1、Language and society,Language and society,Sociolinguistics 社會(huì)語言學(xué) to study the relation between language and society, between the uses of language and the social structures in which the users of language live,Two approaches,Macro sociolinguistics 宏觀社會(huì)語言學(xué) (a birds-eye view) To consider how language fu

2、nctions in the society and how it reflects the social differentiations. Micro sociolinguistics 微觀社會(huì)語言學(xué) (a worms-eye view) From the point of view of an individual member within it How language functions in the communication between members of the society,Two main subjects,Speech community 言語社區(qū) the so

3、cial group that is singled out for any special sociolinguistic study Speech variety 言語變體 any distinguishable form of speech used by a speaker or a group of speakers. 3 main types： regional dialects, sociolects - users registers - use,Major concerns,Varieties of language Standard dialect Pidgin and C

4、reole Bilingualism and Diglossia,Varieties of language,Dialectal varieties 方言變體 Register 語域 Degree of formality 正式度,Dialectal varieties,Regional dialect 地域方言 Sociolect 社會(huì)方言 Language and gender 語言與性別 Language and age 語言與年齡 Idiolect 個(gè)人語言 Ethnic dialect 種族方言,Regional dialect 地域方言 The linguistic variety

5、 used by people living in the same geographical region Causes: geographical barriers loyalty to ones native speech physical low-rise intonation Lexicon 詞匯 Female: more adjectives of evaluation:nice,lovely, cute, fantastic more intensifiers: awfully, really, On the whole Female: more correct, less as

6、sertive, more polite,Dialectal varieties,Language and age 語言與年齡 Lexical difference: e.g., icebox- fridge 火星文：符號(hào)、繁體字、日文、韓文、冷僻字或漢字拆分后的部分等非正規(guī)化文字符號(hào)組合而成（似亂碼或錯(cuò)字，不規(guī)范，字面無法了解） 偶口以跟你作朋友嗎？ 3Q 你是我的好麻吉！ 私今天沒事做。 海皮，粉，河蟹，小盆友，,Dialectal varieties,Idiolect 個(gè)人語言 A personal dialect of an individual speaker that combin

7、es elements regarding regional, social, gender, and age variations E.g., Hemingway, Luxun In a narrow sense voice quality, pitch, speech tempo, rhythm,Dialectal varieties,Ethnic dialect 種族語言 mainly spoken by a less privileged population E.g., Black English Simplification of consonant clusters: mend,

8、 desk, told, Deletion of “be”: You crazy. They mine. Double negation: He dont know nothing. I aint afraid of no ghosts.,Dialectal varieties,Register,“Language varies as its function varies; it differs in different situations.” (Halliday) Register: the type of language which is selected as appropriat

9、e to the type of situation three social variables that determine the register field of discourse tenor of discourse mode of discourse,Three social variables,Field of discourse 語場: words, grammar the purpose (why) subject matter (about what) Tenor of discourse語旨: sentence structure, tone the particip

10、ates (who) (what relationship) Mode of discourse 語式: cohesion, style the means (how),E.g., technical or non-technical,E.g., customer-shop assistant, teacher-student,E.g., oral, written, ,Register,Field? Tenor? Mode?,Register,Degree of formality,Five stages of formality (Martin Joos) Intimate: Up you

11、 go, chaps! Casual: Time you all went upstairs now. Consultative: Would you mind going upstairs right away, please? Formal: Visitors should go up the stairs at once. Frozen: Visitors would make their way at once to the upper floor by way of the staircase. Note: differences in syntactic, lexical and

12、phonological level,Standard dialect,standard variety: a superimposed, socially prestigious dialect of a language the government and the judiciary system the mass media educational institutions Features: Based on a selected variety of the language Not a dialect a child acquires naturally like his reg

13、ional dialect E.g., Chinese: Putonghua,Pidgin & Creole,Pidgin 洋涇浜英語: (“business”) a special language variety that mixes or blends languages used by people who speak different languages for restricted purposes such as trading,洋涇浜英語歌謠集,來叫克姆（COME）去叫谷（GO）， 是叫也司（YES）勿講拿（NO）， 一元洋鈿溫得拉（ONE DOLLAR）， 廿四銅鈿吞的福（

14、TWENTY-FOUR）， 翹梯翹梯喝杯茶（HAVE TEA）， 雪堂雪堂請(qǐng)儂坐（SIT DOWN）， 紅頭阿三開潑度（KEEP DOOR）， 自家兄弟勃拉茶（BROTHER）， 爺叫潑茶娘賣茶（FATHER / MOTHER）， 丈人阿爸發(fā)音落（FATHER IN LAW）。,Pidgin & Creole,Creole 克里奧爾語 a pidgin which has become the primary language of a speech community acquired by the children of that speech community as their native language E.g., English-based creole of Jamaica French-based creole of Haiti,Bilingualism & Diglossia 雙語,Bilingualism two languages are used side by side in some speech communities, with each having a different role to play E.g., Paraguay: Spanish & Gu