1、Unit 2 Marrakech,By George Orwell,Objectives of Lesson Two,To familiarize students with the background knowledge of George Orwell, Morocco, French colonies, Marrakech; Jews To learn expository writing; To analyze the theme and the writers opinion of colonialism.,George Orwell,George Orwell (pen name

2、) Eric Arthur Blair (1903 1950) British novelist and essayist, born in India. Orwell was famous for his political satires. He was an uncompromising individualist and political idealist.,Orwell argued that writers have an obligation of fighting social injustice, oppression, and the power of totalitar

3、ian regimes Orwell is famous for his terse lucid prose style and good at the appropriate use of simple but forceful words to describe objectively the scenes before his eyes.,His works: Animal Farm (1945) Down and Out in Paris and London Burmese Days Coming up for Air A Clergymans Daughter Keep the A

4、spidistra Flying,His well-known essays: Shooting an elephant A Hanging Marrakech Politics and the English Language,Orwells Rules for writers,Never use metaphor, simile, or other figure of speech which you are used to seeing in print. Never use a long word where a short one will do. If it is possible

5、 to cut a word out, always cut it out. Never use the passive voice where you can use the active. Never use a foreign phrase, a scientific word, or a jargon word if you can think of an everyday English equivalent. Break any of these rules sooner than say anything outright barbarous.,Morocco,Location:

6、 In North Africa, on the Mediterranean Sea and the Atlantic Ocean, Morocco is the farthest west of all the Arab countries. Capital: Rabat Population: about 18,000.000 Brief history: Morocoo was inhabited in,the stone age by cave dwellers; about 2000B.C. it was settled by Berber tribes, who had forme

7、d the basis of the population ever since; The Arabs invaded Morocco in the 7th century,bringing with Islam; from the end of the 17th century until the early 19th century Morocco was almost entirely free from foreign influence.,But in 1912, a Franco-Spanish agreement divided Morocco into 4 administra

8、tive zones. Morocco gained independence in 1956 and became a constitutional monarchy in 1957. Morocco is a member of the United Nations, the League of Arab States, and the Organization of African Unity. most of the people of Morocco are Muslims,Islamis the state religion and Arabic is the official l

9、anguage, but French and Spanish are also spoken.,Marrakech in Morocco,Location: In west central Morocco, at the Northern foot of the high Atlas. 130 miles south of Casablanca, the chief seaport. It is the principal commercial centers of Morocco. It has extremely hot summers but mild winters. It was

10、captured by the French in 1912. The city was formerly also called Morocco., . Introduction to the Passage,1.Type of literature: - a piece of exposition 2.The purpose of a piece of exposition: - to inform or explain 3.Ways of developing the thesis of a piece of exposition: - comparison - contrast - a

11、nalogy - identification - illustration - analysis, definition, etc.,Detailed Analysis of the Text,1) Which sentence expresses the theme of the text? (or : Which is the thesis statement?) All colonial empires are in reality founded upon this fact (para.3) 2) What is the theme of the text? The author

12、denounces the evils of colonialism. He mercilessly exposes poverty, misery and degradation of the native people in the colonies. These people are not considered nor are they treated as human beings.,. Detailed Study of the Text, organization of the text main idea of each part questions to discuss Ke

13、y words, phrases and difficult sentences,Organization of the text: Questions to discuss: 1. In order to show the poverty of the city and expose the evils of colonialism, the writer chooses some typical scenes and pictures. What are they? 2.It seems that this essay consists of several separative pict

14、ures, then what gives the essay coherence?,Six Scenes to expose the evils of colonialism,Scene 1: The burial of the poor inhabitants (para 1-3) The idea: Life is cheap. People are so poor that they can not afford proper burials. Scene 2: The begging of bread of an employee (para 4-7) The idea: Life

15、is poor. People cant afford proper food. Scene 3: Living condition of the Jews (para 8-15) The idea: Jews live in great poverty and under prejudice. Scene 4: Cultivation of soil (para 16-18) The idea: Hard way of making a living. Scene 5: Life of women (para 19-21) The idea: Miserable life of old wo

16、men, no better than a donkey Scene 6: the soldiers (para 22-26) The idea: The negroes attitude towards the whites,Why did the writer choose these scenes? What do you think they represent? Do you think these scenes are effective to achieve the writers purpose?,Scene 1: The burial of the poor inhabita

17、nts (para 1-3) Life is cheap. People are so poor that they can not afford proper burials.,Words and Expressions wail: to cry out in mourning or lamentation 悲傷地哭號(hào) The wind wailed through the trees chant: a simple liturgical song in which a string of syllables or words is sung to each tone bier: a pla

18、tform or portable framework on which a coffin or corpse is placed hack: to break up (land) with a hoe, mattock, etc. oblong: adj. longer than broad; elongated hummocky: adj. full of or looking like low, rounded hills 布滿小丘的 derelict: adj. deserted by the owner; abandoned; forsaken prickly pear: any o

19、f a genus of cactus plans having cylindrical or large, flat, oval stem joints and edible fruits 仙人掌 (屬),Paragraphing ran with the head,navvy: (BrE) an unskilled laborer, and on canals, roads sidle: to move sideways, esp. in a shy, fearful or stealthily manner stow: to pack or store away, esp. to pac

20、k in an orderly, compact manner municipality: a city, town, etc. having its own incorporated government 自治市,Paragraphing cluster: to gather or grow in a cluster or clusters skull-cap: n. a light, closefitting, brimless cap, usually worn indoors. infest: to overrun or inhabit in large numbers, usu. s

21、o as to be harmful or bothersome; swarm in or over. Fly-infested warp: to become bent or twisted out of shape frenzied: adj. full of uncontrolled excitement clamour: v. n. (to) make a loud confused noise or shout; cry out self-contained: adj. having within oneself or itself all that is necessary; se

22、lf-sufficient, as a community,Impossible-hard to deal with, sth. That cannot happen e.g. It was not an impossible scheme. His bad temper makes life impossible for all the family. He is an impossible person to work with. Inflation is an impossible problem. Grope to feel or search about blindly e.g. I

23、n the darkness, I groped for the door handle. Throughout the ages men have groped after the meaning of the Universe and their own role in it. The lecturer paused, groping for the most effective word to express his meaning. They had to grope their way through a mist that was rapidly turning into a th

24、ick fog.,Paragraphing extort wring money from sb. 勒索某人 back-breaking: requiring great physical exertion; very tiring; nerve-racking desolate: adj. uninhabited; deserted, forlorn,Paragraphing nor am I one of your Hollywood-movie ectoplasms. I am a man of substance, of flesh and bone, fiber and liquid

25、sand I might even be said to possess a mind. I am invisible, understand, simply because people refuse to see me. Like the bodiless heads you see sometimes in circus sideshows, it is as though I have been surrounded by mirrors of hard, distorting glass. When they approach me they see only my surround

26、ings, themselves, or fragments of their imagination-indeed, everything and anything except me. (Prologue ),Sentences to show the hard work,(para 17) the reality of life is an endless back-breaking struggle to wring a little food out of an eroded soil. (para 18) Most Morocco is so desolate that no wi

27、ld animal bigger than a hare can live on it. Huge areas which were once covered with forest have turned into a treeless waste where the soil is exactly like broken-up brick. Nevertheless a good deal of it is cultivated, with frightful labor. (para 18)Long lines of women, bent double like inverted ca

28、pital Ls, work their way slowly across the fields, tearing up the prickly weeds with their hands.,Scene 5: Life of women (para 19-21)Miserable situation of old women, no better than a donkey,Words and Expressions file: a line of persons or things situated one behind another 縱隊(duì) mummify: v. to dry up

29、(become a mummy) register: v. record 記錄, 登記 to register the birth of a baby / to register the names of absent students The court stenographer registered the trial proceedings. damnably: adv. In a damnable manner to be damnably treated 遭到虐待 packsaddle: a saddle designed to support the load carried by

30、 a pack animal 馱鞍,bridle: n. a head harness for guiding a horse; it consists of stall, bit and reins halter: n. a rope, cord, strap, etc. usually with a a headstall, for trying or leading an animal, with or without a rope （韁繩）（馬）籠頭 gut: （usu. Pl.) the bowels; entrails 內(nèi)臟 have the guts to do sth. 有膽量

31、做某事 plight：n. condition or state of affairs; esp. now, an awkward, sad, or dangerous situation tip: v.t to pour sth. from one place or container into another She tipped the flour into a bowl,The comparison of fate between the donkey and the women,Donkey Women no bigger than a St. Bernard dog tiny, m

32、ummified Overloaded, working for weeks vast of load of wood A willing creature accepted status as a beast of burden When dead, tipped into a buried simply, dumped into a ditch, thrown to dogs hole, no name, no graveyard People feel enraged at nobody feels sympathetic for them, unnoticed By describin

33、g the fate of donkey the authors purpose is to arouse the sympathy and anger of the readers for “people”, People are also cruelly treated but they are not noticed, simply invisible,Paragraphing glum 揾怒的，悶悶不樂的 syphilis: n. an infectious venereal disease, caused by a spirochete and usu. transmitted by

34、 sexual intercourse or acquired congenitally 梅毒 charger: n. a horse ridden in battle or on parade 戰(zhàn)馬，軍馬 garrison: n. troops stationed in a fort or fortified place 駐軍 reverence: n. feeling or attitude of deep respect, love and awe, as for sth. sacred; glitter: v. to shine with a sparkling light; glis

35、ten; sparkle; be bright,Squash vt. 壓壞,捏壞， e.g. She sat on his hat and squashed it. He squashed the insect with his finger. This package was squashed in the mail. Squash vi. e.g. Soft fruits squash easily. (a glass of orange squash) This hat squashes easily. Squash vi. vt (使勁)擠 e.g. She squashed into

36、 the crowded train. Dont all try to squash into the lift together. He squashed his clothes into a box. Squash vt. (使不說話/談) e.g. When I tried to speak, he squashed me. He is trying to squash the story of the defeat.,Slump vi. 沉重地倒下踐踏 e.g. He slumped in his chair asleep. Tired from his walk, he slumpe

37、d into a chair. The boys feet slumped repeatedly through the corridor. Slump vi. (質(zhì)量,價(jià)格等)下降, (買賣)清淡起來 e.g. Her work slumped because of personal problems. The companys shares slumped last month. Business has slumped. Slumpn. e.g. The economy went into a severe slump. When there is a slump in a countr

38、y it is difficult to do trade, and many people are out of work. There was a serious slump in the 1930s.,Paragraphing & Interpreting,In this part, the author shows the mentality of the colonized by describing the boys look. (para 23) Their splendid bodies curiously sensitive black faces were glisteni

39、ng with sweat. The Senegalese soldiers were wearing ready-made khaki uniforms which hid their beautifully well-built bodies. Their feet were squeezed into boots what were too small and were flat and square like blocks of wood and their heads were also squeezed into tiny tin hats which seemed to be a

40、 little too small for them. The words splendid and sensitive show the authors positive attitude towards them. This paragraph reveals the poor conditions of the soldiers.,(para 24) It was the shy, wide-eyed Negro look, which actually is a look of profound respect. wide-eyes: with the eyes opened wide

41、ly, as because of surprise, fear, lack of sophistication. The Negro generally looks at the white masters with his eyes opened widely showing bashfulness, fear, uneasiness, etc. it is a docile, subservient look. (para 24) This wretched boy, who is a French citizen and has therefore been dragged from

42、the forest to scrub floors and catch syphilis in garrison towns This miserable black boy is, as a result of the colonization of his country, a French citizen. Therefore he has been conscribed and forced to leave his home in the forest to come to a garrison town where he will catch syphilis.,(para 25

43、) In this connection it doesnt matter twopence if he calls himself a socialist. it doesnt matter twopence: it does not matter at all. Every white man, even those who call themselves socialists cant help but think this thought when he sees a black army marching past. (para 26) And really it was like

44、watching a flock of cattle to see the long column , like scraps of paper. Watching the one-or-two miles long column of soldiers marching peacefully. Up the road was just like watching a flock of cattle. Cattle dont think, dont ask questions, but follow their masters blindly. These black soldiers wer

45、e just like cattle. Comment: Soldiers are to serve the government. The Senegalese soldiers are supporting the colonial masters who are cruelly exploiting the country. It sounds ironical. Yet the young man, instead of hating the white men, actually holds a deep respect for them. The whole situation g

46、ives a depressing future of the country.,Summary,The text is a piece of objective exposition of the poverty, misery and degradation of the inhabitants in Marrakech. The ordinary local funeral, which treats the dead as animals, is merely one episode of the miserable lives of native people. However, t

47、his fact is the basis upon which all the imperialists build up their empires. The author illustrates the following facts to show the plight of the inhabitants. An Arab navvy, an employee of the municipality, begs for a piece of bread which is formerly the food of the gazelles. In the unsanitary ghet

48、toes which are crowded with Jews, people overwork in a wretched situation, but they cannot possibly afford a piece of cigarette. The brown laborers working in the barren fields in a backward way are partly invisible to the white colonists who are insensi- tive to the suffering all around them. The o

49、ld women carrying firework are more invisible for their skinny and distorted figures. Ironically, oblivious to the miseries of the human beings, the white express more sympathy to the damnable fate of the donkeys. However, the colonized , such as one of the Senagalese soldiers, bear blind deep respect for the white masters. This provokes