1、Language Production,語(yǔ)言生成,Outline,1 The complexity of language production 2 The definition of language production 3 Two models,The complexity of language production,We must think about what to say.,We must think about what to write.,We must conceptualize an utterance or sentence or sentence and build

2、 its syntactic structure.,We must retrieve尋找 the right words from among thousands of words in our mental lexicon.,We must control and coordinate the articulators in the production.,Language production,Definition : Language production refers to how a person creates speech, sign language, or text begi

3、nning with an initial idea or message and ending in the spoken, signed, or written form.,Language production involves two simultaneous同時(shí) processes： 1.the thought process:心理語(yǔ)言, involving a type of thinking in mentalese that is not yet speech. 2.the speech process, 說(shuō)話(huà)過(guò)程 which is serial and linear asse

4、mblage of the units of language. (William James 1980),According to Levelt(1989)萊維爾特，language production contains four stages: 1conceptualizing概念化message level functional level 2formulating明述 propositional level sound level 3articulating表達(dá)articulatory instructions,Models,Conceptualizing,Conceptualizi

5、ng involves conceiving of an intention,selecting the relevant information to be expressed for the realization of this purpose,ordering this information for expression, the sum total of these mental activities.,Formulating詳述過(guò)程,Formulating refers to translating the conceptual representation into a lin

6、guistic form -selecting words(lexicalization)選詞 -syntactic planning(to put words together to form sentences)句法 -detailed phonetic and articulatory planning詳細(xì)發(fā)音 -phonological encoding(words into sound) 語(yǔ)音編譯,Identifying the Meaning標(biāo)識(shí)意義,This framework begins with the thought you want to express and the

7、 searches for definition that best match the thought, like consulting a dictionary -defining the meaning and then finding the word to match it. Meaning Words,Selecting a Syntactic Structure,This step involves finding the appropriate syntactic structure. three models could be used 1 tree diagram 2 se

8、mantics-bases framework語(yǔ)義框架 3 the connectionist model關(guān)聯(lián)模型,The Connectionist Model,A sentence to be spoken would be represented by spreading activation擴(kuò)展through a network of nodes節(jié)點(diǎn) representing phonologocal語(yǔ)音,lexical and morphological詞態(tài) levels.,The fromkins six-stage model of speech production(1971),-identification of meaning確定意義 -selection of a syntactic structure選擇語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu) -generation of intonation contour形成語(yǔ)調(diào)輪廓 -insertion of con