1、Lecture 5 虛擬語氣、名詞性從句,現(xiàn)代英語的虛擬式只有兩種形式，即be-型虛擬式(be-subjunctive)和were-型虛擬式(were-subjunctive)。我們主要討論這兩種虛擬式的用法。 Were型虛擬式主要用在非真實條件句中或用于表達不可能實現(xiàn)的愿望；be型虛擬式主要用于表示命令、請求和建議等。,The subjunctive mood is used in dependent clauses that 1) express a wish; 2) begin with if and express a condition that does not exist (is

2、 contrary to fact); 3) begin with the following phrases when such clauses describe a speculation or condition contrary to fact: If only I had been born a millionaire! But for the rain, we would be climbing the mountain now. Without your help, I could not have finished the job by now. I would rather

3、I were not at the site of the accident. Suppose the earth were flat. He spoke to me as if I were deaf.,含蓄虛擬條件句,含蓄虛擬條件句是指句中沒有明顯的虛擬條件句，而是利用其他手段來暗示存在虛擬條件。常用來表示含蓄虛擬條件的手段有： （1） 介詞或介詞短語，如：but for, but that, without, in case of, under, under more favorable condition等。 We would have been in real trouble but

4、 for your help. (=if it hadnt been for your help) But that she saw it with her own eyes, she could not have believed it.(=If she hadnt seen it with her own eyes.) We would never have got there without the guide.(=if we hadnt had the guide),would(had)rather, would as soon, would sooner和 would prefer所

5、引起的從句中要求用過去式表示當時或?qū)淼那闆r，用過去完成時表示過去的情況，表示希望或婉轉(zhuǎn)的責備。,Its(high, about) time that 句型中that從句中要求用虛擬語氣形式，即動詞要用過去式。 例如：Its very late. Its time we had to go home. Its high time that we did something to stop pollution.,Were-Subjunctive can also be formed by dropping if in the following way.,If I had finished my

6、 homework, I would have gone fishing with my father. Had I finished my homework, I would have gone fishing with my father. If she were in charge, she would lead us out of the difficulty. Were she in charge, she would lead us out of the difficulty. If he hadnt finished his homework yesterday, he woul

7、d not have played with us. , he would not have played with us.,錯綜時間非真實條件句中的虛擬語氣,我們已經(jīng)學習過非真實條件句中虛擬語氣的基本用法。但有些時候，條件從句表 示的動作和主句表示的動作發(fā)生在不同的時間，比如一個是過去發(fā)生的，一個是現(xiàn)在發(fā)生的。這時，動詞的形式要根據(jù)表示的時間來調(diào)整。例如： If we hadnt to everything ready by now, we should be having a terrible time tomorrow. If we had set out earlier, we wou

8、ldnt be walking in the rain. If you were in better health, we would have allowed you to join them in the work.,Choose the best answer for each blank. If my lawyer _ here last Saturday, he_ me from going. A. had been, would have prevented B. had been, would prevent C. were, would prevent D. were, wou

9、ld have prevented LiFeng _ you more help, even though he was very busy. A. might have given B. might give C. may have given D. may give,A: If he _, he _ that food. B: Luckily he was sent to the hospital immediately. was warned , would not take had been warned, would not have taken would be warned, h

10、ad not taken would have been warned, had not taken If Mrs. Lincoln _ ill that night, the Lincolns would not have gone to Ford Theatre.A. were B. wasC. had been D. has been,I didnt see your sister at the meeting. If she _ , she would have met my brother. A. has come B. did come C. came D. had come I

11、would have called you, _ A. if I know your telephone number. B. but I had forgotten your telephone number C. but I forgot your telephone number D. if I had not remember your telephone number,7.I was busy yesterday, otherwise I_ your birthday party. A. attended B. had attended C. would attend D. woul

12、d have attended 8.English would be easier if there _no subjunctive mood. A. was B. were C. is D. had,Following the example, write a sentence with “if” according to every situation given below. Example: we dont visit you so often because you live so far away. But if you didnt live so far away, we wou

13、ld visit you more often. 1.People dont understand him because he doesnt speak clearly. But if,2.We cant go climbing because it is raining. But if it 3.I cant go with you because I have to work. But if 4.Tom didnt eat anything because he was not hungry. If 5.I was able to buy the car because John len

14、t me the money. If,6. I was given enough money. I bought the book. If 7.Jim doesnt have many friends. He feels lonely. If 8. Lisa was tired last night. She fell into sleep without finishing her homework. If 9. Georges friends didnt know about his troubles. They didnt help him right away. If,從句,當一個本來

15、就可以單獨充當句子的語法單位（至少含有主語和謂語動詞）被用來充當另一個更大的句子中的一個成分時，這個語法單位就叫做“從句”（clause）；而這個更大的句子就叫做“主句”（main clause）。從句可以發(fā)揮名詞、形容詞、和副詞的功能，所以又分別叫做名詞性從句（noun clause）、形容詞性從句(adjective clause) 和副詞性從句(adverb clause)。形容詞性從句又叫關(guān)系分句（relative clause），因為是由關(guān)系詞（關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞）引導的；因為形容詞性從句在句子中充當定語，所以又叫做定語從句（attributive clause）。 副詞性從句在句子

16、中一般充當狀語，所以又叫做狀語從句（adverbial clause）。從句一般由引導詞引導，而且要和主句一起才能構(gòu)成一個完整的句子。,Robert: We graduate next month. Do you know ? David: This is . But it is suggested by Jim . Robert: Doing what? David: Doing . Robert: By whom? David: By . What about you? Robert: I think . But I dont know . For I will fail their wi

17、sh .,whoever hires me；what youre going to do whatever I am told；whether my parents will agree I am going into the army；what bothers me. that I go on to college ；that I be a worker,名詞,名詞在句中可充當主語，賓語，表語，同位語等。要注意的是名詞在句子中還可以充當定語（eg. That is an apple tree），狀語（eg. He came here last week.），和補語（eg. We electe

18、d him our monitor.）；但這些不是名詞的典型功能，名詞性從句也不能充當這三種句子成分。名詞性從句根據(jù)其在句子中的具體功能（主語、表語、賓語和同位語），又可以細分為主語從句(subject clause)、表語從句(predicative clause)、賓語從句(object clause) 和同位語從句(appositive clause)。,名詞 名詞性從句,subject: The kids idea was strange to their parents. subject clause: What the kids thought is strange to thei

19、r parents. predicative: This is my opinion. predicative clause: This is what I think. object: The researchers interviewed many kids to find out their need. object clause: The researchers interviewed many kids to find out what they want. appositive: His only defect, laziness, made it difficult for hi

20、m to pass the exam. appositive clause: The fact that he was lazy made it difficult for him to pass the exam.,把下列句子中的名詞換成從句，并判斷是哪種類型的名詞性從句；,His suggestion was accepted. His demand is unreasonable. This is her proposal. They told us their requirement. His rudeness annoyed some customers.,Formations of

21、 noun clauses,一個含有名詞性從句的句子可以看作是由兩個句子合并而成的，在合并的過程中把這兩個原來的句子中的一個變換成了名詞性從句。也可以看作是用其中的一個句子去代替或置換另外一個句子中的一個名詞（短語），從而變成了名詞性從句。這樣，根據(jù)這個被變成名詞性從句的句子的句子類型（陳述句，一般疑問句，或特殊疑問句）我們可以把名詞性從句分為三類。它們的不同主要體現(xiàn)在引導詞的選擇上。,1.,It will rain tomorrow.,I know this news. I know that it will rain tomorrow.,如果原來的句子是陳述句，用that來引導其成為名詞性

22、從句。that 不在從句中充當成分，本身沒有詞義。當該名詞性從句充當及物動詞的賓語是，that可以省略。,2.,Will it rain tomorrow?,He asks this question. He asks whether it will rain tomorrow.,如果原來的句子是一般疑問句，用whether來引導其成為名詞性從句；當該名詞性從句在句中充當賓語時，也可以用if來引導。從句語序要變?yōu)殛愂稣Z序。Whether 和if不可以省略。,3.,如果原來的句子是特殊疑問句，直接把它來用做名詞性從句，只要把原來的疑問語序變成陳述語序就可以了。,Where does John l

23、ive?,He asks this question. He asks where John lives.,Combine the two sentences in each of the following groups, making one as a noun clause. You should change the tense, person and word order accordingly.,The teacher asked Linda. Did you finish the job? Weve just got a warning on the radio. A typho

24、on may come. She has no idea. What did he do for her?,Combine the two sentences into one,1.He will come to the meeting. It is suggested. 2.He will come and join us. I am sure. 3.We have a picnic on Saturday. I dont agree to the suggestion. 4. I got a new job. This is the reason I didnt go to France.

25、 5. Have you finished your work? The teacher asked me. 6. When will he come to the meeting? It is not known. 7. Who can operate the new machine? It is a question 8. Will the children be safe? I dont know.,為了使句子平衡或避免頭重腳輕，通常把主語從句放到整個句子的后面，而把形式主語it放在主語從句原來的位置上。 原句：That talking to babies increases their

26、 language ability is a well known fact. 轉(zhuǎn)換后：It is a well known fact that talking to babies increases their language ability.,名詞性從句可以充當諸如sure, certain, sorry, concerned之類的形容詞后面的補足成分。因這類形容詞都是動態(tài)形容詞，我們通常把這些形容詞后面的名詞性從句歸類為賓語從句。例如： Doctors are concerned that children who spend too much time in front of the

27、 TV dont get enough exercise.,在“動詞+賓語從句+賓語補足語”的結(jié)構(gòu)中，我們通常用形式賓語it來放在賓語從句的位置上，而把賓語從句放到整個句子的后面，即轉(zhuǎn)換成“動詞+ it+賓語補足語+賓語從句”的結(jié)構(gòu)： 動詞+賓語+賓語補足語：We consider the book necessary. 動詞+賓語從句+賓語補足語：We consider that we study hard necessary. 動詞+ it+賓語補足語+賓語從句：We consider it necessary that we study hard.,如果由that 引導的名詞性從句在句子

28、中充當直接賓語，引導詞 that 經(jīng)常省略。例如： Some parents even think (that) its important to play Mozart to babies and show them famous works of art.,介詞后面接that 引導的名詞性從句時要注意的問題 1) that 引導的名詞性從句做介詞賓語時常見于下列結(jié)構(gòu)之中： in that (在于，因為)、except that (除了，只是)、save that (除了)、but that (除了)、besides that(除了)，如： This plan is thought to b

29、e good in that it can promote production. 這項方案的好處在于它能提高生產(chǎn)。 We know nothing about her save that her surname is Jones. 我們除了知道她姓瓊斯外，對她全不了解。,2) 其余介詞需加that 從句時，應在介詞與that從句之間加上it 或the fact等詞。如： He was ashamed of it that he made the mistake. His failure is due to the fact that he is still inexperienced. 3)

30、 “be + 形容詞 + 介詞”結(jié)構(gòu)需加that 從句時，一般將介詞省略掉。這類結(jié)構(gòu)有：be aware of, be annoyed at, be fearful of, be convinced of, be satisfied with, be sorry for, be surprised at, be ashamed of等等。如： He was ashamed that he made the mistake. Are you aware that you are sitting on my bag? 這從另外一個方面論證了上面第2點，即我們通常把這些形容詞后面的名詞性從句歸類為賓

31、語從句。這是因為這些名詞性從句實際上是被省略掉的介詞的賓語。,be型虛擬式的基本形式是should + 動詞原形, 但在美國英語中should 經(jīng)常省略。be型虛擬式經(jīng)常用在名詞性從句中，例如： 1）The monitor suggested that we not be late for class. （賓語從句） 2）It was suggested that we not be late for class. （主語從句） 3）The monitors suggestion was that we not be late for class. （表語從句） 4）The monitor g

32、ave a suggestion that we not be late for class. （同位語從句） 注意，be型虛擬式的否定是直接在動詞原形之前加上not 構(gòu)成，無須借助助動詞。,（1）should(可省略) +動詞原形用于如下結(jié)構(gòu)中的that從句中。 A. 用于表示意愿、 建議、 命令、 提議、 請求等動詞的that賓語從句中,例 如： He ordered that parking be prohibited on Main street during the rush hour. Tom insisted that his Leadership be recognized b

33、y all the boys 這類動詞還有：ask要求, advise建議, arrange安排, beg請求, command命令, decide決定,demand 要求,desire渴望, determine決定, insist堅持, intend打算, maintain堅持，主張, move 建議，動員,propose提議, object反對, order命令, prefer建議, require要 , request 要求,resolve下決心, recommend 推薦,suggest 建議, stipulate約定，規(guī)定 ,urge強調(diào)，促進, vote公認，提議 decree頒布

34、（法令）, pray請求,B. 用與It is+形容詞或過去分詞+主語從句中，例如：,這類形容詞或分詞有：advisable合理的, crucial關(guān)鍵的, appropriate恰當?shù)? essential緊要得，基本的，anxious焦急的,imperative迫切的, important重要的, desirable合意的,better較好的,insistent堅持的,keen渴望的,incredible難以置信的, adamant堅定不移的, natural自然的, necessary必要的,urgent緊迫的, vital極其重要的, possible可能的, strange奇怪的,p

35、referable好一點的, probable可能的, pity可惜，憾事, shame遺憾,decided決定的, determined決定的, commanded 命令的,arranged安排的, complied 遵照,desired想要, asked請求, insisted堅持, suggested建議, ordered命令, shocked震驚的, proposed提議, requested要求的, required要求的, recommended推薦, resolved決定的,C. 表示建議、 要求、 命令、 請求等含義的名詞引導表語從句和同位語句，這類名詞常見的有：advice忠

36、告，decision決定，demand要求， desire要求，愿望， insistence堅持， motion提議， necessity必要性， order命令， preference偏愛，選擇， proposal提議， pray懇求， recommendation推薦， request要求， requirement要求， resolution決心， suggestion勸告，忠告,d. 連接詞in case, so that, unless, lest, for fear that 引起的狀語從句，謂語動詞要用虛擬形式，即 should (might, would) +動詞原形,例如：Sh

37、e put a blanket over the baby for fear that he should catch cold.,1. 當主句的謂語動詞是象suggest一樣的表示命令、請求和建議等的帶有重要性或緊急性的動詞時，句子中的主語從句和賓語從句中的謂語動詞用be型虛擬式，見例1）和例2）。這類動詞還有：advise, request, require, insist, order, suggest, demand, recommend等。 2. 當主句的主語是上述動詞相對應的名詞時，句子中的表語從句中的謂語動詞用be型虛擬式，見例3）。 3. 上述動詞相對應的名詞的同位語從句中的謂語動詞用be型虛擬式，見例4）。,4. 另外，在advisable, important, essential, necessary, urgent, appropriate, desirable, vital等形容詞后面的由that引導的名詞性從句中的謂語動詞用be型虛擬式，例如： It is essential that everyone (sh