電池的陽(yáng)極材料，該材料的充放電能力分別為1227mAh/g和1693mAh/g[\o"Chen,2015#260"101]。其他石墨烯基復(fù)合材料也表現(xiàn)出良好的陽(yáng)極材料的潛力，如CuS/rGOADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>Feng</Author><Year>2015</Year><RecNum>250</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">[102]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>250</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="ax0xfvs58wftsoevfa55vx96praevp9vz2tw">250</key><keyapp="ENWeb"db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Feng,Caihong</author><author>Zhang,Le</author><author>Yang,Menghuan</author><author>Song,Xiangyun</author><author>Zhao,Hui</author><author>Jia,Zhe</author><author>Sun,Kening</author><author>Liu,Gao</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>One-PotSynthesisofCopperSulfideNanowires/ReducedGrapheneOxideNanocompositeswithExcellentLithium-StoragePropertiesasAnodeMaterialsforLithium-IonBatteries</title><secondary-title>ACSAppliedMaterials&Interfaces</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>ACSApplMaterInterfaces</full-title><abbr-1>ACSappliedmaterials&interfaces</abbr-1></periodical><pages>15726-15734</pages><volume>7</volume><number>29</number><dates><year>2015</year></dates><isbn>1944-8244 1944-8252</isbn><urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.1021/acsami.5b01285</electronic-resource-num></record></Cite></EndNote>[\o"Feng,2015#250"102]、MoS2/rGOADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>Xiong</Author><Year>2015</Year><RecNum>251</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">[103]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>251</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="ax0xfvs58wftsoevfa55vx96praevp9vz2tw">251</key><keyapp="ENWeb"db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Xiong,Fangyu</author><author>Cai,Zhengyang</author><author>Qu,Longbing</author><author>Zhang,Pengfei</author><author>Yuan,Zefang</author><author>Asare,OwusuKwadwo</author><author>Xu,Wangwang</author><author>Lin,Chao</author><author>Mai,Liqiang</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Three-DimensionalCrumpledReducedGrapheneOxide/MoS2Nanoflowers:AStableAnodeforLithium-IonBatteries</title><secondary-title>ACSAppliedMaterials&Interfaces</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>ACSApplMaterInterfaces</full-title><abbr-1>ACSappliedmaterials&interfaces</abbr-1></periodical><pages>12625-12630</pages><volume>7</volume><number>23</number><dates><year>2015</year></dates><isbn>1944-8244 1944-8252</isbn><urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.1021/acsami.5b02978</electronic-resource-num></record></Cite></EndNote>[\o"Xiong,2015#251"103]、Co2V2O7/rGOADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>Luo</Author><Year>2016</Year><RecNum>252</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">[104]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>252</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="ax0xfvs58wftsoevfa55vx96praevp9vz2tw">252</key><keyapp="ENWeb"db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Luo,Yanzhu</author><author>Xu,Xu</author><author>Zhang,Yuxiang</author><author>Chen,Chih-Yen</author><author>Zhou,Liang</author><author>Yan,Mengyu</author><author>Wei,Qiulong</author><author>Tian,Xiaocong</author><author>Mai,Liqiang</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>GrapheneOxideTemplatedGrowthandSuperiorLithiumStoragePerformanceofNovelHierarchicalCo2V2O7Nanosheets</title><secondary-title>ACSAppliedMaterials&Interfaces</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>ACSApplMaterInterfaces</full-title><abbr-1>ACSappliedmaterials&interfaces</abbr-1></periodical><pages>2812-2818</pages><volume>8</volume><number>4</number><dates><year>2016</year></dates><isbn>1944-8244 1944-8252</isbn><urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.1021/acsami.5b11510</electronic-resource-num></record></Cite></EndNote>[\o"Luo,2016#252"104]、Si/Ti2O3/rGOADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>Park</Author><Year>2015</Year><RecNum>253</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">[105]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>253</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="ax0xfvs58wftsoevfa55vx96praevp9vz2tw">253</key><keyapp="ENWeb"db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Park,A.Reum</author><author>Son,Dae-Yong</author><author>Kim,JungSub</author><author>Lee,JunYoung</author><author>Park,Nam-Gyu</author><author>Park,Juhyun</author><author>Lee,JoongKee</author><author>Yoo,PilJ.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Si/Ti2O3/ReducedGrapheneOxideNanocompositeAnodesforLithium-IonBatterieswithHighlyEnhancedCyclicStability</title><secondary-title>ACSAppliedMaterials&Interfaces</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>ACSApplMaterInterfaces</full-title><abbr-1>ACSappliedmaterials&interfaces</abbr-1></periodical><pages>18483-18490</pages><volume>7</volume><number>33</number><dates><year>2015</year></dates><isbn>1944-8244 1944-8252</isbn><urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.1021/acsami.5b04652</electronic-resource-num></record></Cite></EndNote>[\o"Park,2015#253"105]等。（3）燃料電池燃料電池的原理是通過(guò)催化劑將燃料氧化，將化學(xué)能轉(zhuǎn)化為電能，它具有綠色、高效的特點(diǎn)，所以其具有廣闊的發(fā)展前景ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>Mahmood</Author><Year>2014</Year><RecNum>254</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">[106,107]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>254</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="ax0xfvs58wftsoevfa55vx96praevp9vz2tw">254</key><keyapp="ENWeb"db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Mahmood,Nasir</author><author>Zhang,Chenzhen</author><author>Yin,Han</author><author>Hou,Yanglong</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Graphene-basednanocompositesforenergystorageandconversioninlithiumbatteries,supercapacitorsandfuelcells</title><secondary-title>J.Mater.Chem.A</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>J.Mater.Chem.A</full-title></periodical><pages>15-32</pages><volume>2</volume><number>1</number><dates><year>2014</year></dates><isbn>2050-7488 2050-7496</isbn><urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.1039/c3ta13033a</electronic-resource-num></record></Cite><Cite><Author>Saadi</Author><Year>2013</Year><RecNum>255</RecNum><record><rec-number>255</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="ax0xfvs58wftsoevfa55vx96praevp9vz2tw">255</key><keyapp="ENWeb"db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Saadi,A.</author><author>Becherif,M.</author><author>Aboubou,A.</author><author>Ayad,M.Y.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Comparisonofprotonexchangemembranefuelcellstaticmodels</title><secondary-title>RenewableEnergy</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>RenewableEnergy</full-title></periodical><pages>64-71</pages><volume>56</volume><dates><year>2013</year></dates><isbn>09601481</isbn><urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.1016/j.renene.2012.10.012</electronic-resource-num></record></Cite></EndNote>[\o"Mahmood,2014#254"106,\o"Saadi,2013#255"107]。它們與電池的不同之處在于需要持續(xù)的燃料和氧氣來(lái)維持化學(xué)反應(yīng)。燃料電池有幾種類型，但都由陽(yáng)極、陰極和電解質(zhì)組成，電解質(zhì)允許帶正電荷的氫離子（質(zhì)子）在兩個(gè)電極之間移動(dòng)，燃料電池以其高能量密度和功率密度、高能量轉(zhuǎn)換效率和低工作溫度等特點(diǎn)，具有重要的應(yīng)用價(jià)值，燃料電池的性能在很大程度上取決于電極材料ADDINEN.CITEADDINEN.CITE.DATA[\o"Lanzini,2017#256"108,\o"Arico,2005#258"109]。Liu等采用“綠色”電化學(xué)合成方法，在導(dǎo)電氧化銦錫玻璃電極上沉積鉑納米顆粒/膨脹石墨納米復(fù)合薄膜；合成的Pt/EG納米復(fù)合材料對(duì)甲醇的氧化具有很高的催化活性和良好的穩(wěn)定性ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>Liu</Author><Year>2010</Year><RecNum>263</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">[110]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>263</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="ax0xfvs58wftsoevfa55vx96praevp9vz2tw">263</key><keyapp="ENWeb"db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Liu,Sheng</author><author>Wang,Jinqing</author><author>Zeng,Jing</author><author>Ou,Junfei</author><author>Li,Zhangpeng</author><author>Liu,Xiaohong</author><author>Yang,Shengrong</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>“Green”electrochemicalsynthesisofPt/graphenesheetnanocompositefilmanditselectrocatalyticproperty</title><secondary-title>JournalofPowerSources</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>JournalofPowerSources</full-title></periodical><pages>4628-4633</pages><volume>195</volume><number>15</number><dates><year>2010</year></dates><isbn>03787753</isbn><urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.1016/j.jpowsour.2010.02.024</electronic-resource-num></record></Cite></EndNote>[\o"Liu,2010#263"110]。Dong等在石墨烯薄片上合成了Pt和Pt-Ru納米顆粒，并研究了它們對(duì)甲醇和乙醇氧化的電催化活性，與廣泛使用的VulcanXC-72R炭黑催化劑載體相比，石墨烯負(fù)載的Pt和Pt-Ru納米顆粒在擴(kuò)散效率，氧化電位和正向氧化峰值電流密度方面對(duì)甲醇和乙醇表現(xiàn)出更高的電氧化效率ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>Dong</Author><Year>2010</Year><RecNum>264</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">[111]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>264</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="ax0xfvs58wftsoevfa55vx96praevp9vz2tw">264</key><keyapp="ENWeb"db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Dong,Lifeng</author><author>Gari,RaghavendarReddySanganna</author><author>Li,Zhou</author><author>Craig,MichaelM.</author><author>Hou,Shifeng</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Graphene-supportedplatinumandplatinum–rutheniumnanoparticleswithhighelectrocatalyticactivityformethanolandethanoloxidation</title><secondary-title>Carbon</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Carbon</full-title></periodical><pages>781-787</pages><volume>48</volume><number>3</number><dates><year>2010</year></dates><isbn>00086223</isbn><urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.1016/j.carbon.2009.10.027</electronic-resource-num></record></Cite></EndNote>[\o"Dong,2010#264"111]。（4）水處理吸附是一種簡(jiǎn)單但有效去除被有機(jī)和無(wú)機(jī)污染物的水的過(guò)程，吸附是流體、氣體或液體在吸附劑表面聚集的現(xiàn)象。為了有效地處理廢水，人們正在尋找一種具有較高吸附能力和易于再生的新型吸附劑ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>Selvaraj</Author><Year>2020</Year><RecNum>265</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">[112]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>265</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="ax0xfvs58wftsoevfa55vx96praevp9vz2tw">265</key><keyapp="ENWeb"db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Selvaraj,Munirasu</author><author>Hai,Abdul</author><author>Banat,Fawzi</author><author>Haija,MohammadAbu</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Applicationandprospectsofcarbonnanostructuredmaterialsinwatertreatment:Areview</title><secondary-title>JournalofWaterProcessEngineering</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>JournalofWaterProcessEngineering</full-title></periodical><pages>100996</pages><volume>33</volume><dates><year>2020</year></dates><isbn>22147144</isbn><urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.1016/j.jwpe.2019.100996</electronic-resource-num></record></Cite></EndNote>[\o"Selvaraj,2020#265"112]。Elsagh等使用一些碳材料替代吸附劑，可從水溶液中去除陽(yáng)離子染料（BR46），實(shí)驗(yàn)表明，上述所有材料均可用于BR46的去除ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>Elsagh</Author><Year>2017</Year><RecNum>266</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">[113]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>266</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="ax0xfvs58wftsoevfa55vx96praevp9vz2tw">266</key><keyapp="ENWeb"db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Elsagh,Akbar</author><author>Moradi,Omid</author><author>Fakhri,Ali</author><author>Najafi,Fahimeh</author><author>Alizadeh,Reza</author><author>Haddadi,Vahid</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Evaluationofthepotentialcationicdyeremovalusingadsorptionbygrapheneandcarbonnanotubesasadsorbentssurfaces</title><secondary-title>ArabianJournalofChemistry</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>ArabianJournalofChemistry</full-title></periodical><pages>S2862-S2869</pages><volume>10</volume><dates><year>2017</year></dates><isbn>18785352</isbn><urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.1016/j.arabjc.2013.11.013</electronic-resource-num></record></Cite></EndNote>[\o"Elsagh,2017#266"113]。（5）電化學(xué)傳感器電化學(xué)傳感器具有靈敏度高、響應(yīng)時(shí)間快、成本低、儀器簡(jiǎn)單、可小型化、可集成于便攜式設(shè)備等顯著特性；此外，電化學(xué)傳感器的另一個(gè)顯著特點(diǎn)是它們能夠檢測(cè)廣泛的化合物，從有機(jī)、無(wú)機(jī)、離子或中性分子到金屬離子等。碳納米材料（CNPs）已經(jīng)形成了強(qiáng)大的電化學(xué)傳感平臺(tái)，該平臺(tái)基于所謂的“CNPs修飾電極”，可用于測(cè)定各種分析物ADDINEN.CITEADDINEN.CITE.DATA[\o"Asadian,2019#267"114-116]。Hao等用鋅粉原位還原氧化石墨烯合成ZnO/rGO復(fù)合材料，將復(fù)合材料修飾到碳糊電極上用于檢測(cè)中性有機(jī)染料蘇丹Ⅰ和重金屬離子Pb2+，表現(xiàn)出優(yōu)異的催化氧化性能ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>Hao</Author><Year>2018</Year><RecNum>30</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">[117]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>30</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="ax0xfvs58wftsoevfa55vx96praevp9vz2tw">30</key><keyapp="ENWeb"db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Hao,Junxing</author><author>Ji,Liudi</author><author>Wu,Kangbing</author><author>Yang,Nianjun</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>ElectrochemistryofZnO@reducedgrapheneoxides</title><secondary-title>Carbon</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Carbon</full-title></periodical><pages>480-486</pages><volume>130</volume><dates><year>2018</year></dates><isbn>00086223</isbn><urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.1016/j.carbon.2018.01.018</electronic-resource-num></record></Cite></EndNote>[\o"Hao,2018#30"117]。Alam等成功合成了氧化石墨烯/羧基化碳納米管/β-環(huán)糊精復(fù)合材料，圖1-10是GO-MWCNT-βCD/SPE電極的制備原理圖，將該材料用于環(huán)境內(nèi)分泌干擾物雙酚A的檢測(cè)，該修飾電極結(jié)合了碳納米管的電催化性能、β-環(huán)糊精的選擇性主-客體包含能力以及氧化石墨烯的協(xié)同電化學(xué)傳感效應(yīng)。該傳感器表現(xiàn)出較高的選擇性，較寬的線性范圍和較低的檢出限；同時(shí)具有良好的抗干擾能力和實(shí)際應(yīng)用潛能ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>Alam</Author><Year>2020</Year><RecNum>270</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">[118]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>270</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="ax0xfvs58wftsoevfa55vx96praevp9vz2tw">270</key><keyapp="ENWeb"db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Alam,ArifU.</author><author>Deen,M.Jamal</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>BisphenolAElectrochemicalSensorUsingGrapheneOxideandβ-Cyclodextrin-FunctionalizedMulti-WalledCarbonNanotubes</title><secondary-title>AnalyticalChemistry</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>AnalChem</full-title><abbr-1>Analyticalchemistry</abbr-1></periodical><pages>5532-5539</pages><volume>92</volume><number>7</number><dates><year>2020</year></dates><isbn>0003-2700 1520-6882</isbn><urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.1021/acs.analchem.0c00402</electronic-resource-num></record></Cite></EndNote>[\o"Alam,2020#270"118]。圖1-10GO-MWCNT-βCD/SPE電極的制備原理圖[118]Figure1-10.SchematicdiagramofthepreparationofGO-MWCNT-βCD/SPEelectrode.參考文獻(xiàn)[1] KasongaTK,CoetzeeMAA,KamikaI,etal.Endocrine-disruptivechemicalsascontaminantsofemergingconcerninwastewaterandsurfacewater:Areview[J].JournalofEnvironmentalManagement,2021,277,111485.[2] VieiraWT,deFariasMB,SpaolonziMP,etal.Endocrine-disruptingcompounds:Occ