1、English LexicologyDefinition of LexicologyThe literal meaning of lexicology is the “science of the word”. It is a branch of linguistics dealing with the vocabulary of a given language. Vocabulary and wordThe term vocabulary refers to all the words of a given language, while the term word refers to t

2、he fundamental unit of a given language, with sound and meaning(lexical and grammatical), capable of performing a given syntactic function. The difference in grammatical meaning can usually cause the change of the lexical meaning.Exercise1) He tore down the hill.2) Three enemy planes were downed the

3、 day before yesterday.3) But me no buts.4) The proposal was fathered by John. 5) Einstein fathered relativity. 6) They are leafletting the outgoing shop shift.7) The demonstrators marched through the streets, leafletting and shouting slogans.Chapter 1 Word Formation （1）Word formation handles rules o

4、f how to build an English word. PatternsExampleaffixation (prefixation/suffixation)unhappy/teachercompoundingblackboardconversionBut me no buts.blendingChinglishshorteningadback-formationeditBackground InformationThe expansion of vocabulary in English depends chiefly on word-formation. The most prod

5、uctive are affixation, compounding and conversion. According to pyles and Algeo (1981), words produced through affixation constitute 30% to 40% of the total number of new words, compounding yields 28% to 30% of all the new words; conversion brings 26% of the new vocabulary into modern English. The r

6、est of the new words come from shortening, numbering 8% to 10%, together with 1% to 5% of words born out of blending and other means.AffixationAffixation is a method of word-formation by which new words are created by adding affixes to roots. It is subdivided into prefixation and suffixation.Prefixa

7、tion: the formation of new words by adding prefixes to roots.Suffixation: the formation of new words by adding suffixes to roots.Prefixation: (1) Prefixes of time and order ex-1) ex-lover, ex-colony, ex-premier, ex-president2) In the world of celebrities, the awkwardness level between Brad Pitt & ex

8、-wife Jennifer Aniston has seldom been reached.After Pitts alleged affair withsex bomb Angelina Jolie, arift occurred between Pitt & Aniston. pre-1) The report concludes by contending that providing a high-quality preschool education to all low-income children makes good economic sense. 2) Jupiter i

9、s a precondition for life on earth. 3) Some people believe that a persons destiny is predetermined .fore-1) Foreword is a short introductory essay preceding the text of a book.2) Several of his forefathers emigrated to America. 他的幾位祖先移居美國(guó)。3) If Id had the forethought to bring my raincoat, I wouldnt

10、have got wet in the storm. 我當(dāng)初如果想到要帶雨衣，便不會(huì)被暴風(fēng)雨淋濕了。post-1) Postnatal depression is a depressive illness that occurs after having a baby. 2) The lack of postwar planning wasnt merely the result of incompetence. It was deliberate policy. There was never any intention of rebuilding Iraq. Cf.Business bou

11、nced back to prewar levels. 商業(yè)回升到戰(zhàn)前的水平。 3) Findings from published studies suggest that the postoperative recovery process is more painful, slower, and more complicated in adult patients who had high levels of preoperative anxiety. 4) U.S. President Barack Obama says it is up to the people of Iran t

12、o determine their nations future. At the same time, he says he is troubled by the post-election turmoil there and wants to see an end to the bloodshed. re-1) The reappointment of Bush is bad news for freedom and good news for tyranny.2) When they find that their marriage does not please and satisfy,

13、 they divorce and remarry .3) If he were you, he would reconsider my proposal. 他要是你，他會(huì)重新考慮我的建議。 Summaryex-: former fore-: before pre-: before post-: afte rre-: againSkill of memorizing new words1) The teacher will meet his class at 8 oclock.2) The teacher will meet his lass at 8 oclock.3) The teache

14、r will meet his ass at 8 oclock.Class - lass - assChapter 1 Word Formation（2）Review Prefixes of time & order Exampleex-exserviceman/exsoldierpre-Dinosaurs are prehistoric animals.fore-foretell the futurepost-postdoctoral researchre-postgraduate reexaminationPrefixation: (2) Negative prefixa-/ an-1)

15、Atypical pneumonia refers to pneumonia caused by certain bacteria. 2) The Queen is an apolitical figure. 3) He continues to hurt others with his amoral behaviour. cf. unmoral4) I believe that there is no God, so I am an atheist. 我不信仰上帝, 所以我是一個(gè)無(wú)神論者。5) It is unpleasant to receive anonymous letters.Cf.

16、 - a letter from an anonym - an onymous article in a magazine6) If law and order break down, anarchy will result. 法治一垮, 就會(huì)出現(xiàn)無(wú)政府狀態(tài).-archy: ruledis-1) disapprove, disadvantage, disobedient, dishonest, disorder 2) His conduct disagrees with his words. 他言行不一。 3) disuse the original complex form of Chine

17、se characters 不用繁體字 4) That method fell into disuse .那種方法已廢除不用。 5) The views between us are discordant. Cf. - What has brought discord into the family? 什么事使得這個(gè)家庭不和？ - His words are in accord with his ideas. 他心口一致。non-1) non-standard pronunciation2) Nonviolent resistance is the practice of achieving

18、socio-political goals through symbolic protests, civil disobedience, economic or political noncooperation, and other methods, without using violence. 3) nonsense, non-existencein- / im- / ir- / il-1) About half the population in the country is still -literate.2) The key to being -resistible to men i

19、s more about you and less about them. 3) The encyclopedia provides a comprehensive survey of -formal education and lifelong learning.4) Given Chinas long history, the new gender -balance is something recent.Key: illiterate irresistible informal imbalanceThe usage of in- & im- moral, mature, measurab

20、le patient, partial, passable balanced accurate, capability, feasible, quietSummary a-, an-dis- not, withoutnon- in- / im- / il- / ir-un-Prefixation: (3) Reversative prefixde-1) The above book is a photo of a book once owned by Washington DC private Investigator Nick Beltrante who was called in to d

21、ebug the offices of the Democratic National Headquarters in the Watergate Building after the burglars where caught. 2) But it was error when I want to debug my project. 3) Too many people live in our cities, we live too close together. We need to decentralize our cities. 4) Torture always dehumanize

22、s both the torturer and his victim. 嚴(yán)刑拷打往往使施刑者和受刑者都喪失人性.5) Deforestation is the large-scale removal of trees by any method. dis-1) disappear2) The bad news disheartened him.3) Which country will be the first to disarm?Cf. The new battleship shall be armed with 16-inch guns. 新戰(zhàn)艦將以16英寸口徑的大炮武裝起來(lái)Transla

23、tion: 全面徹底的裁減軍備 general and complete disarmament . ExerciseYou Can Help, TooBeijing starts recruiting volunteers for the 2008 Olympic GamesBesides the Games volunteers, hundreds of thousands of people are needed for other city operations. They will provide a wide range of services such as controllin

24、g traffic and helping maintain public order. The launching ceremony also unveiled the title and slogan of the “Smile Theme Activity.”The song “Smile, Beijing” marked the climax of the ceremony. Children dressed in the costumes of Fu Wa, the five Beijing Olympic mascots, held the balloons in five Oly

25、mpic colors and painted smiling faces on the balloons along with the spectators. “In 2008, the volunteers smiles will be the best name cards for Beijing. We hope everyone will help us make Beijing a smiling city,” Liu said.un-1) Few believe he can be unseated.很少人認(rèn)為他會(huì)被撤職。Cf. seat a candidate2) unwrap

26、 a package 打開(kāi)包裹Cf. wrap oneself in a blanket Summary de-dis- reversing the actionun-Skill of memorizing new wordsinsomniaAnyone can suffer from insomnia, although sleeping problems are more common among women, the ill, the elderly, smokers, and alcoholics. In som(e) ni(ghts) a(wake)Chapter 1 Word Fo

27、rmation（3）ReviewNegative Prefix Examplea-/an-asexual reproduction; anhydrous alcoholdis-disharmony between husband and wife non-non-swimmerThis charity is a nonprofit organization. in-, im-, il-, ir-incredible coincidence; immortal poem; illogical argument; irrelevant thoughtsun-unbelievably progres

28、siveReversative Prefix Examplede-demystify knowledge so as to help the masses to get know-howdis-The incident was sufficient to disarrange her whole life.un-unmask a traitorPrefixation: (4) Pejorative prefixmal-1) Well not intervene unless the children are physically maltreated.2) The garbage became

29、 quite malodorous after it sat there for two weeks.More examples:malnutrition malformedmaladaptation malpositionmis-1) misunderstand2) Hes honest, and you misjudge him if you think he isnt. 他為人誠(chéng)實(shí)。如果你認(rèn)為他不是的話，那你就判斷錯(cuò)了。.3) Their marriage was a mismatch they had little in common. 他們的婚姻不般配- 兩人幾無(wú)共同之處.pseud

30、o-1) Pseudoscience is any scheme of theories, beliefs and methods wrongly considered as scientific. 2) Although it is a pseudograph, it is still wroth reading.雖然這是篇偽作，但還是有可讀性的。3) She writes under a pseudonym /pen name.她用筆名發(fā)表作品.summarymal-mis- wrongly, falsepseudo- (5) Prefixes of attitude and orient

31、ationanti- 1) Monoclonal antibody technology allows us to produce large amounts of pure antibodies in the following way.2) Antibacterial soaps are marketed as an effective way to get rid of germs and protect your family from colds, flus and other common illness. But do they really work? The answer m

32、ay surprise you. 3) Turn anticlockwise 90and turn clockwise 270.pro-1) Secret societies had traditionally been a progressive, prorevolutionary force in China. 2) In reality, however, the Kuomintang showed its pro-British and pro-American inclination, initiated its anti-communist actions and attempte

33、d to weaken China s anti-Japanese national united front. counter-1) Revolution will bring counter-revolution.2) Our bodies produce antibodies to counteract disease. 我們的身體能產(chǎn)生抗體以抵抗疾病. 3) We must try to counteract the present current of anti-government feeling. 我們應(yīng)該努力消除目前的這股反政府情緒.co-cooperate, co-autho

34、rfive principles of peaceful co-existence Mutual respect for sovereignty and territorial integrity, mutual non-aggression, non-interference in each others internal affairs, equality and mutual benefit, and peaceful coexistence. summaryanti-: against, opposed to pro-: for, on the side ofcounter-: aga

35、inst co-: together, with(6) Prefixes of degree and sizesuper-1) In the movie, Spiderman is a superman who possesses superhuman strength. However, Chinas spidermen, legion of low-tech window washers, hang from single, thumb-thick ropes, cleaning countrys high-rise windows.2) supercarrier; superbomber

36、out- 1) The navy outgeneraled and outgunned the army.2) He outlived his wife by three years. 他比妻子多活了三年。.3) Hes already outgrown his older brother.他已長(zhǎng)得比哥哥還高。4) The child outgrew all his clothes.extra-1) Is extramarital affair extralegal?2) Her strength of will is extraordinary .3) extraordinary, extr

37、acurricular activitiesover-1) overdresscf. a. I feel rather overdressed in this suit everyone else is wearing jeans! b. I dressed up for the party. c. Sometimes I would underdress if she and I were going out to the grocery store or doing errands or stuff like that. 2) oversensitive, over-confident,

38、overcritical3) Dont you think youre overreact a bit? 你不覺(jué)得你的反應(yīng)有點(diǎn)過(guò)火了嗎?hyper- hyper-sensitive He is so hypercritical that he corrects every mistake his students made. Hypercritical & HypocriticalParaphrase: The politician, left and right, is hypocritical, caring about themselves but never about others.

39、ultra-1) A provides Whitening & Moisturizing Anti-UV Cream. 2) They use ultraviolet lamp to kill pests. 他們使用紫外線燈殺死害蟲(chóng)。3) ultra-fashionable, ultra-conservativemicro-1) The microwave oven is one of the great inventions of the 20th century. 2) microbiology, microeconomicsMore prefixes macro-ec

40、onomics, macro-structure mini-van, mini-skirt arch-capitalist, arch-bishop sub-normal under-developedsummarysuper-: beyond micro-: smallout-: surpassing macro-: largeextra-: very, beyond mini-: smallover-: beyond arch-: chiefhyper-: extreme sub-: beneathultra-: beyond, extreme under-: beneathSkill o

41、f memorizing a wordThere is a deer in the reed.Chapter 1 Word Formation（4）Review Pejorative prefixExamplemal-machine malfunctionmis-I miscalculated the number of guests at the wedding.pseudo-a pseudodemocratic mannerPrefixes of attitude and orientationExampleanti-antiaging creampro-pro-democracy cam

42、pco-Co-Education, Good or Bad?counter-counterclockwise;We should seize the opportunity to counterattack. Prefixes of degree and sizeExamplesuper-the application of superconductorsout-Perfect hostesses outclass sexy cheerleaders.extra-This blanket is made with microfiber yarns that give it an extra-s

43、oft feel. over-I cannot go to a buffet without overeating.hyper-Parents of hyperactive children know the Would you please just settle down?! phrase well.ultra-An ultrasound machine creates images that allow various organs in the body to be examined. micro-A microorganism or microbe is an organism th

44、at is so small that it is microscopic (invisible to the naked eye). macro-dinosaur macro-fossilmini-Russian President Vladimir Putin says relations with Britain will develop normally despite what he called a minicrisis between London and Moscow.arch-Miltons writing in these books, and his characteri

45、zation of Satan, make the archfiend understandable and unforgettable. sub-The countrys top watchdog on quality announced on Friday punishments for three companies for exporting substandard products.under-Dont undervalue Jims contribution to the research. Prefixation: (7) Locative prefixinter-1) Inte

46、rpersonal relationship skills help us to relate in positive ways with our family members and others. 2) This is just an illustration of the intergenerational power struggle in the scientific world.3) intercontinental missile4) Although most lecturers regarded the implementation of such an interactiv

47、e teaching approach as practically not feasible. 5) the intra-class struggle amongst the black bourgeoisie as well as the inter-class struggle between black and white bourgeoisies intra-1) The author shows that the degree of centralization and decentralization of a party and the nature of the intrap

48、arty conflict affect the partys elites ability to pacify internal opposition. 2) There are several types of injections, including intradermal, subcutaneous, intramuscular and intravenous injections etc.3) In many respects cultural diversification has resulted from an actual diversification of popula

49、tions in many nations through international, interregional, and intranational movement of peoples. super-1) Democracy is part of the superstructure.2) Today the same technique is used to superimpose a bamboo forest onto glass panels. sub-1) subway, submarine2) Subtitle is a secondary or explanatory

50、title or a written piece of translated dialogue superimposed at the bottom of the frame during a film. 副題/疊映在畫(huà)面底部的字幕 tele- 1) Telescope is a magnifier of images of distant objects.Cf. A microscope will reveal much that cannot be seen with the naked eye. 2) Telecommunication, telecontrol plane summar

51、yinter-: between, among intra-: within, inwardsuper-: above, over sub-: under, beneath tele-: far awayPrefixation: (8) Number prefixsemi-1) Peru is a semifeudal and semicolonial society. 2) The semiannual reports are intended to keep the Secretary and the Congress fully and currently informed of .3)

52、 semicentury, semicircle, semidrydemi-1) Hercules was known as a demigod and was considered one of the greatest heroes of mythology. 2) demiwolf, demilance hemi-1) Generally speaking, the Eastern hemi-sphere consists of Europe, Africa, Asia, and Australia, while the Western hemi-sphere includes Nort

53、h and South America. uni-1) Unicellular organism refers to animal or plant consisting of a single cell. 2) Unicorn is an imaginary creature represented as a white horse with a long horn growing from its forehead.3) Our client is in need of many unilingual (English) and bilingual (English & French) s

54、ales trainers for their expanding operations. 4) During the late 1980s, some sportsmen took an interest in the unicycle.mono-1) She speaks in monotone , with no emotion, and it is hard to get through her lectures.2) In this world-famous monologue , Shylock attacks Anthony, of whom he demands a pound

55、 of flesh, and defends his brutality and his rage. 3) Carbon monoxide , with the chemical formula CO, is a colorless, odorless, and tasteless gas. bi-, di-1) The bilateral agreement will create significant new opportunities for US exporters of industrial and agricultural goods.2) Monica, who grew up in New York City, is the product of a bicultural marriage which has given her a unique view of life.3) dioxideTri-1) “Spring Days