1、,Chapter Legal System of International Sale of Goods,Chapter ,Outline of this chapter: Section 1： Introduction Section 2: UN Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods，1980 (CISG) Section 3: International Rules for the Interpretation of Trade Terms, incoterms 2000 Section 4: Contrac

2、t of International Sale of Goods,Chapter ：Legal System ofInternational Sale of Goods,Section 1： Introduction A. Internationalism 國(guó)際性：在不同國(guó)家的法律及有關(guān)的國(guó)際條約上，可能對(duì)國(guó)際貨物貿(mào)易的國(guó)際性作不同的規(guī)定，即以不同的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)來確定一個(gè)貿(mào)易是否是國(guó)際貨物貿(mào)易。 一般地，確定國(guó)際性的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)主要有： 1營(yíng)業(yè)地分處不同國(guó)家的當(dāng)事人之間的貨物買賣； 2作為交易標(biāo)的貨物跨越國(guó)境的貨物買賣； 3不同國(guó)家的當(dāng)事人之間的貨物買賣。 4. 訂立合同得要約與承諾完成于不同國(guó)家 CISG采

3、用了單一的營(yíng)業(yè)地標(biāo)準(zhǔn)后，有統(tǒng)一的趨勢(shì)。,Section 1 Introduction,B: Laws regulating international trade of goods 1.國(guó)內(nèi)立法internal laws 2.國(guó)際條約 treaties and conventions 3.國(guó)際慣例international customs,Section 1 Introduction,1.國(guó)內(nèi)立法internal laws Important Internal Laws for international trade of goods include: Civil Code, Commerci

4、al Code in some countries such as France, Japan, Italy and so on. Thats in continental legal system countries.,Section 1 Introduction,In Anglo-American law system countries, two codes are more important: Sale of Goods Act 英國(guó)貨物買賣法 Uniform Commercial Code 美國(guó)統(tǒng)一商法典,Section 1 Introduction,2.國(guó)際條約 treaties

5、 and conventions 羅馬國(guó)際統(tǒng)一私法協(xié)會(huì)制定的國(guó)際貨物買賣統(tǒng)一法公約(The Uniform Law on International Sale of Goods, ULIS)和 國(guó)際貨物買賣合同成立統(tǒng)一法公約 (The Uniform Law on the Formation of Contract for international Sale of Good, ULF) 聯(lián)合國(guó)國(guó)際貨物銷售合同公約 （UN Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods, CISG）,Section 1 Introduct

6、ion,Early attempts at constructing an international law of sales actually began in the late 1920s with the work of the International Institute for the Unification of Private Law or UNIDROIT(統(tǒng)一私法國(guó)際研究所 or 國(guó)際統(tǒng)一私法學(xué)會(huì)), an organization of European lawyers that was working closely with the League of Nation

7、s（國(guó)聯(lián)）.,Section 1 Introduction,In 1966 the United Nations created the U.N. Commission on International Trade Law, or UNCITRAL. 國(guó)際貿(mào)易法委員會(huì) UNCITRAL consists of 36 representatives from nations in every region of the world. UNCITRAL has drafted several widely accepted legal codes for international busines

8、s, including the Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods (CISG).,Section 1 Introduction,3.international customs國(guó)際慣例 華沙牛津規(guī)則Warsaw-Oxford Rules 1928年國(guó)際法協(xié)會(huì)華沙會(huì)議編纂CIF方面的慣例，稱為華沙規(guī)則；后經(jīng)該協(xié)會(huì)1932年牛津會(huì)議修訂，改稱華沙-牛津規(guī)則，全文21條。它的“序言”指出，“本規(guī)則旨在向那些有意按CIF條件進(jìn)行貨物買賣而目前缺乏可用的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)合同格式或共同條件的人們提供辦法，使他們?cè)贑IF合同中能自愿地

9、且容易地采用一套統(tǒng)一規(guī)則。”當(dāng)事人簽訂合同，如全部或部分涉及海上運(yùn)輸?shù)呢浳镔I賣，只要明示采用規(guī)則，就構(gòu)成了雙方當(dāng)事人有意使其合同成為CIF合同的確定證據(jù)。當(dāng)事人訂立合同，也只有明示地同意采用規(guī)則，規(guī)則對(duì)他們才有約束力。華沙-牛津規(guī)則制訂迄今，已60多年，雖一直得到國(guó)際上的承認(rèn)，但現(xiàn)在一般采用的是ICC國(guó)際貿(mào)易術(shù)語解釋通則中的CIF規(guī)則。,3.international customs,1941年修訂的美國(guó)對(duì)外貿(mào)易定義 Revised American Foreign Trade Definitions 1941 1941年修訂的美國(guó)對(duì)外貿(mào)易定義也是對(duì)國(guó)際貿(mào)易慣例的編纂：它含有CIF、FOB等6

10、種貿(mào)易術(shù)語，但每一種貿(mào)易術(shù)語的內(nèi)容同國(guó)際貿(mào)易術(shù)語解釋通則中很不一樣，例如，關(guān)于FOB，對(duì)外貿(mào)易定義有工廠交貨(FOB works)、裝運(yùn)港船上交貨(FOB vessel，named port of shipment)、進(jìn)口國(guó)目的地交貨(FOB named inland point in country of importation)等，其中只有“FOB vessel”與國(guó)際上通常使用的FOB大致相同。對(duì)外貿(mào)易定義既是國(guó)際貿(mào)易慣例的編纂，所以也僅在當(dāng)事人同意并在合同中規(guī)定采用時(shí)，才對(duì)一項(xiàng)交易適用，否則是沒有約束力的。,3.international customs,國(guó)際貿(mào)易術(shù)語解釋通則Inter

11、national Rules for the Interpretation of Trade Terms International Chamber of Commerce Terms International Commercial Terms INCOTERMS 2000,Section 2 UN Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods，1980 (CISG),UN Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods，1980,1.The su

12、bscription of the convention Time:1980-3-10-1980-4-11， Place: Vienna Meeting Members: Formal Representatives from 62 Nations, Observers from one nation and 8 international organizations; Subscription Members: 54 nations including China. (中國(guó)于1986年12月11日遞交了該公約核準(zhǔn)書) Became effective on 1988-1-1. Be effe

13、ctive in 62 counties till 8-30-2004,UN Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods，1980,2.The Framework of CISG 聯(lián)合國(guó)國(guó)際貨物銷售合同公約框架： 公約除序文外，共包括四個(gè)部分計(jì)101條 第一部分：適用范圍和總則； Part I Sphere of Application and General Provisions 第二部分：合同的訂立； Part II Formation of the Contract 第三部分：貨物銷售； Part III Sal

14、e of Goods 第四部分：最后條款 Part IV Final Provisions,UN Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods，1980,3.Sphere of Application of CISG 聯(lián)合國(guó)國(guó)際貨物銷售合同公約的適用范圍 根據(jù)公約的有關(guān)規(guī)定，公約的適用范圍是由以下各方面的因素決定的： (1) This Convention applies to contracts of sale of goods between parties whose places of business (nat

15、ionality or citizenship of individuals is not a determining factor) are in different States: (a) when the States are Contracting States; or (b) when the rules of private international law lead to the application of the law of a Contracting State.,UN Convention on Contracts for the International Sale

16、 of Goods，1980,A. 適用公約的合同主體的范圍：公約第1條第1款明確規(guī)定：本公約適用于營(yíng)業(yè)地在不同國(guó)家的當(dāng)事人之間所訂立的貨物銷售合同： a）如果這些國(guó)家是締約國(guó)；或者 b）如果國(guó)際私法規(guī)則導(dǎo)致適用某一締約國(guó)的法律。,UN Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods，1980,a）如果這些國(guó)家是締約國(guó) 在適用公約的第一種情形中，重要的是確定當(dāng)事人的營(yíng)業(yè)地。根據(jù)公約的第1條第2款的規(guī)定，當(dāng)事人的營(yíng)業(yè)地在不同國(guó)家的事實(shí)，如果從合同中，或者從訂立合同之前的任何時(shí)候或訂立合同時(shí)當(dāng)事人之間的任何交易或當(dāng)事人透露的情

17、況均看不出來的話，則不予考慮。,UN Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods，1980,在當(dāng)事人有一個(gè)以上的營(yíng)業(yè)地或者沒有營(yíng)業(yè)地的情況下：公約第10條規(guī)定：如果當(dāng)事人有一個(gè)以上的營(yíng)業(yè)地，則以與合同的履行關(guān)系最密切的營(yíng)業(yè)地為其營(yíng)業(yè)地，但要考慮到雙方當(dāng)事人在訂立合同前任何時(shí)候或訂立合同時(shí)所知道或所設(shè)想的情況。如果當(dāng)事人沒有營(yíng)業(yè)地，則以其慣常居所地為準(zhǔn)。,UN Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods，1980,(b）如果國(guó)際私法規(guī)則導(dǎo)致適用某

18、一締約國(guó)的法律 在適用公約的第二種情形中，除了須確定當(dāng)事人的營(yíng)業(yè)地是位于不同的國(guó)家外，重要的是存在著國(guó)際私法規(guī)則導(dǎo)致某個(gè)締約國(guó)法律的適用這一情況。一般地，這里的“國(guó)際私法規(guī)則”應(yīng)當(dāng)被理解為是對(duì)法院有拘束力的國(guó)際私法規(guī)則，包括法院所屬國(guó)的國(guó)內(nèi)法中的國(guó)際私法規(guī)則，也包括對(duì)法院所屬國(guó)有拘束力的統(tǒng)一國(guó)際私法規(guī)則。而國(guó)際私法規(guī)則導(dǎo)致適用其法律的國(guó)家必須是締約國(guó)，它可能是法院所屬國(guó)，亦可能是其他國(guó)家。,例解,合同主體：美國(guó)公司 -韓國(guó)公司（非締約國(guó)） 合同地點(diǎn)：美國(guó) 適用法律：沒有約定 推定適用：美國(guó)法律 由于美國(guó)是締約國(guó)，因此就適用公約,UN Convention on Contracts for th

19、e International Sale of Goods，1980,B. CISG適用貨物范圍：公約第1條第1款明確規(guī)定：本公約適用于營(yíng)業(yè)地在不同國(guó)家的當(dāng)事人之間所訂立的貨物銷售合同.,UN Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods，1980,所謂貨物，各國(guó)法律規(guī)定不盡相同，通常指有形動(dòng)產(chǎn)，包括已生產(chǎn)和待生產(chǎn)的。 公約第2條對(duì)不屬公約管轄的銷售作了歸納，明確規(guī)定公約不適用于以下銷售： Article 2 This Convention does not apply to sales:,UN Convention o

20、n Contracts for the International Sale of Goods，1980,(a) of goods bought for personal, family or household use, unless the seller, at any time before or at the conclusion of the contract, neither knew nor ought to have known that the goods were bought for any such use; 購(gòu)買供個(gè)人、家人或家庭使用的貨物的合同，除非賣方在訂立合同前

21、任何時(shí)候或訂立合同時(shí)不知道或沒有理由知道這些貨物是購(gòu)供任何這種使用。 這種銷售交易一般被稱作消費(fèi)品買賣交易，而不是通常意義上的貨物進(jìn)出口交易，因此，不在公約的適用范圍之內(nèi)。,UN Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods，1980,(b) by auction; 經(jīng)由拍賣的銷售。 這種銷售交易通常是處于拍賣地法律的實(shí)際控制之下的，因此，亦不受公約的支配。,UN Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods，1980,(c) on executi

22、on or otherwise by authority of law; 根據(jù)法律執(zhí)行令狀或其他令狀的銷售。 這種銷售交易不是由當(dāng)事人的銷售合同規(guī)定的，所以，自然也就不能適用旨在確立國(guó)際貨物銷售合同統(tǒng)一規(guī)則的公約了。,UN Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods，1980,(d) of stocks, shares, investment securities, negotiable instruments or money; 公債、股票、投資證券、流通票據(jù)或貨幣的銷售。 此類銷售不是貨物銷售，亦不在公約的適用范圍

23、之內(nèi)。,UN Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods，1980,(e) of ships, vessels, hovercraft or aircraft; 船舶、船只、氣墊船或飛機(jī)的銷售。 此類商品的銷售具有明顯的特殊性，例如在銷售合同的履行上通常沒有包裝和裝運(yùn)等內(nèi)容，因此，亦不宜適用公約的規(guī)定。,UN Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods，1980,(f) of electricity. 電力的銷售。 電力的銷售亦有明顯的特殊性，

24、例如其傳輸無須通過船舶等運(yùn)輸工具，而是通過導(dǎo)線，因此，亦不宜適用公約的規(guī)定。,UN Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods，1980,加工、裝配合同不適用公約 根據(jù)公約第3條第1款的規(guī)定，Contracts for the supply of goods to be manufactured or produced are to be considered sales unless the party who orders the goods undertakes to supply a substantial p

25、art of the materials necessary for such manufacture or production. 供應(yīng)尚在制造或生產(chǎn)的貨物的合同應(yīng)視為銷售合同，除非訂購(gòu)貨物的當(dāng)事人保證供應(yīng)這種制造或生產(chǎn)所需的大部分重要材料。 即：一般訂貨合同適用，但加工裝配合同不適用。,UN Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods，1980,服務(wù)合同不使用該公約 根據(jù)公約第3條第2款的規(guī)定，This Convention does not apply to contracts in which the prep

26、onderant part of the obligations of the party who furnishes the goods consists in the supply of labour or other services. 公約不適用于供應(yīng)貨物一方當(dāng)事人的絕大部分義務(wù)在于供應(yīng)勞力或其他服務(wù)的合同。,UN Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods，1980,C. 另外，下列事項(xiàng)不適用于本公約Article 4 This Convention governs only the formation of

27、 the contract of sale and the rights and obligations of the seller and the buyer arising from such a contract. In particular, except as otherwise expressly provided in this Convention, it is not concerned with: (a) the validity of the contract or of any of its provisions or of any usage; (b) the eff

28、ect which the contract may have on the property in the goods sold.,UN Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods，1980,第四條規(guī)定：本公約只適用于銷售合同的訂立和買賣雙方因此種合同而產(chǎn)生的權(quán)利和義務(wù)。 特別是，本公約除非另有明文規(guī)定，與以下事項(xiàng)無關(guān)： （）合同的效力，或其任何條款的效力，或任何慣例的效力； （）合同對(duì)所售貨物財(cái)產(chǎn)權(quán)可能產(chǎn)生的影響。,UN Convention on Contracts for the International S

29、ale of Goods，1980,產(chǎn)品責(zé)任不受公約管轄Article 5 This Convention does not apply to the liability of the seller for death or personal injury caused by the goods to any person. 根據(jù)公約第5條的規(guī)定，公約不適用于賣方對(duì)于貨物對(duì)任何人所造成的死亡或傷害的責(zé)任。 這種責(zé)任通常被稱作產(chǎn)品責(zé)任，在性質(zhì)上應(yīng)當(dāng)屬于特殊的侵權(quán)責(zé)任，而并非合同責(zé)任，所以，亦不應(yīng)當(dāng)在公約的適用范圍之內(nèi)。,UN Convention on Contracts for the Int

30、ernational Sale of Goods，1980,D. 公約的任意性 The parties may exclude the application of this Convention or, subject to article 12, derogate from or vary the effect of any of its provisions. 根據(jù)公約第6條的規(guī)定， 雙方當(dāng)事人可以不適用公約，或在第12條的條件下，減損公約的任何規(guī)定或改變其效力。,UN Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods

31、，1980,Any provision of article 11, article 29 or Part II of this Convention that allows a contract of sale or its modification or termination by agreement or any offer, acceptance or other indication of intention to be made in any form other than in writing does not apply where any party has his pla

32、ce of business in a Contracting State which has made a declaration under article 96 of this Convention. The parties may not derogate from or vary the effect or this article. 按照公約第12條的規(guī)定，如果合同當(dāng)事人營(yíng)業(yè)地所在國(guó)在批準(zhǔn)參加公約時(shí)，已經(jīng)對(duì)公約中關(guān)于合同的訂立、修改或終止可用非書面形式作成的規(guī)定提出了保留，那么，當(dāng)事人就必須遵守締約國(guó)所作出的此種保留，而不能排除其效力。,UN Convention on Contr

33、acts for the International Sale of Goods，1980,E. 對(duì)公約的保留 a根據(jù)公約第92條的規(guī)定，締約國(guó)可以對(duì)公約的第二部分（合同的訂立）或第三部分（貨物銷售），做出保留。 b公約第93條規(guī)定了領(lǐng)土保留。 c公約的第94條規(guī)定了締約國(guó)之間的保留 。,UN Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods，1980,d. 根據(jù)公約第95條的規(guī)定，締約國(guó)可以對(duì)公約的第1條第1款b項(xiàng)的保留。（如果國(guó)際私法規(guī)則導(dǎo)致適用某一締約國(guó)的法律） e公約的第96條規(guī)定締約國(guó)可以對(duì)非書面形式的保留，即締約

34、國(guó)可對(duì)公約關(guān)于合同的訂立、修改或終止等關(guān)于合同的意思表示得用非書面形式作出的規(guī)定，加以保留。,UN Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods，1980,As a contracting sate of CISG, China has received the CISG in 1986s with the reservation of Articles 11 and 1.1(b). 我國(guó)政府在交存核準(zhǔn)書時(shí)，對(duì)公約的規(guī)定提出了兩項(xiàng)保留： 不受公約第條（1）款（）的約束，即我國(guó)不同意擴(kuò)大公約的適用范圍，對(duì)中國(guó)企業(yè)來說，公約

35、僅適用于公約締約國(guó)的當(dāng)事人之間訂立的合同； 對(duì)公約的第11條、第29條及有關(guān)的規(guī)定提出保留，即我國(guó)企業(yè)對(duì)外訂立、修改、協(xié)議終止合同時(shí)應(yīng)采用書面形式，包括信件、電報(bào)、電傳。,UN Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods，1980,合同法修改后怎么辦？ 兩種觀點(diǎn)。,案例,美國(guó)A公司與我B公司訂立了一份大米買賣合同，中美均為公約締約國(guó)，該合同可否適用“公約”？為什么？,Section 3 INCOTERMS 2000,INCOTERMS 2000,歷史 最早的國(guó)際貿(mào)易術(shù)語解釋通則是國(guó)際商會(huì)于1936年公布的。后來，分別于

36、1953年、1967年、1976年、1980年、1990年和2000年對(duì)國(guó)際貿(mào)易術(shù)語解釋通則進(jìn)行了修訂和補(bǔ)充?，F(xiàn)行的是從2000年年1月1日起生效的2000年國(guó)際貿(mào)易術(shù)語解釋通則。,INCOTERMS 2000,目的 The purpose of Incoterms 2000 is to provide a set of international rules for the interpretation of the most commonly used trade terms in foreign trade. Thus, the uncertainties of different in

37、terpretations of such terms in different countries can be avoided or at least reduced to a considerable degree. The scope of Incoterms 2000 is limited to matters relating to the rights and obligations of the parties to the contract of sale with respect to the delivery of goods sold. Incoterms 2000 d

38、o NOT apply to the contract of carriage.,INCOTERMS 2000,內(nèi)容 Incoterms 2000 offer a simpler and clearer presentation of the 13 definitions. They are divided into 4 groups: Group E, Group F, Group C and Group D. A brief description of each Incoterm is outlined below:,INCOTERMS 2000,E組術(shù)語 E組中只有1種術(shù)語，即EXW（

39、工廠交貨）。該術(shù)語全稱為EXWORKS（ named place），其中文意為：工廠交貨(指定地點(diǎn)）。 Ex 拉丁語，商業(yè)用語，在交貨。,EXWORKS（ named place）,The seller delivers when he places the goods at the disposal（處置） of the buyer at the sellers premises（建筑物） or another named place (i.e. works, factory, warehouse（倉(cāng)庫(kù)）, etc.) not cleared for export and not loade

40、d on any collecting vehicle. This term represents the MINIMUM OBLIGATION for the seller, and the buyer has to bear all costs and risks involved in taking the goods from the sellers premises. However, if the parties wish the seller to be responsible for the loading of the goods on departure and to be

41、ar the risks and all costs of such loading, this should be made clear by adding explicit wording (清楚的措辭)to this effect in the contract of sale.,EXW,This term should not be used when the buyer cannot carry out the export formalities（正式手續(xù)） directly or indirectly. In such circumstances, the FCA term sh

42、ould be used, provided the seller agrees that he will load at his cost and risk. Title and risk pass to buyer including payment of all transportation and insurance cost from the sellers door. Used for any mode of transportation.,INCOTERMS 2000,F組術(shù)語 F組術(shù)語中共包括3種術(shù)語： FCA Free Carrier (named place)貨交承運(yùn)人 F

43、AS Free Alongside Ship (named port of shipment )船邊交貨 FOB Free on Board (named port of shipment)船上交貨,FCA（貨交承運(yùn)人）,FCA Free Carrier (named place)貨交承運(yùn)人 FCA means that the seller delivers the goods, cleared for export, to the carrier nominated(提名，指定) by the buyer at the named place. It should be noted tha

44、t the chosen place of delivery has an impact on the obligations of loading and unloading the goods at that place. If delivery occurs at the sellers premises, the seller is responsible for loading. If delivery occurs at any other place, the seller is not responsible for unloading. This term may be us

45、ed for all modes of transport. Carrier means any person who, in a contract of carriage, undertakes to perform or to procure the performance of transport by rail, road, air, sea, inland waterway, or by a combination of such modes.,FCA（貨交承運(yùn)人）,If the buyer nominates a person other than a carrier to rec

46、eive the goods, the seller is deemed to have fulfilled his obligation to deliver the goods when they are delivered to that person. Title and risk pass to buyer including transportation and insurance cost when the seller delivers goods cleared for export to the carrier. Seller is obligated to load th

47、e goods on the Buyers collecting vehicle; it is the Buyers obligation to receive the Sellers arriving vehicle unloaded.,FCA（貨交承運(yùn)人）,該術(shù)語指賣方須自負(fù)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)和費(fèi)用辦理貨物的海關(guān)出口手續(xù)，并在合同規(guī)定的時(shí)間將貨物交至合同指定地點(diǎn)由買方指定或選定的承運(yùn)人或其他人照管，即履行了其交貨義務(wù)。 該術(shù)語可以適用于包括多式聯(lián)運(yùn)在內(nèi)的任何運(yùn)輸方式。 在裝貨與卸貨義務(wù)上，該術(shù)語簡(jiǎn)明地規(guī)定：若賣方在其所在地交貨，則賣方應(yīng)當(dāng)負(fù)責(zé)裝貨；若賣方在任何其他地點(diǎn)交貨，則賣方不負(fù)責(zé)卸貨。這是2000

48、年國(guó)際貿(mào)易術(shù)語解釋通則對(duì)1990年國(guó)際貿(mào)易術(shù)語解釋通則做出的重大修改之一。,FAS,FREE ALONGSIDE SHIP（named port of shipment）， The seller delivers when the goods are placed alongside the vessel at the named port of shipment. This means that the buyer has to bear all costs and risks of loss of or damage to the goods from that moment. The F

49、AS term requires the seller to clear the goods for export. However, if the parties wish the buyer to clear the goods for export, this should be made clear by adding explicit wording(明確的措辭) to this effect in the contract of sale. This term can only be used for sea or inland waterway transport.,FAS（船邊

50、交貨）,該術(shù)語全稱為FREE ALONGSIDE SHIP（named port of shipment），其中文意為：船邊交貨（指定裝運(yùn)港）。 該術(shù)語指賣方在指定的裝運(yùn)港碼頭或駁船，在合同規(guī)定的時(shí)間將貨物交至買方指定船只的船邊，即履行其交貨義務(wù)，這意味著買賣雙方各自所應(yīng)承擔(dān)的責(zé)任、費(fèi)用和風(fēng)險(xiǎn)，均以船邊為界。,2. FAS（船邊交貨）,在辦理海關(guān)清關(guān)手續(xù)的義務(wù)上，該術(shù)語要求買方辦理進(jìn)口清關(guān)手續(xù)，而賣方辦理出口清關(guān)手續(xù)。這是2000年國(guó)際貿(mào)易術(shù)語解釋通則對(duì)1990年國(guó)際貿(mào)易術(shù)語解釋通則做出的重大修改之二。 該術(shù)語僅適用于海運(yùn)或內(nèi)河運(yùn)輸 Title and risk pass to buyer i

51、ncluding payment of all transportation and insurance cost once delivered alongside ship by the seller. Used for sea or inland waterway transportation. The export clearance obligation rests with the seller.,FOB,FREE ON BOARD (named port of shipment) The seller delivers when the goods pass the ships r

52、ail at the named port of shipment. This means that the buyer has to bear all costs and risks of loss of or damage to the goods from that point. The FOB term requires the seller to clear the goods for export. This term can only be used for sea or inland waterway transport. If the parties do not inten

53、d to deliver the goods across the ships rail, the FCA term should be used.,FOB,該術(shù)語全稱為FREE ON BOARD (named port of shipment)，其中文意為：船上交貨（指定裝運(yùn)港）。 該術(shù)語指賣方在指定的裝運(yùn)港，在合同規(guī)定的時(shí)間將貨物裝到買方指定的船上；一俟貨物越過船舷，賣方即履行了其交貨義務(wù)。這意味著買賣雙方各自的責(zé)任、費(fèi)用和風(fēng)險(xiǎn)均以船舷為界。 該術(shù)語要求賣方辦理貨物出口清關(guān)手續(xù)。 該術(shù)語僅適用于海運(yùn)或內(nèi)河運(yùn)輸。,Incoterms 2000,（三）C組術(shù)語 C組術(shù)語中共包括4種術(shù)語，即CF

54、R、CIF、CPT和CIP，分別述之如下：,CFR,l COST AND FREIGHT（named port of destination） The seller delivers when the goods pass the ships rail in the port of shipment. The seller must pay the costs and freight necessary to bring the goods to the named port of destination but the risk of loss of or damage to the goo

55、ds, as well as any other costs due to events occurring after the time of delivery, are transferred from the seller to the buyer. The CFR term requires the seller to clear the goods for export. This term can only be used for sea or inland waterway transport. If the parties do not intend to deliver th

56、e goods across the ships rail, the CPT term should be used.,CFR,該術(shù)語全稱為COST AND FREIGHT（named port of destination），其中文意為：成本加運(yùn)費(fèi)（指定目的港）。在l980年國(guó)際貿(mào)易術(shù)語解釋通則中，該術(shù)語為CF。,CFR（成本加運(yùn)費(fèi)）,該術(shù)語指賣方必須支付貨物的成本并將貨物運(yùn)至指定的目的港所需的運(yùn)費(fèi)。但是，貨物裝船后滅失或損壞的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)及貨物裝船后所發(fā)生的任何額外費(fèi)用，則自貨物于裝運(yùn)港越過船舷時(shí)起從賣方轉(zhuǎn)由買方承擔(dān)。 該術(shù)語要求賣方辦理出口清關(guān)手續(xù)。 該術(shù)語僅適用于海運(yùn)和內(nèi)河運(yùn)輸 Title,

57、risk and insurance cost pass to buyer when delivered on board the ship by seller who pays the transportation cost to the destination port. Used for sea or inland waterway transportation.,CIF,COST，INSURANCE AND FREIGHT（named port of destination） The seller delivers when the goods pass the ships rail

58、in the port of shipment. The seller must pay the costs and freight necessary to bring the goods to the named port of destination but the risk of loss of or damage to the goods, as well as any other costs due to events occurring after the time of delivery, are transferred from the seller to the buyer

59、. However, in CIF the seller also has to procure （獲得）marine insurance against the buyers risk of loss of or damage to the goods during carriage. Consequently, the seller contracts for insurance and pays the insurance premium(保險(xiǎn)費(fèi)).,CIF,The buyer should note that under the CIF term the seller is required to obtain insurance only on minimum cover. Should the buyer wish to have the protection of greater cover, he would either need to agree as much expressly with the seller or to make his own extra insurance arrangements. The CFR term requires the seller to clear the