1、定語從句定義,丁福平,從句定義 定語從句就是用來修飾名詞或代詞的句子，起到定語的作用，所以叫做定語從句。被修飾的詞叫先行詞。定語從句不同于單詞作定語的情況，它需要放在被修飾的詞（即先行詞）之后。定語從句一般由關(guān)系代詞來引導(dǎo)。關(guān)系代詞必須放在定語從句之首。 先行詞 指被定語從句修飾的名詞、代詞。一般先行詞出現(xiàn)在定語從句的前面。 關(guān)系詞常有2個作用： 連接作用，引導(dǎo)定語從句。代替先行詞，在定語從句中擔(dān)當(dāng)一個成分。 The man who is talking to you is my new teacher. 先行詞 關(guān)系詞 定語從句,關(guān)系代詞 關(guān)系代詞所代替的先行詞是人或物的名詞或代詞，并在從句

2、中充當(dāng)主語、賓語、定語等成分。關(guān)系代詞在定語從句中作主語時，從句謂語動詞的人稱和數(shù)要和先行詞保持一致。 1、who, whom, that 限定性定語從句中的關(guān)系代詞 作主語 作賓語 作定語 指人 who/that whom/that(可省略) whose 指物 which/that which/that(可省略) whose 指人和物 that that whose 非限定性定語從句中的關(guān)系代詞 作主語 作賓語 作定語 指人 who whom whose/of whom 指物 which which whose/of which,特殊情況 只能用that的情況 先行詞為everything，

3、all，little，much等不定代詞時； 先行詞被all，every，no，any，some，little，much修飾時； 先行詞被the only，the very，the same，the last修飾時； 先行詞被序數(shù)詞或形容詞最高級修飾時； 先行詞是be的表語或there be 的主語時； 先行詞有人又有物時； 當(dāng)主句是以who或which開頭的特殊疑問句時。 不能用that的情況 介詞前置時；非限定性定語從句中 這些詞代替指人，whom在定語從句中指人，who和“that”既可作 主語又可作賓語（作賓語可以省略），可以指人也可以指物（who不可指物）。 在從句中所起作用如下：

4、（1）Is he the man who/that wants to see you? （who/that在從句中作主語） （2）He is the man _ I saw yesterday. （3）The man _you spoke to just now is our English teacher. 注：who在定語從句中指人，作主語和賓語，作賓語時可省略；做及物動詞或介詞的賓語，可省略。,2,which，that 用來指物（有六種情況只可用that而不用 which）(用作主語、賓語，作賓語時可以省略），例如： The package (which/that) you are ca

5、rrying is about to come unwrapped.（which/that在從句中作賓語） 注：which在定語從句中指物，可作主語或及物動詞或介 詞的賓語，作賓語時可省略；that在定語從句中既可指人 又可指物，在定語從句中作主語、賓語和表語，作賓語 時可省略，指人時，相當(dāng)于who或whom，指物時，相當(dāng) 于which，作介詞賓語時，介詞不可提到that前，當(dāng)介詞 提前時，需要用which或whom來代替。 3、whose (只用作定語)“whose”表示誰（可以為人也可以為物） （東西） 例：A child whose parents are dead is called

6、an orphan.（“whose parents”表示那個孩子的雙親） He lives in a room _ window faces south.,whose,關(guān)系代詞：在句中作主語、賓語或定語。 1. that既可代表事物也可代表人，“which”代表事物；它 們在從句中作主語或賓語，作賓語可省略“that”在從句中 作賓語時?？墒÷躁P(guān)系詞，“which”在從句省略。 eg：This is the book （which）you want. 2.不及物動詞+介詞”的介詞的賓語代詞“which”放在它原來的位置。 3. 代表物時多這時的that常被省略； 1）被形容詞最高級修飾時；既有

7、人又有物時； 2）整個句中前面已有“which”，“why”行,關(guān)系副詞：在句中作狀語 關(guān)系副詞=介詞+關(guān)系代詞 why=for which where=in/ at/ on which（介詞同先行詞搭配） when=during/ on/ in/ 1. “where”是關(guān)系副詞，當(dāng)然也不用“that”引導(dǎo)。 I still remember the place where I met her for the first time. 2. 當(dāng)從句的邏輯主語是some, any, no, somebody, anybody, nobody, something, anything, everyt

8、hing或 nothing時，常用“there is”開頭。 There is somebody here who wants to talk to you. 這里有人要和 你說話。 分作進(jìn)一步說明，通常是引導(dǎo)詞和先行詞之間用逗號隔開，將從 句拿掉后其他部分仍可成立。,關(guān)系副詞 1、why 關(guān)系副詞why主要用于修飾表原因的名詞（主要是the reason）， 同時它在定語從句中用作原因狀語。如： We dont know the reason why he didnt show up. She didnt tell me the reason _ she refused the offer.

9、 與關(guān)系副詞when和where不同，why可以換成that或省略。如： Thats one of the reasons (why, that) I asked you to come. 另外，與關(guān)系副詞when和where可以引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句不 一樣，why只能引導(dǎo)限制性定語從句，不能引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從 句。如： 他失去工作的主要原因是他喝酒。 誤：The main reason, why he lost his job, was that he drank. 正：The main reason why he lost his job was that he drank.(同 位語從句

10、),why,2、when 關(guān)系副詞when主要用于修飾表時間的名詞，同時它在定語從句 中用作時間狀語。如： There comes a time when you have to make a choice. Gone are the days _ they could do what they liked. Well put off the picnic until next week, _ the weather may be better. 注意不要一見到先行詞為時間名詞，就以為一定要用關(guān)系副詞 when來引導(dǎo)定語從句，同時還要看它在定語從句中充當(dāng)什么成 分如果在定語從句中用作時間狀語，

11、就用when；如果在定語 從句中不是用作時間狀語，而是用作主語或賓語，那就不能用 when，而要用that, which等。如： Dont forget the time (that, which) Ive told you. 關(guān)系代詞that / which在定語從句中用作動詞told的賓語，正因?yàn)槭怯米髻e語，所以也可以省略。,when,when,3、where 關(guān)系副詞where主要用于修飾表地點(diǎn)的名詞，同時它在定 語從句中用作地點(diǎn)狀語。如： This is the village where he was born. 練習(xí) Thats the hotel _we were staying

12、 last summer. Barbary was working in Aubury, _she went daily in a bus. 與前面when的情況一樣，注意不要一見到先行詞為地點(diǎn)名詞，就 以為一定要用關(guān)系副詞where來引導(dǎo)定語從句，同時還要看它在定 語從句中充當(dāng)什么成分如果在定語從句中用作地點(diǎn)狀語，就用 where；如果在定語從句中不是用作地點(diǎn)狀語，而是用作主語或賓 語，那就不能用where，而要用that, which等。如： He works in a factory that which makes TV sets. 關(guān)系代詞that / which在定語從句中用作主語

13、。另外注意，where有 時還可用于抽象名詞后引導(dǎo)定語從句。 如： We have reached a point where a change is needed. There are cases _ the word “mighty”is used as an adverb.,where,where,where,限定性定語從句 意義： 限定性定語從句對被修飾的先行詞有限定制約作用，使該詞的 含義更具體， 更明確。限制性定語從句不能被省略，否則句意就不完整， 例如I met some one who said he know you. 1.在引導(dǎo)限定性定語從句時，that有時相當(dāng)于in wh

14、ich,at which,for which或on which （1）Attitudes towards daydreaming are changing in much the same way that(in which) attitudes towards night dreaming have changed. （2）I like the music for the very reason that(for which) he dislike it. （3）We arrived the day that(on which) they left. 剛好我們到的那天他們走了。 2.在限定性

15、定語從句中，當(dāng)關(guān)系代詞在從句中擔(dān)任動詞賓語時，關(guān)系代詞可省略。 1）The book (that/ which) I am reading is very interesting. 2）Is there anything (that) you wanted? 想要什么東西嗎?,非限性定語從句 意義： 非限制性定語從句起補(bǔ)充說明作用，缺少也不會影響全句的理解。在非限制性定語從句的前面往往有逗號隔開，如 The house,which I bought last year,has a lovely garden. This novel, _ I have read three times, is

16、very touching. 1.非限定性定語從句可將整個主句作為先行詞, 對其進(jìn)行修飾, 這時從句謂語動詞要用第三人稱單數(shù)，例如： （1）He seems not to have grasped what I meant, which greatly upsets me.他似乎沒抓住我的意思，這使我心煩。 （2）Liquid water changes to vapor, _ is called evaporation. 2. 在非限定定語從句中，有時as也可用作關(guān)系代詞，若as在從句 中作主語，其引導(dǎo)的句子可以放在句首，也可以放在句中。例如： （1）The boy has as much

17、progress as we had expected. （2）_everyone knows ,China is a beautiful country with a long history . 3. 在非限定性定語從句中，不能用從句做主語 （1）The boys who are playing football are from Class One. （2）I helped an old man _ lost his way yesterday .,which,which,As,who,1、先行詞是最高級或被最高級修飾。 This is the most interesting book

18、 that l have ever read. 2、先行詞是序數(shù)詞或被序數(shù)詞修飾。 The second foreign country that l expect to visit is Greek. 3、先行詞是不定代詞時，如all、few、little、much、anything、nothing、something This is the very good dictionary that I want to buy. 4.、先行詞既有人又有物時 Can you remember the scientist and his theory that we have learned? 5、先

19、行詞被“only”、“the every”、“no”、“one of”、“the right、“the same等修飾 He is the only person that l want to talk to. 6、在以“which”、“who”、“whom” 引起的問句中，為避免重復(fù)，常用that Who is the man that is standing there? Which is the T-shirt that fits me most? 7、“there be”句型中 8、先行詞在主句中作表語，或者關(guān)系代詞本身作從句的表語時宜用“that”“that”在作賓語時可省略。,只用

20、who不用that 1）如果先行詞是those,they,all,persons,people,he,anyone,one時用who不用that 2）當(dāng)先行詞指人并含有較長的后置定語從句或在被分割的定語從句中時。 3、只用which不用that 1）當(dāng)主句先行詞后有介詞時，用which。This the one of which Im speaking。 2）非限定性定語從句，用which。 3) 描述句中一般用which。Beijing，which was Chinas capital for more than 800years。 4）those +復(fù)數(shù)名詞之后，多用which .Shop

21、keeper want to keep a number of those goods which sell best。 5）先行詞本身是that時，用which，不用that,定語從句專項(xiàng)練習(xí)題 1.The place _interested me most was the Childrens Palace. A. Which B. where C. what D. in which 2.Do you know the man _? A. whom I spoke B. to who spoke C. I spoke to D. that I spoke 3.This is the hote

22、l _last month. A. which they stayed B. at that they stayed C. where they stayed at D. where they stayed 4.Do you know the year _the Chinese Communist Party was founded? A. which B. that C. when D. on which 5.That is the day _Ill never forget. A. which B. on which C. in which D. when 6.The factory _w

23、ell visit next week is not far from here. A. where B. to which C. which D. in which 7.Great changes have taken place since then in the factory _we are working. A. where B. that C. which D. there 8.This is one of the best films _. A. that have been shown this year B. that have shown C. that has been

24、shown this year D. that you talked 9.Can you lend me the book _the other day? A. about whichyou talked B. which you talked C. about that you talked D. that you talked 10.The pen _he is writing is mine. A. with which B. in which C. on which D. by which,A,C,D,C,A,C,A,A,A,A,11.They arrived at a farmhou

25、se, in front of _sat a small boy. A. whom B. who C. which D. that 12.The engineer _my father works is about 50 years old. A. to whom B. on whom C. with which D. with whom 13.It there anyone in your class _family is in the country? A. who B. whos C. which D. whose 14.Im interested in _you have said.

26、A. all that B. all what C. that D. which 15.I want to use the same dictionary _was used yesterday. A. which B. who C. what D. as 16.He isnt such a man _he used to be. A. who B. whom C. that D. as 17.He is good at English, _we all know. A. that B. as C. whom D. what 18.Li Ming, _to the concert enjoye

27、d it very much. A. I went with B. with whom I went C. with who I went D.I went with him 19.I dont like _ as you read. A. the novels B. the such novels C. such novels D. same novels 20.He talked a lot about things and persons _they remembered in the school. A. which B. that C. whom D. what,C,D,D,A,D,

28、D,B,B,C,B,21.The letter is from my sister, _is working in Beijing. A. which B. that C. whom D. who 22.In our factory there are 2,000 workers, two thirds of _are women. A. them B. which C. whom D. who 23.Youre the only person _Ive ever met _could do it. A. who;/ B./; whom C. whom;/ D./; who :/ 24.I l

29、ost a book, _I cant remember now. A. whose title B. its title C. the title of it D. the title of that 25.Last summer we visited the West Lake, _Hangzhou is famous in the world. A. for which B. for that C. in which D. what 26.I have bought such a watch _ was advertised on TV. A. that B. which C. as D

30、. it 27.I can never forget the day _ we worked together and the day _ we spent together. A. when; which B. which; when C. what; that D. on which; when 28.The way _he looks at problems is wrong. A. which B. whose C. what D./ 29.This is the reason _he didnt come to the meeting. A. in which B. with whi

31、ch C. that D. for which 30.This machine, _for many years, is still working perfectly. A. after which I have looked B. which I have looked after C. that I have looked after D. I have looked after,D,C,D,A,A,C,A,D,D,B,31.The reason _he didnt come was _he was ill. A. why; that B.that;why C. for that;tha

32、t D.for which;what 32.He is working hard, _will make him pass the final exam. A.that B.which C.for which D.who 33.That is not the way _I do it. A./ B.which C.for which D.with which 34.I have two grammars, _are of great use. A. all of which B. either of which C. both of that D. both of which 35.I wan

33、t to use the same tools _used in your factory a few days ago. A. as was B. which was C. as were D. which 36.My neighbours used to give me a hand in time of trouble, _ was very kind of them. A. who B. which C. that D. it 37.This is the magazine _ I copied the paragraph. A. that B. which C. from that

34、D. from which 38.He is not such a man _ would leave his work half done. A. that B. which C. who D. as 39. You can depend on whatever promise _ he makes. A. / B. why C. when D. whose 40. Smoking, _ is a bad habit, is, however, popular. A. that B. which C. it D. though,A,B,A,D,C,B,D,D,A,B,31.The reaso

35、n _he didnt come was _he was ill. A. why; that B.that;why C. for that;that D.for which;what 32.He is working hard, _will make him pass the final exam. A.that B.which C.for which D.who 33.That is not the way _I do it. A./ B.which C.for which D.with which 34.I have two grammars, _are of great use. A.

36、all of which B. either of which C. both of that D. both of which 35.I want to use the same tools _used in your factory a few days ago. A. as was B. which was C. as were D. which 36.My neighbours used to give me a hand in time of trouble, _ was very kind of them. A. who B. which C. that D. it 37.This

37、 is the magazine _ I copied the paragraph. A. that B. which C. from that D. from which 38.He is not such a man _ would leave his work half done. A. that B. which C. who D. as 39. You can depend on whatever promise _ he makes. A. / B. why C. when D. whose 40. Smoking, _ is a bad habit, is, however, popular. A. t