1、Diction,1.Definition of diction,By “diction” we mean the proper choice of words and phrases in the target language on the basis of accurate comprehension of the source language text. 詞語的選擇是指在翻譯過程中，基于對源語文本的精確理解，在目的語中選擇恰當?shù)脑~語或表達法，使之符合譯文語境的表達需要。,Warm-up: Polysemy: it means that one word has various part

2、s of speech and various meanings. This war is becoming the most important story of this generation. Her story is one of the saddest. Oh, what a story! I dont believe a word of it. Last December the Post first reported that probes were being made in each of those cities，butofficials refused to confir

3、m the story. A young man came to the police office with a story.,Sweet potato He is a small potato. The topic of police brutality is a hot potato. His brother is not the clean potato. Couch potato Mouse potato,2.Correspondence between English and Chinese at Word Level 英漢詞字層次對等關(guān)系,1) Full corresponden

4、ce 完全對應(yīng) 指英語中有些詞所表達的意義，在漢語中可以找到完全對應(yīng)的詞來表達，它們的意義在上下文中完全對等。這類詞主要是通用的專有名詞,日常生活中的事物名稱,以及術(shù)語等。 the United Nations = 聯(lián)合國 the Pacific Ocean = 太平洋 helicopter = 直升飛機 Marxism = 馬克思主義 Aspirin = 阿斯匹林 激光= laser 白血病= leukemia,2)包孕(inclusion)或交叉(overlap)(一對多) 人皮 樹皮 bark 獸皮 hide 書皮 果皮 Peel,漢語：determiner + generic word

5、 類名詞 英語: specific word 漢語重整體思維，命名重統(tǒng)一，故多類名詞，而英語少類名詞。 鳥 雛鳥？ Fledgling; nestling; squab; Full-fledged,胡子,Beard Moustache Whiskers handlebar Goatee The Hitler-style moustache 美髯公？虬髯公？ A man with a carefully trimmed beard. bushy whisker/ curly/shaggy beard.,番茄湯 tomato soup 牛肉湯 beef broth 人參湯 ginseng deco

6、ction 出入請下車； 車未停穩(wěn)，請勿下車； 徐霞客為了進行真實細致的考察，他很少乘車坐船，幾乎全靠雙腳翻山越嶺。,堂兄 堂弟 堂姐 堂妹 表哥 表弟 表姐 表妹,cousin,張明和李丹是表親。張明的母親是李丹的姑母，李丹的母親是張明的舅母。 Zhang Ming and Li Dan are cousins. Zhang Mings mother is Li Dans aunt who is the sister of Li Dans father，while Li Dans mother is Zhang Mings aunt who is the wife of Zhang Ming

7、s mothers brother,Uncle:叔父，伯父，姑父，姨父，舅父 audience: 聽眾、觀眾、讀者 listener, spectator, reader,3) No equivalents Teenager； clock-watcher 文房四寶： the four treasures of the study (writing brush, ink-stick, ink-stone and paper) 烏紗帽： an official post 三伏天 Dog days,錢先生周歲時 “抓周”抓了一本書，因此得名“鐘書”(舒展文錢鐘書與楊絳) When Qian was

8、just one year old, he was asked by his parents to choose one thing among others, he picked up a book of all things. There upon his father very gladly gave him the name: Zhong Shu (it means book-lover in Chinese). a vocational inclination test for a child,4）內(nèi)涵意義沖突,Dragon Lady The Life and Legend of t

9、he Last Empress of China 龍女？小龍女？ A. an imaginary animal with wings and claws, able to breathe out fire. B. a fierce person, esp. a woman. Implicit meaning：autocratic and tyrannical, sinister and ruthless. 龍夫人慈禧故事秦傳安譯,亞洲四小龍 The four Asian tigers 以外貿(mào)企業(yè)為龍頭： With foreign trade enterprises as the dragon

10、head. 此處“龍頭”意為：引導(dǎo)、領(lǐng)頭、先鋒作用。 改譯：with foreign trade firms as the locomotive/ flagship.,3. Choice of Wording Meanings Choosing the meaning of a word according to the part of speech used in the sentence. Iranian Protestors storm British Embassy.,He saw a man sawing trees with a saw 他看見一個人正用鋸子鋸樹。 Needing

11、some light to see by, the burglar crossed the room with a light step to light the light with the light green shade. 那個賊輕手輕腳的穿過房間，點亮了那盞有淺綠色燈罩的燈，以便照亮。 Eat what you can and can what you cannot 能吃的吃掉，吃不掉的就做成罐頭。,With over 1.3 billion people, a united, a prosperous China will dwarf her Asian neighbors. Th

12、e pole-vaulter bettered the world record by six inches.,Choosing the meaning of a word according to the Context,cover: They laid him on a stretcher and covered him with a blanket. The bandages were covered in blood. We covered 400km in three hours. Do these parking restrictions cover residents as we

13、ll as visitors?,Shes covering the American election for BBC television. Im going to the doctors tomorrow so do you think you could cover my shift for me? Will 50 cover your expense?,Does your travel insurance cover you against the loss or theft of cash? I think more singers have covered “Yesterday”

14、than any other song. Weve got all the exits covered, so theyve got no chance of escape.,When I came to the farm as a bride, the rock was there, just around the corner of the house. It stuck up(突起，豎起) a couple of inches through the lawn waiting to trip me. Trip: cause to stumble; 我剛嫁到農(nóng)場時，那塊石頭就在那兒，恰好就

15、在房子的拐角處。它有幾英寸露在草坪外面，像是隨時等著絆倒我。,甲：這一點小意思，請務(wù)必收下。 乙：你這人真是有意思，怎么也來這一套？ 甲：哎，只是意思意思。 乙：啊，真是不好意思。 甲：This is a little gift as a token of my appreciation. Please take it. 乙:Oh, arent you a bit too polite? You shouldnt do that. 甲：Well, it just conveys my gratitude. 乙：Ah, thank you then, though I really dont d

16、eserve it.,中國明朝的著名旅行家徐霞客一生周游考察了16個省，足跡幾乎遍布全國。他在考察的過程中，從不盲目迷信書上的結(jié)論。 In his lifetime, Xu Xiake, a great traveler in Chinas Ming Dynasty, toured 16 provinces, leaving his footmarks in nearly every corner of the country. Made an exploratory trip; In the course of his exploration, he never took what have

17、 been recorded for granted.,為了進行真實、細致的考察，他很少乘車坐船。 In order to get a detailed and truthful observation / picture of the places he visited, he seldom travelled by cart or boat. 他總是選擇道路艱險的山區(qū)、人跡罕至的森林進行考察。 He always preferred to venture into mountainous areas with rough tracks, and into forests seldom vi

18、sited by human beings.,阿Q將衣服摔在地上，吐一口唾沫，說：“這毛蟲！” Ah Q flung his jacket/garment on the ground, spat, and swore, “Hairy worm!” “三個臭皮匠，合成一個諸葛亮”，這就是說，群眾有偉大的創(chuàng)造力。 The old saying, “Three cobblers with their wits combined would equal Zhuge Liang the master mind,” simply means the masses have great creative p

19、ower. 賈珍感激不盡，說，“待服滿，親帶小犬到府叩謝?！庇谑亲鲃e。 Jia Zhen thanked him warmly and promised, “When the mourning is over I shall bring my worthless son to kowtow his thanks.” And so they parted.,Choosing the meaning of a word according to the Collocation,“ who is a good Christian, a good parent, a good child, a goo

20、d wife or a good husband” -Vanity Fair 虔誠的教徒 a faithful/ pious Christian 慈愛的父母 a loving parent 孝順的兒女 an obedient/ filial child 賢良的妻子 a virtuous wife 盡職的丈夫 a dutiful husband,broken a broken man a broken soldier a broken promisea broken spirit broken money broken English,老,老嫗 老毛病 老部下 老工人 老式樣 老規(guī)矩 老菠菜 /

21、 嫩菠菜,an old woman a chronic ailment Deep-rooted bad habit a former subordinate a veteran worker Old-fashioned outmoded/outdated traditional/ old rules; convention Baby spinach overgrown spinach,紐馬克（1988）指出：用外國語寫作或翻譯最大的問題不在于作者或譯者的語法知識的欠缺或詞匯量的不足，而在于他們常把不太可能搭配在一起的詞牽強附會地拼湊起來，繼而寫出蹩腳的語言。因此，選擇恰當?shù)拇钆浞绞绞欠g的重要

22、環(huán)節(jié)之一。翻譯時要做到遣詞用字恰到好處，必須反復(fù)斟酌，推敲，方能使譯文通順，精當。,個人衛(wèi)生 personal hygiene 公共衛(wèi)生 public health 環(huán)境衛(wèi)生 environmental sanitation,正式協(xié)議 formal agreement 正式聲明 official statement （代表團中的）正式成員 The full member of the delegation,后來，他那麻木的眼光落到一家沒掛這種牌子的大工廠。(退伍軍人) His numb sight: a part of your body that is numb is unable to f

23、eel anything, for example because you are very cold. Numb hand; fingers numbed with cold. Finally his dull/listless eyes fell on a large factory without such a notice board.,（這種人其實不是共產(chǎn)黨員，）至少不能算是一個純粹的共產(chǎn)黨員。（紀念白求恩） Pure communist In truth, such people are not Communists, or at least cannot be counted a

24、s devoted/wholehearted Communists. 拉動消費 pull consumption. Stimulate consumption. 問詢處，有事請按鈴。 Information Service, please ring the bell/ press the button for inquiry.,“來信寫道” the letter writes the letter reads 我已吩咐我的手下人都上了子彈。（茅盾子夜） Ive already ordered my men to have their guns loaded.,英語中一個詞可以和很多詞搭配，譯成

25、漢語時也要有不同的翻譯方法，在英語中，我們將這種情況稱之為syllepsis（異敘）。 She opened the door and her heart to the homeless boy. 她對這無家可歸的孩子打開了大門，也敞開了自己的心扉。 The senator picked up his hat and his courage. 這個參議員拾起了帽子并且鼓起了勇氣。 In every Chinese city, we got into the streets, shops, parks, theatres, and restaurants. 在中國， 我們每到一個城市，就溜大街、

26、逛商場、游公園、上劇院、下飯館。,Choosing the meaning of a word according to the Word Form,英語中有些名詞的單數(shù)形式與復(fù)數(shù)形式所表示的詞義完全不同，或者復(fù)數(shù)形式除有單數(shù)形式所表達的詞義以外，還有新的詞義，翻譯時可視名詞的單復(fù)數(shù)來選擇詞義。 Syrian rebels have posted an internet video that appears to show the bodies of 20 soldiers who may executed in the northern city of Aleppo. In the vide

27、o posted Monday, the bodies of the men dressed in fatigues can be seen lined up dead on the pavement.,Gum / gums A stick of Chewing gum But in the long run, steel-coated teeth would have a different kind of deadly effect: thy would irritate the gums almost immediately, food could get trapped between

28、 them and the actual teeth, and cause tooth decay. Even the actor would have had some very sore gums from wearing those prosthetics (parts of the body are artificial) in the movie,” he said. “He would also not be the guy you wanted to sit next to at lunch, owing to his bad breath.”,She rejected his

29、advances during the trip to Cannes. 在去戛納的旅程中她拒絕了他的求愛。 Official sanction has not yet been given. The U.S and the British imposed sanctions on Iraq. The soldiers were walking in step. The engineers solved the problem in steps.,She is dressed in pink. She seems to be in the pink. My watch is behind tim

30、e. My watch is behind the time. That style of dress comes into fashion. He can speak and write English in a fashion.,Judging from Different Branches of Learning and Specialties,英語中，同一個詞用在不同的學(xué)科或?qū)I(yè)范圍中，詞義往往不同。 The lathe should be set on a firm base. 車床應(yīng)安裝在堅實的底座上。(機械) AB is the base of the triangle ABC.

31、 AB線是三角形 ABC的底邊。 ( 數(shù)學(xué)) He is on the second base. 他在二壘。（體育） The weary troops marched back to the base.(軍事),Power can be transmitted over a long distance. 電力可以遠距離輸送。 China will not be the first to use nuclear weapons although considered one of the nuclear powers. 盡管中國是核大國， 但中國決不會首先使用核武器。 16 is the fou

32、r power of 2. 16是2的4次方。 What is the power of the engine? 這臺電機的功率是多少？ This is a 20 power binocular microscope. 這是一架20倍的雙筒顯微鏡。,Commendatory or derogatory senses of the words,To the contrary, what we have seen is a redoubling of Saddam Husseins efforts to destroy completely Kuwait and its people. The U

33、nited States could not appear effectively as the leader of the “democratic” world if it allow such outrages to proceed unmolested in its own territory.,Widely considered the most powerful woman in Mexico, she is accused of embezzling more than 200 million dollars in funds destine for the coffers of

34、the teaching union to her personal accounts and those of her associates. The attorney general accuses the union leader of having used the money to fund her lavish lifestyle including on plastic surgery, a private jet and two homes in Santiago.,Please compare: Crowd: a large group of people in a publ

35、ic place; Mob: a large noisy crowd, especially one that is angry and violent. Peasant but folly leaves the worst for the day it comes. 聰明人/智者防患于未然/未雨綢繆；愚人臨渴掘井。 Summer holidays in workaholic Japan are not an institution. 在日本人人拼命工作，根本沒有暑假這回事。,Man for the field and woman for the hearth; Man for the swo

36、rd and for the needle she. Man with the head and woman with the heart； Man to command and woman to obey. by Tennyson,Version one: 男人適于農(nóng)耕，女人適于家務(wù)；男人宜于征戰(zhàn)，女人宜于縫紉；男人善于深思，女人富于感情；男人發(fā)號施令，女人唯有服從。 Version two:男人耕作女持家；男上戰(zhàn)場女紡紗。男人冷靜女猶柔；男施命令女聽話。 Version three：男人外面掙錢，女人醬醋油鹽。男人舞槍弄劍，女人擺弄針線。男人頭腦理智，女人感情用事。男人發(fā)號施令，女人言聽計

37、從。 Version four: 牛郎躬耕忙，荊釵理家瘦。飛騎赴戎機，紅妝織錦褸。須眉頻謀計，朱顏多凝愁。百令生百諾，琴瑟兩相愛。,區(qū)分語體：所謂語體，就是指語言隨著語境的不同而產(chǎn)生的變體，它是語言使用者隨著語境的改變而選用不同的語言形式表達意義、交流思想的結(jié)果。例如，英語中recidivist和habitual criminal的指稱意義完全一樣，即“慣犯”，但使用的場合卻不一樣。前者是法律專門用語，后者則是一般用語。翻譯時注意詞語的文體色彩是指選詞要符合原文的語體，符合說話人的身份。,王二嬸哀求他說：“求求你了，要是我當家的回來了，我又少不了一頓揍”。（冬寶） Aunt Wang pleaded with him:“Dongbao, please. When my man is back, he is sure to give me a good beating/ Im sure to get a sound beating.” “不多不多！多乎哉？不多也！” （孔乙已） 譯文：Not much! Verily! not much forsooth! （楊憲益）,（工廠外面掛著一塊牌子，上面寫道：）“本廠不再招收工人”（退