1、Absolute Construction 獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu),一、 獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)的構(gòu)成： 英語(yǔ)中的獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)從語(yǔ)法上看，它是一個(gè)獨(dú)立的成分，而不是句子（因?yàn)榫渲袥](méi)有謂語(yǔ)），在句中主要用作狀語(yǔ)，通常可轉(zhuǎn)換成狀語(yǔ)從句。 英語(yǔ)獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)的幾種常構(gòu)成方式：,1. 名詞或代詞+現(xiàn)在分詞 名詞或代詞通常是動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者，與現(xiàn)在分詞構(gòu)成邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系，表示主動(dòng)的或正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作。如： Weather permitting, we are going to visit you tomorrow. She ran up to me, her hair flying in the wind. 她向我跑來(lái)，秀發(fā)在風(fēng)

2、中飄揚(yáng)著。,All this time, they were fast asleep, all of them knowing nothing about what had happened. 那段時(shí)間，他們都很快就入睡了，沒(méi)有人知道發(fā)生了什么事。,2. 名詞或代詞+過(guò)去分詞 名詞或代詞是動(dòng)作的承受者，與過(guò)去分詞構(gòu)成邏輯上的動(dòng)賓關(guān)系或系表結(jié)構(gòu)，表示被動(dòng)或已完成的動(dòng)作。如： This done, we went home. 做完此事，我們就回家了。 She gazed, her hands clasped to her breast. 她凝視著，雙手叉在胸前。,Arthur gone, he w

3、ould only be allowed to make visits like other acquaintances. 阿瑟走后，他就會(huì)像其他相識(shí)的人一樣地被允許來(lái)拜訪了。 As yet few have done their full duty, present company excepted. 迄今全部完成任務(wù)的人很少，在座的人除外。 His cup broken, he used his bowl instead. 茶杯破了，他就用碗來(lái)代替。,3. 名詞或代詞+不定式 名詞或主格代詞通常是動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者，與不定式構(gòu)成邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系，表示將要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作，常位于句首或句末。如： A h

4、ouse to be built, we must save every cent. 由于要建一座房子，我們必須節(jié)省每一分錢。 Now here is Li Lei, Wei Fang to come tomorrow. 現(xiàn)在李蕾來(lái)了，魏方明天到。,We divided the work, he to clean the window and I to sweep the floor. 我們分了工，他擦窗戶，我掃地。 He is leaving for the conference next week, all expenses to be paid by his company. 他下周去參

5、加一個(gè)會(huì)議，所有費(fèi)用由他的公司支付。,4. 名詞或代詞+形容詞或副詞 形容詞或副詞常用來(lái)說(shuō)明名詞或代詞的性質(zhì)特征或所處的狀態(tài)。如： He sat in the front row, his mouth half open. 他坐在前排，嘴半開(kāi)著。 The ground muddy, we should be careful. 地面濘泥，我們應(yīng)該小心。 He came into the room, his ears red with cold.,The people, their livelihood secure, now have the leisure to take up sports.

6、 現(xiàn)在人民生活有了保障，就有時(shí)間參加體育活動(dòng)了 She sat at the table, collar off, head down, and pen in position, ready to begin the long letter. 她坐在桌前，衣領(lǐng)已解掉，頭低了下來(lái)，拿好鋼筆，準(zhǔn)備開(kāi)始寫一封長(zhǎng)信。,5.名詞或代詞+介詞短語(yǔ) 介詞短語(yǔ)也是用來(lái)說(shuō)明代詞的性質(zhì)特征或所處的狀態(tài)。如： The soldiers dashed in, rifle in hand. 士兵們端著槍沖了進(jìn)來(lái)。 He was waiting, his eyes on her back. 他在等著，眼睛望著她的背影。,

7、The old woman sat down, traces of tears still on her cheeks. 老太太坐了下來(lái)，面頰上還帶有淚痕。 Glasses in hand, he asked where his glasses were. 手里拿著眼鏡，他問(wèn)他的眼鏡哪去了。,二、 獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)的特點(diǎn)：,1）獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)的邏輯主語(yǔ)與句子的主語(yǔ)不同，它獨(dú)立存在。,2）名詞或代詞與后面的分詞，形容詞，副詞，不定 式，介詞等是主謂關(guān)系。,3）獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)一般有逗號(hào)與主句分開(kāi)。,三、獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)的句法功能,獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)在句子中作狀語(yǔ)，表示時(shí)間、原因、條件和伴隨等情況。,1. 作時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)

8、,School over, the students went home. 放學(xué)后，學(xué)生們都回家了。 The ceremony ended, the games began. 儀式結(jié)束后，比賽開(kāi)始了。,2. 作條件狀語(yǔ),It being fine tomorrow, well go boating. 如果明天天氣好的話，我們就去劃船。 Li Lei coming, it is not necessary to ask Wu Dong. 如果李蕾來(lái)的話，就沒(méi)有必要叫吳東了。,3. 作原因狀語(yǔ),The meeting being put off, we neednt hurry. 由于會(huì)議推遲了，

9、我們就沒(méi)有必要匆忙了。 Mr. Li being ill, Miss Yang will give us this lesson instead. 李老師病了，楊老師將代他來(lái)給我們上這堂課。,4. 作伴隨狀語(yǔ),Mr. Li comes here,a book in his hand. 李先生手里拿著書過(guò)來(lái)了。 A smile on her face, she asked what she could do for us. 她面帶微笑問(wèn)我們要什么。,表伴隨時(shí)，既可用分詞的獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)，也可用with復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)。 with +名詞(代詞)+現(xiàn)在分詞/過(guò)去分詞/形容詞/副詞/不定式/介詞短語(yǔ),With的復(fù)

10、合結(jié)構(gòu)作獨(dú)立主格,The murderer was brought in, with his hands _ behind his back. being tied B. having tied C. to be tied D. tied.,He stood there, his hand raised. = He stood there, with his hand raised.,1. 當(dāng)介詞是in時(shí)，其前后的兩個(gè)名詞均不加任何成分（如物主代詞或冠詞），也不用復(fù)數(shù)。但 with 的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)不受此限制。,注意:,A robber burst into the room, knife in h

11、and.( hand前不能加his),Miss Smith entered the classroom, book in hand.史密斯先生走進(jìn)了課室，手里拿著一本書。 比較with的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)：Miss Smith entered the classroom, with a book in his hand.,2. 當(dāng)表人體部位的詞做邏輯主語(yǔ)時(shí)，不及物動(dòng)詞用現(xiàn)在分詞，及物動(dòng)詞用過(guò)去分詞。 He lay there, his teeth set, his hand clenched, his eyes looking straight up.,3.獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)沒(méi)有所有格形式 The chief

12、-editor arriving, we began the meeting. 主編來(lái)了，我們開(kāi)始開(kāi)會(huì)。 比較動(dòng)名詞復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)： The chief-editors arriving made us very surprised.,4.獨(dú)立主格與狀語(yǔ)從句的轉(zhuǎn)換 當(dāng)狀語(yǔ)從句的主語(yǔ)與主句的主語(yǔ)不是指同一個(gè)對(duì)象時(shí)，可用獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)取代狀語(yǔ)從句，但不再保留連詞。如： 1.After class was over the students soon left the classroom. Class being over / Class over, the students soon left the c

13、lassroom. 下課后，學(xué)生很快離開(kāi)了教室。,2. The test finished, we began our holiday.= When the test was finished, we began our holiday. 3. The president assassinated, the whole country was in deep sorrow.= After the president was assassinated, the whole country was in deep sorrow.,5. 獨(dú)立主格的時(shí)態(tài)問(wèn)題 獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)作時(shí)間或原因狀語(yǔ)時(shí)，可用完成時(shí)

14、，表示該動(dòng)作發(fā)生在謂語(yǔ)之前。如： The listeners having taken their seats, the concert began.聽(tīng)眾坐好后，音樂(lè)會(huì)開(kāi)始了。 Tom having been late over and over, his boss was very disappointed.由于湯姆一再遲到，他的老板非常失望。,1.Weather _, well go out for a walk. A. permitted B. permitting C. permits D. For 本句改為If weather permits, well go out for a w

15、alk.,典型例題：,2._, we went home. A. Our homework finished B. Our homework having been finished C. Our homework finishing D. Our homework been finished,3.The meeting _, he went back to his company. A. over B. been over C. was over D. have been over,4.Time _,we shall visit the zoo. A. been permitting B.

16、permitting C. permitted D. having been permitted,5. _, he put on his coat. It being cold B. It cold C. Being cold D. It having been cold,6. He left the room _. A. with the door closing B. with the door closed C. with the door being closed,Practice Time 1. I have a lot of books, half of _ novels. A.

17、whichB. that C. whomD. them 2. _ more and more forests destroyed, many animals are facing the danger of dying out. A. because B. asC. WithD. Since,3. The bus was crowded with passengers going home from market, most of _ carrying heavy bags and baskets full of fruit and vegetables they had bought the

18、re. A. them B. who C. whom D. which,4. The largest collection ever found in England was one of about 200,000 silver pennies, all of _ over 600 years old. A. which B. that C. them D. it,5. The cave _ very dark, he lit some candles _ light. A. was; given B. was; to give C. being; given D. being; to gi

19、ve,6. The soldier rushed into the cave, his right hand _ a gun and his face _ with sweat. A held; covered B. holding; covering C. holding; covered D. held; covering,7. The girl in the snapshot was smiling sweetly, her long hair _. A. flowed in the breeze B. was flowing in the breeze C. were flowing

20、in the breeze D. flowing in the breeze,8. The children went home from the grammar school, their lessons _ for the day. A. finishing B. finished C. had finished D. had been finished,9. On Sundays there were a lot of children playing in the park, _ parents seated together joking. A. their B. whose C. whichD. that,10. The Smiths are rich and they have three cars, one a Toyota, _ Land Rover of the latest. A. another B. other C. the other D. the others,11.The country has already sent up three unmanned spacecraft, the most recent _ at the end of last March A. h