1、主要參閱資料,1. 任勝利. 英語科技論文撰寫與投稿 (書) 2. 馬新亮. Smart Writing 3.李 嬰. 英文論文寫作及投稿技巧講座 4.馬 蘭. Figure it early, Figure it right 避免無意或有意的剽竊行為(即: 引述他人思想、數(shù)據(jù)或論述而不注明出處)； 避免一稿多投或一稿多發(fā)； 抄一篇為剽竊，抄多篇為創(chuàng)新,科技英文寫作與講演,尋找創(chuàng)建模板的論文 發(fā)表于國際知名期刊； 最近35年內(nèi)發(fā)表; 至少有一位英語母語的作者 創(chuàng)建模板 句子的結構、長度、句式變化； 動詞、轉(zhuǎn)接詞、介詞的使用； 動詞時態(tài)； 怎樣開始和結束； 如何及何時承認他人的貢獻,適度模仿 建

2、立語料庫,閱讀“作者須知”或“投稿指南”,刊物的宗旨和范圍； 各欄目論文的長度、章節(jié)的順序安排, 等； 采取何種體例格式? 如: 頁邊距、紙張大小、參考文獻的體例、圖表的準備、等； 履行何種形式的同行評議? 多長時間后能決定可否錄用,英語科技論文: 撰寫與投稿,1 寫作前的準備 2 論文的結構安排與撰寫 3 科技英語的文法與表達 4 投稿及與編輯的聯(lián)系,科技論文的結構,論文題名+眉題 作者姓名+通訊地址 摘要+關鍵詞 引言(Introduction) 材料與方法(Materials and methods) 結果(Results) 討論與結論(Discussion 列舉建立方法的參考文獻，并做

3、簡要描述(但不需全部重復描述); 如果對已有方法進行了新的或?qū)嵸|(zhì)性的改進，就要清楚地說明改進的理由,材料與方法: 英文表達,不可遺漏動作的執(zhí)行者： To determine its respiratory quotient, the organism was (the organism determine?) Having completed the study, the bacteria were of no further interest. (the bacteria completed the study?) 文獻引用盡量準確、具體： cells were broken by as p

4、reviously described9 應改為：cells were broken by ultrasonic treatment as previously described9.,科技論文的結構: 主體部分,引言 (Introduction) 材料與方法 (Materials and methods) 結果 (Results) 討論與結論 (Discussion 根據(jù)這些結果, 能得出何種結論或推論？ 指出研究的局限性以及這些局限對研究結果的影響; 并建議進一步的研究題目或方向; 指出結果的理論意義(支持或反駁相關領域中現(xiàn)有的理論、對現(xiàn)有理論的修正)和實際應用,討論：注意事項,對結果的解

5、釋要重點突出, 簡潔、清楚：著重討論本研究的重要發(fā)現(xiàn)，以及由此得出的結論，不要過細地重復引言或結果中的數(shù)據(jù)或資料； 推論要符合邏輯, 避免實驗數(shù)據(jù)不足以支持的觀點和結論； 對結果的科學意義和實際應用的表達要實事求是, 適當留有余地； 討論的最后最好是論文的最重要的結論(take-home-message),討論：時態(tài),現(xiàn)在時：具有普遍的意義推論或結論： The experimental and theoretical values for the yields agree well. Our data suggest that the reaction rate may be determin

6、ed by the amount of oxygen available. 過去時：所概述推論的有效性只是針對本次特定的研究： In the first series of trials, the experimental values were all lower than the theoretical predictions.,Conclusion - 結 論,有時也可將“結論”單獨列為一節(jié) (通?？砂ㄔ凇坝懻摗?或“結果與討論”中)； “結論”中的基本內(nèi)容: 作者本人研究的主要認識或論點; 總結性地闡述本研究結果可能的應用前景、研究的局限性及需要進一步深入的研究方向; 結論中不應涉及

7、新的事實, 也不能簡單地重復摘要、引言、結果或討論等章節(jié)中的句子,科技論文的結構,論文題名+眉題 作者姓名+通訊地址 摘要+關鍵詞 引言(Introduction) 材料與方法(Materials and methods) 結果(Results) 討論與結論(Discussion 避免使用Thoughts on ., Regarding , Study, 等,論文題名舉例,Bad: Action of antibiotics on bacteria Bad: Preliminary observations on the effect of certain antibiotics on var

8、ious species of bacteria Good: Action of Streptomycin on Mycobacterium tuberculosis Better: Inhibition of growth of Mycobacterium tuberculosis by Streptomycin,論文題名舉例：介詞問題,Bad: Linear programming method of optimization of systems of partial differential equation Good: Linear programming method for op

9、timization of partial differential equation systems (偏微分方程系統(tǒng)最優(yōu)化的線性程序設計方法) Bad: Formulation of equations of vertical motion of finite element form for vehicle-bridge interaction system Good: Finite element based formulations for vehicle-bridge interaction system considering vertical motion 車橋相互作用系統(tǒng)有限

10、元形式的豎向運動方程,論文題名舉例: 縮略語的使用,The effects of air pollutants on taking of SARS GEE 用廣義估計方程研究大氣污染對SARS發(fā)病的影響 GEEgeneralized estimating equation The quarantine measures and preventative countermeasures of preventing the propagation of RIFA through international shippings 防止紅火蚊隨國際航行船舶傳播的檢疫措施與防控對策 RIFAred imp

11、orted fire ant,題名類型,名詞詞組: Inositol trisphosphate and calcium signaling (三磷酸肌醇和鈣信號表達 ) 主副題名: WAF1：A potential mediator of p53 tumor suppression (WAF1: p53腫瘤抑制作用的一個可能介導因子) 系列題名: Density-functional thermochemistry. III. The role of exact exchange (密度函數(shù)的熱化學: 3. 正解交換的作用) 陳述性題名: The p21 Cdk-interacting pr

12、otein Cip1 is a potent inhibitor of G1 cyclin-dependent kinases (p21 Cdk作用蛋白(又稱Cip1)是G1細胞周期依賴性蛋白激酶的強抑制劑) 疑問句題名: When is a bird not a bird?,Running Title (眉題),用于論文的頁眉 是論文題名的縮寫，一般不超過40個字符 應包含論文中最核心的內(nèi)容 期刊的習慣,Running Title：舉例,題目：WAF1: p53腫瘤抑制作用的一個可能介導因子 WAF1：A potential mediator of p53 tumor suppression

13、 眉題：WAF1 as a mediator of p53 function 題目：淋巴細胞再循環(huán)和白細胞遷移中的路徑信號: Traffic signals for lymphocyte recirculation and leukocyte emigration: the multistep 眉題：Traffic signals for leukocyte circulation,科技論文的結構: 篇前部分,論文題名+眉題 作者姓名+通訊地址 摘要+關鍵詞,Who are the authors?,國際醫(yī)學期刊編輯委員會(ICMJE)有關作者資格的界定: (1) 課題的構思與設計，資料的分析

14、和解釋； (2) 文稿的寫作或?qū)ζ渲兄匾獙W術內(nèi)容作重大修改； (3) 參與最后定稿，并同意投稿和出版 以上3項條件應全部具備方可成為作者; 作者的排列順序應由所有作者共同決定; 每位作者都應該能夠就論文的全部內(nèi)容向公眾負責,Who is the first author?,論文的執(zhí)筆人或主要撰寫者應該是第一作者； 貢獻相同作者的表達： 共同第一作者, 通訊作者(To whom correspondence should be addressed / Correspondence author), 這些作者對研究工作的貢獻是相同的 避免“搭車”署名、不能遺漏應該署名的作者、不可擅自將知名人士署為

15、作者之一以提高論文聲譽和影響,作者姓名的拼音表達方式,國家標準(GB/T 16159-1996) : 漢語人名按姓和名分寫, 姓和名的開頭字母大寫, 如: Wang Jianguo (王建國), Dongfang Shuo (東方朔), Zhuge Kongming (諸葛孔明), 等； “中國學術期刊(光盤版)檢索與評價數(shù)據(jù)規(guī)范” ：姓前名后, 姓氏的全部字母均大寫, 復姓應連寫. 名字的首字母大寫, 雙名中間加連字符; 名字不縮寫. 如: ZHANG Ying (張穎), WANG Xi-lian (王錫聯(lián)), ZHUGE Hua (諸葛華),作者姓名的拼音表達方式,國外期刊一般會尊重作者

16、對自己姓名的表達方式(但大多傾向于大寫字母只限于姓和名的首字母)； 發(fā)表于“Nature”(2002, 415: 732)的一篇短文中3位作者姓名的表達分別為 Shengli Ren, Guangan Zu, Hong-fei Wang (任勝利, 祖廣安, 王鴻飛) 縮寫: Ren S, Zu G, Wang H F 應盡量采用相對固定的英文姓名的表達形式, 以減少在文獻檢索和論文引用中被他人誤解的可能性,作者地址的標署,盡可能地給出詳細的通訊地址； 如果論文出版時作者調(diào)到一個新的地址, 新地址應以“Present address”(現(xiàn)地址)的形式在腳注中給出； 如果第一作者不是通訊作者,

17、作者應按期刊的相關規(guī)定表達, 并提前告訴編輯. 期刊多以星號(*)、腳注或致謝的形式標注通訊作者或聯(lián)系人,科技論文的結構: 篇前部分,論文題名+眉題 作者姓名+通訊地址 摘要+關鍵詞 ,Abstract,摘 要：以提供文獻內(nèi)容梗概為目的, 不加評論和補充解釋, 簡明、確切地記敘文獻重要內(nèi)容的短文； 摘要的類型 (1) 報道性摘要: 全面、簡要地概括論文的目的、方法、主要數(shù)據(jù)和結論. 結構式摘要 (2) 指示性摘要：只簡要概括論文的主題； (3) 報道-指示性摘要: 以報道性摘要的形式表述論文中的信息價值較高的部分, 以指示性摘要的形式表述其余部分,Structured Abstract (結構

18、式摘要),是報道性摘要的結構化表達 (1) 目的(Objective): 研究的問題、目的或設想等; (2) 設計(Design): 研究的基本設計, 樣本的選擇; (3) 單位(Setting): 開展研究的單位; (4) 對象(Patients, Participants): 研究對象的信息; (5) 處置(Interventions): 處置方法; (6) 主要結果測定(Main Outcome Measures): 實驗過程; (7) 結果(Results): 研究的主要發(fā)現(xiàn); (8) 結論(Conclusions): 主要結論及其潛在應用,結構式摘要的類型,New England J

19、ournal of Medicine Background, Methods, Results, Conclusions The Lancet Background, Methods, Findings, Interpretation JAMA Context, Objective, Design, Setting, Patients, Interventions, Main Outcome Measures, Results, Conclusion,摘要：撰寫技巧 (1),應大致包括IMRD 結構的論文寫作模式； 使用簡短的句子, 用詞應為潛在讀者所熟悉； 注意表述的邏輯性, 盡量使用指示性

20、的詞語來表達論文的不同部分(層次) 如使用“研究表明”(We found that)表示結果; 使用“通過對.的分析，認為 ”(Based on, we suggest that)表示討論等,摘要：撰寫技巧 (2),確保摘要的“獨立性” 或“自明性”: 盡量避免引用文獻、圖表和縮寫； 盡量避免使用化學結構式、數(shù)學表達式、角標和希臘文等特殊符號； 可適當強調(diào)研究中的創(chuàng)新、重要之處; 盡量包括論文的主要論點和重要細節(jié)(重要的論證或數(shù)據(jù)),Despite the remarkable thermochemical accuracy of Kohn-Sham density-functional th

21、eories with gradient corrections for exchange-correlation see, for example, A. D. Becke, J. Chem. Phys. 96, 2155 (1992), we believe that further improvements are unlikely unless exact-exchange information is considered. Arguments to support this view are presented, and 報道+指示性摘要,Keywords (關鍵詞),不要使用過于

22、寬泛的詞做關鍵詞(例如：有機化合物，生態(tài)科學，等等)，以免失去檢索的作用； 避免使用自定的縮略語、縮寫字作為關鍵詞，除非是科學界公認的專有縮寫字(如: DNA); 關鍵詞的數(shù)量要適中,科技論文的結構,論文題名+眉題 作者姓名+通訊地址 摘要+關鍵詞 引言(Introduction) 材料與方法(Materials and methods) 結果(Results) 討論與結論(Discussion 為研究提供方便(儀器、測試等) 的機構或人員; 提出過指導性意見的人員; 資金資助項目或類別(但不宜列出得到經(jīng)費的數(shù)量),致謝：盡量具體、如實,應盡量指出致謝對象的具體幫助與貢獻； 致謝某人可能暗含著

23、某人贊同論文的觀點或結論: 如果被感謝的人并不同意論文的全部觀點或結論, 那么論文公開后被感謝的人和作者都會很尷尬； 表示應有的禮貌和尊重: 投稿前應請所有被感謝的對象閱讀論文的定稿(尤其要包括“致謝”部分), 以獲得允許或默認,致謝：用詞要恰當,致謝的開始就用“We thank”, 不要使用“We wish to thank”, “We would like to thank”, 等； 如果說“I wish to thank Jones for ”則是在浪費單詞, 并且也可能蘊含著我希望感謝John Jones的幫助, 但這種幫助并不那么大); 用“I thank Jones”更顯得簡明和真

24、誠,科技論文的結構: 篇尾部分,致 謝 (Acknowledgements) 參考文獻 (References) ,References：基本原則,所選用文獻的主題必須與論文密切相關; 必須是親自閱讀過; 優(yōu)先引用論文: 最新發(fā)表/特定期刊/特定作者; 避免過多的作者自引; 遵循擬投稿期刊的體例要求； 確保文獻各著錄項(作者姓名, 論文題目, 期刊或?qū)Ｖ? 等)正確無誤,參考文獻的體例類型,有250種以上的參考文獻列舉形式 (著錄項的取舍、著錄項的編排順序、字體變化、標點符號等方面)； 正文中參考文獻的標注類型: 著者-出版年體系(name - year system，N-Y); 順序編碼體

25、系(citation - order system或citation - sequence system，C-S); 著者-數(shù)字(順序編碼)體系(alphabet - number system，A-N),References Bai CH 1995 Cerny L, and Lenton1995 Wu GH, Hu CH, Roedder H1995 Zou AQ, Han AH, Chen AF2004,Worldwide research on pegmatites has involved the study of their petrogenesis (Solodov, 2002),

26、 classification (Cerny and Lenton, 1995), texture and structure (Zou et al., 2004), rare element geochemistry (Li, 1982a, 1982b, 1991), mineralogy (Roedder, 1984), and experimental petrology (Bai, 1995; Zeng and Jin, 1995; Wu et al., 1995).,著者-出版年體系,References 1. Solodov F2002 2. Cerny L, and Lenton

27、1995 9. Zou AQ, Han AH, Chen AF2004 10. Wu GH, Hu CH, Roedder H1995,Worldwide research on pegmatites has involved the study of their petrogenesis1, classification2, texture and structure3, rare element geochemistry4-6, mineralogy7 and experimental petrology8-10 .,順序編碼體系,References 1. Bai CH 1995 2.

28、Cerny L, and Lenton1995 7. Solodov F2002 9. Wu GH, Hu CH, Roedder H1995 10 Zou AQ, Han AH, Chen AF2004,Worldwide research on pegmatites has involved the study of their petrogenesis7, classification2, texture and structure10, rare element geochemistry3-5, mineralogy6 and experimental petrology1,9,8 .

29、,著者-數(shù)字體系,Worldwide research on pegmatites has involved the study of their petrogenesis, classification, texture and structure, rare element geochemistry, mineralogy, and experimental petrology (Solodov, 1962; Zou and Xu, 1975; Zou et al., 1986; Kuzminko, 1976; Makagon, 1977; Makagon and Shmakin, 198

30、8; Luan, 1979; Wang, 1982; Shmakin, 1983; London, 1981, 1986, 1998; Cerny, 1982a, 1982b, 1991; Cerny et al., 1986; Cerny and Lenton, 1995; Roedder, 1984; Walker et al., 1986; Wang et al.,1987; Chu and Wang, 1987; Wang et al.,1987; Zhang et al., 1987; Zhao et al., 1993; Li et al.,1983; Li ,1987; Li e

31、t al.,1994, 1998, 1999a, 1999b, 2000; Bai, 1995; Zeng and Jin, 1995; Wu et al., 1995; Lu and Wang,1997; Feng, 1998).,36 references in one sentence!,Better would be give just 2-3 pertinent references in a proper context.,Long strings of references are not helpful if given without any kind of context.

32、,Huang, Z.L., Han, R.S., Chen, J., Li, W.P., Xu, C., 2001. Ore-forming element contents of the periphery strata of the Huize Pb-Zn mine and Emeishan basalts and their significance. In: Hu, R.Z., Bi, X.W. (Eds.), Annual Report of the Open Lab. of Ore Deposit Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences,

33、 Guizhou Science and Technology Publishing House, Guiyang, p. 99-103. (in Chinese with English abstract).,Publications in Chinese should be indicated.,Take special care when citing papers that are contained in books or other non-serial publications. Details of the Editor and Publisher should always

34、be given.,Denisova, E.A., 1985. The deformation history of Nurali ultrabasic massif (South Urals). Izvestia Akademy Nauk SSSR (Geology series) 5, 25-36. (in Russian).,Brandenstein, M., Janda, L., Schroll, E., 1960. Seltene Elemente in sterreichischen Kohlen- und Bitumengesteinen. Tschermaks Mineralo

35、gisch-Petrographische Mitteilungen 7, 260-285.,Accents or other characters may a part of that language dont ignore!,Barca, S., Eltrudis, A., 1994. Attribution lEocarbonifre de flysch des nappes infrieures “ marbres” du Sud-Est de la Sardaigne (Italie). Comptes Rendus de lAcadmie des Sciences 319 (II

36、), 1407-1414.,Always give the original title of publications in other languages using the French, German, Spanish, Portuguese etc., but the translated title of titles written in other alphabets (e.g. Russian, Japanese),參考文獻的引用格式舉例,Chinese Sci Bull Ren, S. L., Rousseau, R., International visibility o

37、f Chinese scientific journals, Scientometrics, 2002, 53: 389405 Nature Ren, S. the initial value of gear gap in the backlash block is set to zero.,Too long: where m is the mass of the heavy disk mounted at the mid-span of a massless elastic shaft, e is the eccentricity of the mass center from the ge

38、ometric center of the disk, is the angle between the orientation of the eccentricity and the axis, k and k are the stiffness coefficients in two principal directions of shaft respectively, c is the viscous damping coefficient of the shaft and the disk, is the rotating speed, Correct: Where m is the

39、mass of the heavy disk mounted at the mid-span of a massless elasticshaft, e is the eccentricity of the mass center from the geometric center of the disk, is the angle between the orientation of the eccentricity and the axis, k and k are the stiffness coefficients in the two principal directions of

40、the shaft, c is the viscous damping coefficient of the shaft and the disk, is the rotating speed,Main idea at the beginning,Bring the main idea to the beginning of the sentence stating any purpose, locations, reasons, etc., afterwards. Incorrect: To ensure sheet metal quality as well as assembly qua

41、lity, CMMs are widely used in automotive industry production. Correct: CMMs are widely used in automotive industry production to ensure sheet metal quality as well as assembly quality.,英文表達注意事項 (2),In this paper, in this study,In some papers written by Chinese, these phrases can occur as much as twi

42、ce per page. In papers written by native English writers these phrases are reserved for primarily two uses. Actually, the reader is aware that the work presented is by the author (unless the author states otherwise) so there is no reason to repeat these phrases.,英文表達注意事項 (3),The study (or research)

43、is the work the author(s) did. The paper is the mode to present this work and is what the reader is holding/reading. (This paper present) Awkward: In this paper, IDEAS was used to . Correct: In this study, IDEAS was used to. Awkward: In the paper, a SZG4031 towing tractor is used as the sample vehic

44、le, it components Correct: In this study, a SZG4031 towing tractor is used as the sample vehicle, it components ,at home / abroad,International papers should not use location dependant terms such as at home, abroad, here, our country because the reader most likely is not Chinese and not in China. at

45、 home, our country = in China abroad = outside China overseas = outside the mainland of China,英文表達注意事項 (4),Arabic Numbers,Should never be used at the beginning of sentences Should not be used to give general information 11 parameters were selected for the experiment. Eleven parameters were selected

46、for the experiment. All 3 studies concluded that the mean temperature should be 30 C. All three studies concluded that the mean temperature should be 30 C.,英文表達注意事項 (5),Avoid redundancy,research work = research / work limit condition = limit / condition sketch map = sketch / Map layout scheme = layo

47、ut / scheme simulation results = results / simulation calculation results = results / calculation,英文表達注意事項 (6),a, an, the,(1) Omitted where they are required; (2) Used where they are not needed (3) Used wrongly in place of the correct article. Incorrect: Figure 2 shows the distribution of relative v

48、elocity on surface of main and splitter blades. Correct: Figure 2 shows the distribution of relative velocity on the surface of the main and splitter blades. Incorrect: The software PowerSHAPE is chosen to be a 3D modeling tool; Correct: The software PowerSHAPE is chosen to be the 3D modeling tool;

49、,英文表達注意事項 (7),冠詞和名詞用法示例 Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) has played a extremely important role in structural identification of organic compound. Because it can resolve molecular structure with high precision without destroying molecular biological function, it is expected for biological analysis. Ho

50、wever, due to diversity and complexity of biological molecule, large amount of structural information are still unknown. Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) has played an extremely important role in the structural identification of organic compounds. Because NMR can resolve , it is expected for the bio

51、logical analysis. However, because of the diversity and complexity of biological molecules, much structural information remains unknown.,U.K. English vs. U.S. English,sulphide sulfide colour color analyse analyze catalogue catalog Most word processors have built-in spelling (and grammar) checkers. Use them! They are not always perfect, but will help erase common problems,英文表達注意事項 (8),SI單位及其倍數(shù)單位的