1、,Language Structure,Read the following sentences and pay attention to the grammar rules they use:,You eat vegetables at every meal so that youll have enough vitamin C. The refrigerator is so heavy that you cant move it to the other end of the room. No matter how painful it is, I can stand it. / I ca

2、n stand it even if it is very painful. It was much worse than I had ever imagined. The more often he practises, the better he can speak English.,1. You eat vegetables at every meal so that youll have enough vitamin C. adverbial clause of purpose introduced by so that Notes: 目的狀語從句中動(dòng)詞一般前要用may，can，mig

3、ht，could，should，would等情態(tài)動(dòng)詞，表示某種可能性，是主觀意念 (2) 如果主從句主語一致，可用so as to和in order to替換。 e.g.: She went downtown in order that she could buy some clothes. = She went downtown in order to buy some clothes.,(3) so that 也可以引導(dǎo)結(jié)果狀語從句 e.g.: I took an early bus so that I got there in time. The room was packed with

4、 people, so that we couldnt get in.,Use so that, convert following sentences: 1). He doesnt want to be late for work, and so he sets his alarm for six. (He sets his alarm for six so that he will not be late for work.) 2) Dr. Liu wants to keep up with the latest development in medicine. He therefore

5、reads medical journals. (Dr. Liu reads medical journals so that he can keep up with the latest development in medicine.) 3) He wanted us to forward his letters to him. He left us his new address. (He left us his new address so that we could forward his letters to him.),2. The refrigerator is so heav

6、y that you cant move it to the other end of the room. adverbial clause of result introduced by so that Notes: (1) so + adj./adv.形容詞或副詞 + that，也可以用such名詞短語that引導(dǎo)結(jié)果狀語從句 e.g.: He made such an inspiring speech that everybody got excited. (2) sothat 只能引導(dǎo)結(jié)果狀語從句,(3) “so that not” can be expressed by “tooto

7、 ” structure. e.g.: The refrigerator is too heavy for you to move. (4) “so that ” can be expressed by adjective + enough + infinitive structure. e.g.: The moral of the story is so clear that everybody can see it. The moral of the story is clear enough for everybody to see.,3. No matter how painful i

8、t is, I can stand it. / I can stand it even if it is very painful. adverbial clause of concession introduced by no matter + wh-word / even if Notes: (1) 讓步狀語從句中，no matter + wh- = wh-ever（可作主語從句） e.g.: No matter what (= whatever) happens, we shall never lose hope. (2)引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句最常用的四個(gè)詞是though，although，e

9、ven if和even though，前兩者語氣較弱，后兩者較強(qiáng)。,4. It was much worse than I had ever imagined. adverbial clause of comparison introduced by than Notes: (1) Its basic form is “the comparative degree of adj. / adv. + than-clause” (2) The comparison here is made according to a persons views, rather than between two

10、different subjects doing the same thing. e.g.: You did better in the class than I had thought.,5. The more often he practices, the better he can speak English. adverbial clause of comparison in the more- the more - pattern. Notes: (1) The meaning is “If he practices more often, hell speak better”. (

11、2) Generally speaking, the first clause is the subordinate clause and the second one is the main clause. (3) This construction can be elliptical: e.g.: The sooner, the better. The more, the better.,A: Why do you eat vegetables at every meal? B: (Because I want to have enough vitamin C.) A: I see. Yo

12、u eat vegetables at every meal so that youll have enough vitamin C. B: (Thats right. ),Language Structure,Practice 1: Stating a purpose,A: Can you move the refrigerator to the other end of the room? B: (No, Im afraid not. Its too heavy for me to move. A: Do you mean the refrigerator is so heavy that

13、 you cant move it? B: (Yes, Im afraid so.),Language Structure,Practice 2-A: Expressing inability flee 逃跑 e.g.: 他們一看見我們來了，掉頭就跑。 As soon as they saw us coming, they turned tail and ran. 2. tremble: shake slightly because you are frightened or cold 顫抖;戰(zhàn)栗 Gil was white and trembling with anger. 吉爾臉色發(fā)白，氣

14、得直發(fā)抖。,Stage Fright,Dialogue,3. drenched made completely wet drench (v.) make sb. or sth. completely wet They were getting drenched by icy water. 4. symptom: the sign of an illness 癥狀；征兆 5. shift out of “to change (gear) in a vehicle” 換擋 Here it means “to change or move from one position or direction

15、 to another,” or to be more exact, “move away from fear”,Stage Fright,Dialogue,6. underestimate to make too low an estimate of (sb./sth.) 低估 The prefix under- is often put before an adjective or an verb to mean “not enough,” e.g.: underdeveloped, underachieve, and undernourished It can also be put b

16、efore a noun to mean “below” or “l(fā)ower in rank or subordinate,” e.g.: underwear, underworld, undersecretary, undergraduate,Stage Fright,Dialogue,7. sharp-sighted adj. sharp: 1)鋒利的;銳利的 a sharp knife 2) quick to notice, hear, understand, or react to things (人)敏銳的，靈敏的，機(jī)靈的 Gates is known to be a superb

17、analyst with a sharp eye and an excellent memory. sharp-sighted / sharp-eyed: 眼光銳利的，精明的 clear-sighted 有見識(shí)的;有決斷力的 farsighted / longsighted 遠(yuǎn)視的；有遠(yuǎn)見的 short-sighted 近視的；目光短淺的,Stage Fright,Dialogue,8. if only vs. only if if only 表示“但愿”、“要是該多好啊”，后接虛擬語氣。 If only I were a boy. = I wish I were a boy. If only

18、 I had not come home alone. If only I could see you tomorrow. only if “只有當(dāng)” (如果用于句首, 主句主謂倒裝) I wake up only if the alarm clock rings. Only if the alarm clock rings do I wake up.,Stage Fright,Dialogue,9. spit out: say openly and without delay what one is thinking 爽快地說出來 10. “ to the point that ” - ap

19、positive clause After running, I get very hungry to the point that I could eat a double meal. 11. stand still: 站著不動(dòng)，停滯不前 別動(dòng)！我給你照像呢！,Stage Fright,Dialogue,12. rack ones brain(s) try very hard to think of sth. or recall sth. 絞盡腦汁；開動(dòng)腦筋 13. backup: n. sb. or sth. that provides support or help 支持；后援 要完成這

20、項(xiàng)工程我們需要一些專業(yè)人員的支持。 We are going to need some professional backup for this project. 14. prompting assisting (sb. acting or reciting) by suggesting the next words of something forgotten or imperfectly learned 提示,Stage Fright,Dialogue,15. equal to = be equal to : be the same as 等同于 16. air: the general

21、character or appearance of, or feeling caused by a person by a place 外表，樣子；態(tài)度，風(fēng)度；氣氛 會(huì)議彌漫著一種激動(dòng)的氛圍。 There was an air of excitement at the meeting.,Stage Fright,關(guān)于猴子的心理實(shí)驗(yàn) 兩只猴子同時(shí)關(guān)在籠子里，一只被捆住了，不 能動(dòng)；一只可以在籠子里活動(dòng)實(shí)驗(yàn)不間斷的進(jìn) 行，有一只猴子先死了。,思考：哪一只猴子先死了？,實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果：,能夠活動(dòng)的猴子先死去了 被捆住的猴子毫無辦法，只好聽天由命； 可以活動(dòng)的猴子在整個(gè)實(shí)驗(yàn)過程中，時(shí)刻處于緊張、焦慮、恐懼

22、中，這些都是消極的情緒狀態(tài)，對生物機(jī)體有重大的影響。,心平氣和,悲傷,美國生理學(xué)家艾爾馬情緒生理實(shí)驗(yàn),將人在不同情緒狀態(tài)下呼出的氣體收集在玻璃試管中，冷卻后變成水發(fā)現(xiàn)：,猜一猜： 在憤怒、生氣狀態(tài)下呼出的氣體冷卻成水后,將其注射到大白鼠身上，將會(huì)發(fā)生么？,結(jié)果：幾分鐘后大白鼠死亡!,人在生氣時(shí)的生理反應(yīng)非常劇烈，同時(shí)會(huì)分泌出許多有毒性的物質(zhì)。消極情緒長期存在，生理變化不能復(fù)原時(shí)，情緒壓力就會(huì)損傷健康.,Stress and Health,Reading I,Stress is a natural part of everyday life and there is no way to avoi

23、d it.,What causes stress?,study,Hunt for a job,Exam,Look for a girl/boy friend,壓力對人生理的影響：,1、心率加快，血壓增高 2、腎上腺激素和去甲腎上 腺激素分泌增加 3、腸胃失調(diào)，潰瘍 4、易意外受傷 5、身體疲勞 6、死亡 7、心臟疾病 8、呼吸問題 9、出汗量增加 10、皮膚功能失調(diào) 11、頭痛 12、癌癥 13、肌肉緊張 14、睡眠障礙,嚴(yán)重的壓力是猝死最潛在的危險(xiǎn)因素,2004年4月8日晚，54歲的愛立信 中國總裁楊邁在健身房因心臟驟 停突然死亡 2004年4月19日的凌晨，60歲的麥 當(dāng)勞公司首席執(zhí)行官吉

24、姆.坎塔盧 波因心臟病突發(fā)猝死,在壓力階段， 血流中的膽固醇水平升高。 長期的壓力削弱免疫系統(tǒng)功能， 導(dǎo)致對疾病的易感性， 包括：,癌癥,壓力引起消化功能紊亂： 胃病、消化不良、便秘等。 潰瘍、間歇痙攣以及類似 腸胃疾病都直接與因壓力 荷爾蒙皮質(zhì)醇引起的酸度 的提高有關(guān)。,壓力引起神經(jīng)緊張和肌張力增強(qiáng)，肌肉疼痛、僵硬。 頭疼也是與壓力有關(guān)的癥狀。,壓力使中樞神經(jīng)興奮性增強(qiáng)， 生物節(jié)律被打亂，失眠、多夢、 早醒,壓力對人心理的影響：,1、焦慮、緊張、困惑和急噪； 2、疲勞感、生氣、憎惡； 3、情緒敏感和反應(yīng)過敏； 4、壓抑、抑郁； 5、溝通效果變差； 6、退縮和憂郁； 7、孤獨(dú)感和疏遠(yuǎn)感； 8、

25、煩躁、不滿； 9、精神疲勞和工作能力低下； 10、注意力渙散； 11、缺乏自發(fā)性和創(chuàng)造性； 12、自信心不足。,Five tips for dealing with stress,Be realistic Do exercises Relax Ask for help Take care of ourselves,Be realistic,Were not perfect. So we could never be the superman. Enough is as good as a feast!,Do exercises,Relax,Ask for help,Share our stre

26、ss. Seek professional help from a psychologist.,Take care of ourselves,Get enough rest and have a healthy diet,Conclusion,Life is short, Live it well!,Reading I,Questions,Browse through the text, try to answer following questions.,Stress and Health,1. What happened when researchers asked some women

27、to recall a situation that made them angry? 2. What effects does stress have on our heart? 3. In what way can stress affect our cognition? Cite one or two examples. 4. What kind of person has a classic Type A personality 5. How does a hostile person react to people around him?,Vocabulary_2,A 1. horm

28、one 2. pilot 3. conversion 4. principal 5. argumentative 6. aggressive 7. hostility 8. predictor,B a. (of people) ready to attack; offensive; quarrelsome b. first in rank or importance; chief, main c. person, instrument, etc. that say something will happen or forecast d. someone who is licensed to o

29、perate an aircraft in flight e. the state of being very unfriendly; enmity f. fond of arguing g. the change from one form or use to another h. substance produced within the body and carried by the blood to an organ which it stimulates to assist growth,A 1. circulate 2. mild 3. chronically 4. harry,V

30、ocabulary_3,b. Look up the following words in an English-English dictionary and write down the definition of each word that fits the context.,B,(cause something) to go round continuously,not strong or severe; gentle,(of a disease) developing slowly, or of long duration,keep bothering,A 5. apt 6. cog

31、nitively 7. depression 8. culprit,Vocabulary_4,B,likely or having a tendency to do something,low spirits; the state of being sad and without enthusiasm,with regard to cognition,offender or person who has done something wrong,Reading I,1. , not only did the womens stress hormone levels increase sudde

32、nly, so did their cholesterol levels. not only, but also e.g.: Not only is he a teacher, but (also) he is also a poet. 他不僅作出了許諾, 而且履行了諾言. Not only did he make a promise, but also he kept it. 不僅他受到了邀請，他的父母也受到了邀請。 Not only he was invited, but also his parents were invited. Not only he was invited, so

33、were his parents. 前后主語不同，但謂語相同時(shí)，but also 可改成用so的倒裝句型。,Stress and Health,Reading I,2. cholesterol fatty substance in animal fluids and tissue, thought to cause the hardening of the arteries 膽固醇,Stress and Health,Reading I,3. LDL low density lipoprotein, which carries mostly fat and a small part of pr

34、otein to other parts of the body 低密度脂蛋白,Stress and Health,Reading I,4. assure, ensure, make sure assure 向保證；使確信 assure sb. of sth. assure sb. that ensure 確保 ensure sth. / that-clause make sure that .,Stress and Health,Reading I,5. release v./n. 1) set free or allow to go 釋放；放出 He was released from p

35、rison the next day. He is expected to be released from hospital today. 2) free from( a duty, task, or feeling)使免除;使免于 離婚解除了夫妻雙方相互之間所有的婚姻義務(wù)。 Divorce releases both the husband and wife from all marital obligations to each other.,Stress and Health,Reading I,3) allow feelings or abilities to be expresse

36、d發(fā)泄，釋放(情感);展示(能力) I personally dont want to release my anger on anyone else. Humour is wonderful for releasing tension. 4) discharge (gas, heat or a substance) 釋放，放出，排放(氣體、熱量或某種物質(zhì)) The contraction of muscles uses energy and releases heat. 肌肉的收縮消耗能量并且釋放熱量。 5) 發(fā)行，推出(唱片、碟片或電影) He is releasing an album

37、of love songs. 他即將推出一張情歌專輯。,Stress and Health,Reading I,6. arteries any of the tubes carrying blood from the heart to all parts of the body 動(dòng)脈,Stress and Health,Reading I,7. amino acid any of several organic compounds found in protein 氨基酸,Stress and Health,Reading I,8. wreak havoc wreak: bring about

38、 or cause to happen 造成（混亂或破壞） havoc: violent disturbance 大破壞; 大混亂 wreak havoc (on sth.): bring great damage to sth. 給造成巨大的破壞 Stress can wreak havoc on the immune system. 他們的政策將對經(jīng)濟(jì)造成巨大的破壞。 Their policies would wreak havoc on the economy.,Stress and Health,Reading I,9. apt to likely to or having a ten

39、dency to do. Other examples: My old computer is apt to break down. My little brother is a clever boy but apt to get into mischief.,Stress and Health,Reading I,premium ice cream ice cream that is more expensive or more highly valued than usual 高品質(zhì)冰激凌,Stress and Health,Reading I,10. road rage aggressive behaviour by a motorist in response to the actions of another road user 駕駛?cè)艘驅(qū)η败嚥荒蜔┗驅(qū)尩啦粷M而引起的憤怒，交通暴躁情緒，路怒 11. shine (at): do sth. extremely well 出色，出類拔萃 shine at school shine at work shine at an activity shine at a skill,Stress and Health,A型性格（type A