1、非謂語動詞/非限定動詞 之一,-ing Participle,考查重點(diǎn)： 1.-ing分詞的句法功能 2. ing分詞的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu) 3. ing分詞的時態(tài)形式 4. ing分詞的被動語態(tài) 5. 固定搭配中的-ing分詞 這里所說的-ing分詞包括了傳統(tǒng)語法書中所講的 “現(xiàn)在分詞”和“動名詞”。-ing分詞也是一種非限定動 詞。它有一般形式和完成形式，以及主動語態(tài)和被 動語態(tài)的區(qū)別?，F(xiàn)以write為例，將它的四種形式列 表如下。 ,-ing分詞的否定形式是在其前直接加not。-ing分詞也可以帶有自己的賓語或狀語，從而構(gòu)成-ing分詞短語。 一、-ing分詞的句法功能 1作主語 Its

2、 no use_me not to worry A. you tell B. your telling C.f or you to have told D. having told -ing分詞短語作主語，通常有兩種位置，第一種位置是在句首。 Playing tricks on others is something we should never do Learning new words is very important for me,第二種位置是將-ing分詞短語移到謂語部分 之后，而用it作形式主語，以避免句子結(jié)構(gòu)頭 重腳輕。它主要用于以下句型：It is no good / wor

3、th / worthwhile / no use / useless / senseless +-ing分詞短語。如： It is useless trying to argue with that man Its no use our discussing the problem any further now,-ing分詞短語有時在“there is no doing”結(jié)構(gòu)中作主語。如： There is no telling what will happen to him next There is no denying that women are playing an importa

4、nt role in the world today,2作動詞賓語 有些動詞只能接-ing分詞作賓語，而不能接不 定式作賓語，這類動詞常見的有：admit,appreciate, avoid, delay, deny, enjoy, finish, miss, postpone, practise, quit, resent, resist, complete, anticipate, discuss, suggest,keep,tolerate, understand, favour, escape, forgive, consider, prohibit, mind, dislike, c

5、ant help等。如： People appreciate working with him because he has a good sense of humor Peter, who had been driving all day, suggested stopping at the next town.,The teacher doesnt permit smoking in class Your hair wants cutting.Youd better have it done tomorrow They are considering buying the house be

6、fore the prices go up He still didnt admit stealing the jewels I enjoy learning about new things,3作介詞賓語 在各種各樣的“介詞+-ing分詞”中，介詞to最容易使人把它同不定式符號to混淆起來。這也是考試中經(jīng)常出現(xiàn)的項(xiàng)目。下列短語中的to都是介詞：devote to, lead to, contribute to, object to, look forward to, dedicate to, confess to, pay attention to, get down to, stick t

7、o, be used to, restrict to, see to, be opposed to, resign oneself to, take to等。如： Your suggestion will contribute to solving the problem Janes summer vacation in England led to her marrying an Englishman,注意-ing分詞與不定式作賓語時的區(qū)別 有些動詞既可以帶不定式又可帶-ing分詞作賓 語，其意義基本相同。這樣的動詞有begin, start, continue, prefer, dread

8、, forbid, hate, intend, like, love, need, neglect, permit, start等。但有一些動 詞，帶不定式和-ing分詞時，意義不同。 I remember him once offering to help us if we ever got into trouble Although punctual himself, the professor was quite used to students being late for his lecture Ill never forget meeting you for the first t

9、ime.,forget to do 忘記去做(此事還沒做) / forget doing 忘記做過(此事已做了) remember to do記著去做(此事還沒做) / remember doing 記得做過(此事已做了) regret to do 抱歉去做(此事還未做) / regret doing 遺憾做了某事(此事已做) mean to do 打算去做(有此意向) / mean doing意思是 stop to do停止正在做的事，著手做另一事 / stop doing 停止做正做的事 try to do 努力去做某事 / try doing 嘗試做某事 be used to習(xí)慣了做某事

10、 / used to 過去常做某事,試比較： I forgot posting your letter. Dont forget to post my letter. Cant you remember telling me the story last night? You must remember to tell him all that. He regretted being unable to give us some help. I regret to say that I cant attend your party. ,4作定語 單個-ing分詞一般放在它所修飾的名詞前。如：d

11、rinking water the rising sun -ing分詞短語作定語時一般放在它所修飾的名詞之后，相當(dāng)于一個定語從句。如： You may ask the lady sitting at the desk (= who is sitting at the desk) China is a developing country belonging to the third world,5作賓語補(bǔ)足語 -ing分詞可作賓語補(bǔ)足語，表示賓語的行為正在 進(jìn)行。它主要是用在下列兩類動詞之后：1感官動 詞，如 see, hear, watch, observe, notice, feel, f

12、ind, glance, look at, listen to等；2. 使役動詞，如have, get, leave, keep, start, send等。如： Suddenly he heard someone knocking gently on the window His remarks left me wondering about his real purpose When I caught him cheating me, I stopped buying things there and started dealing with another shop,6. 作狀語 -in

13、g分詞短語作狀語可表示時間、原因、條件、 結(jié)果、讓步、方式、伴隨狀況等意義，這時它相當(dāng) 于一個狀語從句。當(dāng)用作時間、原因、條件狀語， 這些短語通常位于句子的前部；當(dāng)用作方式、 結(jié)果、伴隨狀語時，它們通常位于句末。 They stood there for an hour, watching the game(伴隨狀況) Not knowing her address, we couldnt get in touch with her(原因) Hearing the knock on the door, they stopped talking(時間) The fish can eat a pe

14、rson in two minutes, leaving only the bones(結(jié)果),注意“從屬連詞+-ing分詞”結(jié)構(gòu) -ing分詞前有時可加從屬連詞if, as, though, unless, until, when, while, as if, once等，構(gòu)成“從屬連詞+-ing分詞”結(jié)構(gòu)，這樣就明確表明了作何種狀語。如： While orbiting the sun,the satellite has sent more than four billion bits of information back to earth I got to know him while

15、attending aconference When dealing with that fellow, you must be on the alert They waved their flags violently and shouted at the top of their voices, as if intending to play themselves,二、-ing分詞的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu) 1-ing分詞的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu) -ing分詞(即傳統(tǒng)語法中的動名詞)的邏輯主語與句子的主 語通常是一致的。如果-ing分詞的邏輯主語與句子的主語不 一致，則要在-ing分詞前加一個物主代詞或名詞

16、所有格。在 口語中或非正式英語中也可用名詞通格或代詞賓格代替。 -ing分詞的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)可以作主語、動詞賓語、介詞賓語、表 語等。 I dont mind your delaying making the decision as long as it is not too late The girls being educated in an atmosphere of simple living was what her parents wished for I would appreciate your keeping it a secret What annoys him most was

17、 his sons having failed the exam ,2-ing分詞的獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu) -ing分詞短語(這里指傳統(tǒng)語法中所說的現(xiàn)在分詞短語)作狀 語時，它的邏輯主語一般與句子的主語一致，如果不一致， -ing分詞短語就應(yīng)帶有自己的邏輯主語(名詞或代用)。這也是 一種復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)，人們一般將它稱為-ing分詞短語的獨(dú)立主格 結(jié)構(gòu)。它起的作用同-ing分詞短語作狀語基本相同，表示伴 隨情況、補(bǔ)充說明、時間、原因或條件等。 The rain having stopped, the soldiers continued their march(表示時間) So many people bein

18、g absent, we decided to put the meeting off(原因) Weather permitting, well go out on a picnic tomorrow(條件） He remained in the hospital for many months, the company paying all his expenses(補(bǔ)充說明),there be句型和 it也能引出-ing分詞短語作 獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)，作狀語來修飾主句。如 There being nothing else to do, we went home It being impossib

19、le for most of the students to turn in their papers as scheduled, the teacher decided to give them another two days,注意with 引起的獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu) 有時也可用“with+名詞代詞賓格+-ing分詞”構(gòu)成 獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)，表示伴隨狀況、原因等。如： After the Arab states won independence, great emphasis was laid on expanding education, with girls as well as boys being e

20、ncouraged to go to school He fell asleep with the lamp burning With her taking care of the child, we have nothing to worry about,三、-ing分詞的時體形式 -ing分詞的時體分為一般式和完成式。 1-ing分詞的一般式 它的一般式形式為doing, 它表示的動作與謂語動詞的動作往往同時發(fā)生。如： The students walked out of the classroom, laughing and talking She sat there watching

21、TV,2-ing分詞的完成式 它的完成式形式為having done, 它表示在 謂語動詞所表示的動作之前發(fā)生的動作或存 在的狀態(tài)。-ing分詞的一般式和完成式都可 以表示先后接連發(fā)生的動作，但明顯地發(fā)生 在前的動作應(yīng)用它的完成式。如： Having failed three times, he didnt want to try again Having studied hard during the term, he passed the exam,四、-ing分詞的被動語態(tài) -ing分詞的被動語態(tài)分為一般式和完成式兩種。 1-ing分詞的被動語態(tài)的一般式 它的形式為being done,

22、它表示一個被動動作正在進(jìn)行， 或與謂語動詞的動作同時發(fā)生，它可作定語、狀語、賓補(bǔ)、 賓語等。如： They couldnt endure being treated like that(作賓語) The large house being built near the factory is a new hospital(作定語) You will find the matter being talked about all over the town(作賓補(bǔ)) In summer the seagulls have enough to eat, always being fed by tour

23、ists(作狀語) Mark often attempts to escape being fined whenever he breaks traffic regulations (作賓語) ,2-ing分詞的被動語態(tài)的完成式 它的形式為having been done，它表示一 個被動動作發(fā)生在謂語動詞的動作之前。 Having been badly damaged by the earthquake, the city had to be rebuilt Having been delayed for an hour,the plane took off at four oclock,五

24、、固定搭配中的-ing分詞 -ing分詞常用于下列固定搭配中：be busy doing,cant help / stand / bear doing, have difficulty (in) doing, there is no need / point in doing, how / what about doing, whats the point of doing, whats the use of doing, spend some time (in) doing, have a good time (in) doing等。如： Jean did not have time to

25、go to the concert last night because she was busy preparing for her examination They spent a lot of time (in) making preparations We had great difficulty (in) finding his house The students had a good time (in) playing in the park,英語專業(yè)四級考試真題： 1. In phrases like freezing cold, burning hot, or soaking

26、 wet, the ING participle is used _. (2011) A. as a command B. as a condition C. for concession D. for emphasis 2. In the sentence “Its no use waiting for her”, the italicized phrase is _. (2010) A. the object B. an adverbial C. a complement D. the subject 3. _should not become a serious disadvantage

27、 in life and work. (2010) A. To be not tall B. Not being tall C. Being not tall D. Not to be tall,4. There are only ten apples left in the baskets, _ the spoilt ones. (2006) A. not counting B. not to count C. dont count D. having not counted 5. The meeting was put off because we _ a meeting without

28、John. (2005) A. objected having B. were objected to having C. objected to have D. objected to having,6. _, he can now only watch it on TV at home. (1998) A. Obtaining not a ticket for the match B. Not obtaining a ticket for the match C. Not having obtained a ticket for the match D. Not obtained a ti

29、cket for the match 7. He wasnt asked to take on the chairmanship of the society, _insufficiently popular with all members. (1996) A. having considered B. was considered C. was being considered D. being considered,8. In international matches, prestige is so important that the only thing that matters

30、is to avoid_. (1996) A. from being beaten B. being beaten C. beating D. to be beaten 9. He noticed the helicopter hovering over the field. Then to his astonishment, he saw a rope ladder_ out and three men climbing down it. (1995) A. throwing B. being thrown C. having thrown D. having been thrown,10.

31、 He resented _to wait. He expected the minister _ him at once. (1995) A. to be asked; to see B. being asked; to see C. to be asked; seeing D. being asked; seeing 11. Arriving at the bus stop, _waiting there. (1994) A. a lot of people were B. he found a lot of people C. a lot of people D. people were

32、 found,12. _ regular training in nursing, she could hardly cope with the work at first. (1994) A. Not received B. Since receiving C. Having received D. Not having received 13. Agriculture is the countrys chief source of wealth, wheat _ by far the biggest cereal crop. （2003） A. is B. been C. be D. be

33、ing,14. Time _, the celebration will be held as scheduled. （2003） A. permit B. permitting C. permitted D. permits 15. The countrys chief exports are coal, cars and cotton goods, cars _the most important of these. （1994） A. have been B. are C. being D. are being,16 . While he was in Beijing, he spent

34、 all his time _ some important museums and buildings. (2000, 62) A. visiting B. traveling C. watching D. touring,非謂語動詞之二: -ed分詞 考查重點(diǎn)： 1. ed分詞的句法功能 2.-ed分詞用于獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu) -ed分詞即傳統(tǒng)語法中所說的過去分詞，它也是 一種非限定動詞。規(guī)則動詞的-ed分詞由動詞原形 加詞尾-ed構(gòu)成，不規(guī)則的-ed分詞情況各異。-ed 分詞一般表示完成和被動，只有一種形式，沒有時 和語態(tài)的形式變化。對-ed分詞的考查主要體現(xiàn) 在以下幾方面。,一、-ed分詞的句

35、法功能 -ed分詞在句中可以作定語、賓語補(bǔ)足語、狀語、 表語，但不能作主語、賓語。 1作定語 作定語的-ed分詞如果是單詞，一般放在它所修 飾的名詞前面，它表示被動和完成；而-ing分詞作 前置定語則表示主動和進(jìn)行含義。 boiled water boiling water frozen food a freezing wind developed countries developing countries the material used,-ed分詞短語作定語，要放在它所修飾的名詞代詞后面： Those elected (= who have been elected) as commi

36、ttee members will attend the meeting The TV sets made in China are good in quality Homework done on time will lead to better grades,2作賓語補(bǔ)足語 在某些動詞后可用-ed分詞作賓語補(bǔ)足語，表示一個被動的已完成的動作。-ed分詞主要在下列幾類動詞后作賓補(bǔ)。 1) 表示感覺和心理狀態(tài)的動詞：hear, see, find, feel, notice, watch, think等。如： When they got there, they found the house

37、burnt down I saw the fire slowly conquered 2) 表示“致使”意義的使役動詞：get, have, make, keep, leave等。如： She had her purse stolen on the train I couldnt make myself understood by the students The manager promised to keep me informed of how our business was going on. ,3) 表示“希望、要求”意義的動詞，如 like, order, want, wish等

38、。 I dont want the children taken out in such weather If you want the job done, you have to get the fund somewhere,3作狀語 -ed分詞短語作狀語可表示時間、地點(diǎn)、原因、 條件、讓步、伴隨狀況等意義，這種短語相當(dāng)于一 個狀語從句。這種短語作狀語時，句子的主語是這 種短語所表示的動作的承受者。如： He soon fell asleep,exhausted by the journey(表示原因) Looked at in this way, the situation doesnt

39、seem so disappointing (表示條件) ,注意“從屬連詞+-ed分詞”結(jié)構(gòu) 有時為了表明是做何種狀語，當(dāng)從句的主語與 主句的主語一致時，常將從句中的主語和助動詞省 去，只留下從屬連詞+-ed分詞。常這樣用的從屬連 詞有if, as, though, unless, until, when, while, as if, once, whenever等： Dont do it unless asked (= unless you are asked). When finished (= When it is finished), the building will be very

40、 magnificent If caught cheating,the student would be punished Machael used to look hurt and surprised when scolded. When compared with the size of the whole earth, the highest mountain doesnt seem high at all,4作表語 作表語的-ed分詞大多已轉(zhuǎn)化為形容詞，用來表示 主語所處的狀態(tài)。常見的這類-ed分詞有 disappointed, astonished, excited, interes

41、ted, satisfied, surprised, frightened, amazed, annoyed, distressed, embarrassed, exhausted, pleased, puzzled, shocked, worried, terrified等。 She looked disappointed These surveys indicate that many crimes go unrecorded by the police, mainly because not all victims report them. I was not satisfied wit

42、h the result,二、-ed分詞用于獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu) 有時由名詞通格代詞主格加上-ed分詞構(gòu)成獨(dú)立主格結(jié) 構(gòu)。這種結(jié)構(gòu)多用來表示行為方式或伴隨狀況，有時用來表 示時間、原因、條件等。這時-ed分詞與前面的名詞通格 代詞主格是被動的邏輯主謂關(guān)系。如： The homework finished, the child went to bed(表示時間) All things considered, the planned trip will have to be called off (表示條件) Her heart broken, she locked herself in her bedr

43、oom, not wanting to see anyone(表示原因) She sat there attentively, her chin cupped in her hand(伴隨狀況),表示伴隨狀況的獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)，有時可由 “with+賓語+-ed分詞”構(gòu)成。如： With his homework finished ahead of time, he began to use his computer to write his diary All afternoon he worked with the door locked,英語專業(yè)四級考試真題： 1. If not _ with

44、the respect he feels due to him, Jack gets very ill-tempered and grumbles all the time. (2004) A. being treated B. treated C. be treated D. having been treated 2. _ time, hell make a first-class tennis player. (1996) A. Having B. Given C. Giving D. Had,3. _ at in this way, the situation does not see

45、m so desperate. (2007) A. Looking B. Looked C. Being looked D. To look 4. _at in this way, the present economic situation doesnt seem so gloomy. (2000) A. Looking B. Looked C. Having looked D. To look,5. _enough time and money, the researchers would have been able to discover more in this field. (19

46、98) A. Giving B. To give C. Given D. Being given 6. This may have preserved the elephant from being wiped out as well as other animals _ in Africa. (1996) A. hunted B. hunting C. that hunted D. are hunted 7. This missile is designed so that once _nothing can be done to retrieve it. (1995) A. fired B

47、. being fired C. they fired D. having fired,非謂語動詞之三：動詞不定式 考查重點(diǎn): 1. 不定式(短語)的句法功能 2. 不定式的時體 3. 不定式的語態(tài) 4. 不定式和疑問詞連用 5. 不定式的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu) 6. 省略to的不定式,不定式是非限定動詞的一種形式，它是由“to+動詞原形”構(gòu)成的。to是不定式的符號，本身沒有意義。不定式?jīng)]有人稱和數(shù)的變化，在句子中不能單獨(dú)作謂語。不定式具有名詞、形容詞、副詞的特征，同時也保留動詞的某些特征。不定式和自己的賓語、狀語構(gòu)成不定式短語，如：to learn English, to speak at the mee

48、ting。不定式的否定形式是在其前直接加not或 never，如：not to be late, never to make such mistakes。不定式既然有動詞的特征，當(dāng)然也就有時體之分，有語態(tài)之別。,下面以及物動詞write為例，說明它的體和語態(tài)的變化。 主 動 被 動 一般式：to write to be written 完 成式：to have written to have been written 進(jìn) 行式：to be writing,一、不定式(短語)的句法功能 由于不定式具有名詞、形容詞、副詞、動詞的多種特征，因此它可以在句子中作主語、定語、賓語、表語、狀語、賓語/主語

49、補(bǔ)足語和同位語等。 1作主語 To learn a foreign language well is not easy To hold the Olympic Games is a rich prize for a country 不定式短語作主語時，常用it來代替它作形式主語，而將不定式短語移至謂語之后作真實(shí)主語，以避免句子結(jié)構(gòu)頭重腳輕。如上面兩句可以改寫為： It is not easy to learn a foreign language well It is a rich prize for a country to hold the Olympic Games,2作定語 不定式(短

50、語) 作定語要放在它所修飾的名詞之后，它們之間存在以下三種關(guān)系。 1) 主謂關(guān)系 被修飾的名詞是不定式的邏輯主語。該名詞常被 序數(shù)詞、形容詞最高級或next, last, only, not a, the 等修飾。如： He is always the last one to leave the office This is the third case of smallpox to occur in the town I dont think he is the best man to do the job,2) 動賓關(guān)系 被修飾的名詞是不定式的邏輯賓語。如： He used to have

51、 a lot of meetings to attend There is nothing to worry about 3)同位關(guān)系 被修飾的名詞與不定式之間有同位關(guān)系。這樣的名詞通常表示抽象概念，后面的不定式表示其具體內(nèi)容。這樣的名詞有：ability, agreement, ambition, anxiety, arrangement, attempt, choice, decision, demand, desire, determination, eagerness, need, failure, intention, offer, plan, preparation, promis

52、e, proposal, wish, refusal, request, willingness等。如： I have no wish to quarrel with you His anxiety to go was obvious,3作狀語 不定式(短語)作狀語，用來修飾動詞，表示目的、結(jié)果、原因等。 1) 作目的狀語 不定式作目的狀語，在形式上有時與結(jié)果狀語一樣。但是位于句首的一定是目的狀語，位于句末的既可能是目的狀語也可能是結(jié)果狀語，這要根據(jù)上下文來判斷。如： To become a teacher in a university, it is necessary to have at

53、 least a masters degree They will go to the station to meet the guests To pass the driving test, you must do a lot of practice 不定式作目的狀語時，可以用in order to 或so as to來表示強(qiáng)調(diào)。in order to 可以用于句首或句末，so as to 不能用于句首。如： I walked slowly on the ice in order not to fall down. Jane lived away from her children so a

54、s to get some peace,2) 作結(jié)果(程度)狀語 常見于so as to, such as to, enough to, too to, only to等搭配。 Would you be so kind as to open the door for me? They lifted a rock only to drop it on their own feet He is not tall enough to reach the top shelf 3) 作原因狀語 主要是用在表示喜、怒、哀、樂等情感的形容 詞后面。如： She seemed surprised to mee

55、t us,4作賓語補(bǔ)足語 / 主語補(bǔ)足語 不定式可以和名詞或代詞構(gòu)成復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)，作動詞的賓語，稱為復(fù)合賓語，不定式作復(fù)合賓語中的賓語補(bǔ)足語。這可以分為三種情況。 1) 帶to的不定式作賓語補(bǔ)足語 要求這種結(jié)構(gòu)的常見的動詞有：force, tell, require, teach, warn, allow, ask, beg, expect, invite, order, permit, promise, instruct, urge, remind, want, advise, persuade, cause, forbid, like, challenge, request, get, nee

56、d, oblige, encourage, enable, compel等。如： They urged the committee to make the decision soon Constant supply of water enabled them to survive,2) 不帶to 的不定式作賓語補(bǔ)足語 要求這種結(jié)構(gòu)的常見的動詞有：see, watch, notice, observe, hear, listen to, feel, make, have, let等。如： Did you notice the boy run away? We observed the store

57、 keeper close the door early that day,3) 在help, bid, know后可帶to也可不帶to Will you help me wash the clothes? Ive never known her (to) tell lies 當(dāng)含有復(fù)合賓語的句子由主動語態(tài)變?yōu)楸粍诱Z態(tài)時，原來的賓語補(bǔ)足語變?yōu)橹髡Z補(bǔ)足語。如： The manager made his secretary work overtime(主動語態(tài)，不帶to，作賓補(bǔ)) The secretary was made to work overtime(被動語態(tài)，帶to，作主補(bǔ)),5作賓語

58、有些及物動詞常用不定式作賓語，這樣的動詞有: afford, agree, apply, arrange, aim, ask, choose, claim, decide, demand, desire, determine, expect, hope, learn, long, manage, offer, pretend, promise, refuse, seek, threaten, want, wish, remain等。如： She couldnt afford to displease her boss John expected to begin studying law next semester,注意“動詞+ it +形容詞/名詞+不定式”結(jié)構(gòu) 如果不定式作賓語而又跟有補(bǔ)足語，要用it 作形式賓語，而將不定式放在補(bǔ)足語后面去。 常見的這樣的動詞有consider, judge, make, feel, think, find等。如： They found it impossible to get everything ready in advance I consider it m