1、,英漢互譯技巧,第四章,第一講 diction 遣詞用字 第二講 amplification 增詞法 第三講 omission 省略法 第四講 conversion 轉(zhuǎn)換 第五講 restructuring 結(jié)構(gòu)調(diào)整 第六講 the passive voice 被動語態(tài) 第七講 affirmative vs. negative肯定與否定 第八講 nominal clauses 名詞性從句 第九講 attributive clause 定語從句 第十講 adverbial clause 狀語從句 第十一講 long sentences 長句的翻譯,第一講 diction 遣詞用字,一、教學(xué)重點(diǎn)：

2、 1.英漢詞字層次對等關(guān)系 2.詞義的選擇和引申 二、教學(xué)內(nèi)容： 1.英漢詞字層次對等關(guān)系 2.英語詞義辨析法 3.詞義的選擇 4.詞義的引申,what is diction?,by “diction” we mean the proper choice of words and phrases in translation on the basis of accurate comprehension of the original.,correspondence between english and chinese,full correspondence no equivalents on

3、e word with multiple equivalents of the same meaning of different meanings,how to judge the meaning?,from the parts of speech from the collocation from the context from the syntax,parts of speech,he saw a man sawing wood with a saw 他看見一個(gè)人正用鋸子鋸木頭。 needing some light to see by, the burglar crossed the

4、 room with a light step to light the light with the light green shade. 夜賊輕手輕腳的穿過房間，點(diǎn)亮了那盞有淺綠色燈罩的燈，以便辨別方向。 eat what you can and can what you cannot 能吃的吃掉，吃不掉的就做成罐頭。,collocation,a fast car the fast growth fast music a fast journey fast color a fast film a fast oven fast asleep break ones fast stick fas

5、t in the mud,速度很快的車 迅速成展 節(jié)奏快的音樂 行程緊湊的一次旅行 不易褪掉的顏色 快速感光膠卷 烤箱 熟睡 開齋 牢牢地陷在泥潭里,context,this war is becoming the most important story of this generation. 這場戰(zhàn)爭將成為這一代人的最重大的事件。 it is quite another story now. 現(xiàn)在的情況完全不同了。 some reporters who were not included in the sessions broke the story. 有些沒有參加那次會議的記者把內(nèi)情捅出

6、去了. hell be very happy if that story holds up. 如果這一說法當(dāng)真，那他就太高興了。,syntax,agreement an agreement people a people hostility hostilities use uses,同意 協(xié)定 人民 民族 敵意 戰(zhàn)爭 使用 用途,. correspondence between english and chinese at word level 英漢詞字層次對等關(guān)系,1、word-for-word correspondence marxism = 馬克思主義 aspirin = 阿斯匹林 激光

7、= laser 白血病= leukemia 2、one word with multiple equivalents of the same meaning wife: 妻子、愛人、夫人、老婆、老伴、媳婦、堂客、內(nèi)人 人: human being, man, people, person .,3、one word with several equivalents of different meanings cousin: 堂兄、堂弟、堂姐、堂妹、表哥、表弟、表姐、表妹、卿 president：總統(tǒng)、總裁、主席、董事長、議長、會長、社長、校長 羊：sheep, goat, ram, ewe, l

8、amb,4、 equivalents interwoven with one another,5、words without equivalents teenager: 13 至19 歲的青少年 clock-watcher: 老是看鐘等下班的人 陰: yin (in chinese thought) the soft, inactive, female principle or force in the world dink=double income no kids 丁克家族 文房四寶：the four treasures of the study (writing brush, ink-s

9、tick, ink-stone and paper) 烏紗帽：an official post 糖葫蘆：tanghulu, a sugar-coated fruit on the stick which is a kind of childrens favorite food in winter,. methods of discriminating the original meaning of an english word 英語詞義辨析法,1、judging from the word formation parabiospheric para-( outside) +bio-( bio

10、logic) + spheric (having the form of a sphere) 外生物層的 pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis pneumono ( of lung) + ultra ( beyond) + micro (very small) + scopic (of viewing or observing) + silico( of silicon) + volcano (of volcano) + coni( koni, of dust) + osis (forming the name of a disease)

11、硅酸鹽沉著病，肺塵病,2、judging from the references third person pronouns; indefinite pronouns：some, any, each, both; definite pronouns：much, many, few, little, etc. he (father) sent john to the university and was eager to have him distinguish himself . 他送約翰上大學(xué)，巴望能讓兒子出類拔莽。,2、judging from the references 2) demo

12、nstrative pronouns: this, that, these, those; demonstrative adverbs: here, there, now, then, etc. health is above wealth, for this cannot give so much happiness as that. 健康比財(cái)富更重要，因?yàn)樨?cái)富不能像健康那樣給人那么多幸福。,2、judging from the references 3) references of comparison i hate blue shirts; white shirts suit me bu

13、t gray is the most preferable. 我討厭穿藍(lán)襯衫，喜歡穿白襯衫，而最喜歡穿灰襯衫.,. methods of discriminating the original meaning of an english word 英語詞義辨析法,3、judging from the context and collocation his plane developed engine trouble only seven miles after takeoff. (發(fā)生故障) modem aircraft are so heavy that the wings must dev

14、elop a very large lift force in order to sustain the aircraft. (產(chǎn)生升力 ) inspired by these ideas, in 1752 franklin developed a practical lightning rod. ( 研制避雷針) a hypothesis is a specific statement developed by a scientist from observations. (得出論斷) most of the money came from selling the secret of a n

15、ew type of potato he had developed. (培育新品種) several attempts have been made through the years to develop the deposit. (開采礦床),4、judging from different branches of learning and specialties “base“: “詞根” in lexicology “本金” in business “底涂” in painting “基線” in survey “根據(jù)地” in military science the lathe s

16、hould be set on a firm base.車床應(yīng)安裝在堅(jiān)實(shí)的底座上。(機(jī)械) ab is the base of the triangle abc. ab線是三角形 abc的底邊。 ( 數(shù)學(xué)) he is on the second base. 他在二壘。（體育）,一詞多類：一個(gè)詞往往屬于幾個(gè)詞類，具有幾個(gè)不同的意義。 一詞多義：同一個(gè)詞在同一個(gè)詞類中，又往往有幾個(gè)不同的詞義。,. diction 詞義的選擇,diction means proper choice of words in translation on the basis of accurate comprehen

17、sion of the original.,選擇和確定詞義通常從以下幾個(gè)方面著手： 根據(jù)詞在句中的詞類來選擇和確定詞義 your account of what happened is not quite right. go right on until you reach the church. its my right of way, so that lorry must stop or slow down until ive passed it. she tried her best to right her husband from the charge of robbery. at

18、kfc, we do chicken right.,2. 根據(jù)上下文以及詞在句子中的搭配關(guān)系來選擇和確定詞義 he is the last man to come. 他是最后來的。 he is the last man to do it. 他絕對不會干那件事。 he is the last person for such a job. 他最不配干這個(gè)工作。 he should be the last (man) to blame. 怎么也不該怪他。 this is the last place where i expected to meet you. 我怎么也沒料到會在這個(gè)地方見到你。,so

19、ft music soft wood soft hat soft answer soft heart soft fire soft words soft drink soft light soft goods soft cushion soft breeze,輕柔的音樂 軟木 呢帽 委婉的回答 易感動的心 文火 和藹的話 不含酒精的飲料 柔和的燈光 毛織品 靠墊 和風(fēng),light music light loss light step light heart light car light outfit light work light manner light voice,輕音樂 輕微的損失

20、 輕快的腳步 輕松的心情 輕便的轎車 輕巧的裝備 輕松的工作 輕浮的舉止 輕柔的聲音,將詞義作抽象化的引伸 1、將表示具體形象的詞譯成該形象所代表的屬性的詞 there is a mixture of the tiger and the ape in the character of the imperialists. 帝國主義者的性格既殘暴，又狡猾。 這里把tiger（老虎）和ape（猿）這兩個(gè)具體形象引伸為這兩個(gè)形象所代表的屬性：“殘暴”和“狡猾”。 every life has its roses and thorns. 每個(gè)人的生活都有甜和苦。 這里把roses（玫瑰）和thorns（

21、刺）這兩個(gè)具體形象引伸為這兩個(gè)形象所代表的屬性：“甜”和“苦”。,. 詞義的引申,2、將帶有特征性形象的詞譯為該形象所代表的概念的詞 in fact the bavarian environment was so charged with nazi sentiment throughout the 1920s that hitlers storm troops goose-stepped into power in furt in 1930. 事實(shí)上，在整個(gè)二十年代，納粹黨在巴伐利亞一帶已博得公眾的好感，以至于在一九三o年，希特勒的沖鋒隊(duì)員就耀武揚(yáng)威地奪取了菲爾特鎮(zhèn)的權(quán)力。 to gooses

22、tep 是從名詞goosestep（鵝步；正步）轉(zhuǎn)化來的動詞，本作“鵝步走”或“正步走”解，這里goose-stepped into根據(jù)例句上下文引伸為“耀武揚(yáng)威地奪取”。 see-sawing between partly good and faintly ominous ,the news for the next four weeks was never distinct. 在那以后的四個(gè)星期內(nèi)，消息時(shí)而部分有所好轉(zhuǎn)，時(shí)而又有點(diǎn)不妙，兩種情況不斷地交替出現(xiàn)，一直沒有明朗化。 see-sawing是從see-saw（蹺蹺板）轉(zhuǎn)化而來的動詞，本作“玩蹺蹺板”解，這里根據(jù)上下文引伸為“兩種情況

23、不斷地交替出現(xiàn)”。,將詞義作具體化的引伸 1、英語中也有用代表抽象概念或?qū)傩缘脑~來表示一種具體事物，譯成漢語時(shí)一般可作具體化引伸。 as the politburo gave the go-ahead to brezhnev, nixon and kissinger were meeting in the presidents kremlin apartment, prepared to accept a setback on salt. 在政治局向勃列日涅夫開放綠燈時(shí)， 尼克松和基辛格正在克里姆林宮的總統(tǒng)下榻處開會，準(zhǔn)備承受限制戰(zhàn)略武器會談失敗的挫折。 vietnam was his ent

24、ree to the new administration, his third incarnation as foreign policy consultant. 越南戰(zhàn)爭成了他進(jìn)入新政府的敲門磚。他擔(dān)任政府的對外政策顧問，那是第三次了。,i now have an alternative to complaining. when im bored with my life, i take my pencils out in the back yard and doodle for an hour, trying to sketch trees that look like trees. y

25、1:我現(xiàn)在有了一種代替抱怨的東西。當(dāng)我對生活感到厭倦時(shí)，我就拿出鉛筆到后院去心不在焉地亂涂一個(gè)小時(shí)，試圖畫出看上去像樹的樹木速寫。 y2:我現(xiàn)在不再抱怨，而是去做一些別的事情。對生活感到厭倦時(shí)，我就拿起鉛筆，到后院里隨便涂鴉個(gè)把小時(shí)，畫畫樹林的速寫，盡量畫得看上去像是樹林。,第二講 amplification 增詞法,一、教學(xué)重點(diǎn)： 1.適當(dāng)增添的必要性 2.增詞法在英漢互譯中的運(yùn)用 二、教學(xué)內(nèi)容： 1.增詞法在英漢翻譯中的運(yùn)用 2.增詞法在漢英翻譯中的運(yùn)用,amplification, also called addition, means supplying necessary words

26、 in our translation on the basis of accurate comprehension of the original.,wash,mary washes before meals. mary washes before going to bed. mary washes after getting up. mary washes for a living. mary washes in a restaurant.,. amplification in english-chinese translation 增詞法在英漢翻譯中的運(yùn)用,1、amplification

27、 by supplying omitted in the original matter can be changed into energy and energy into matter. 物質(zhì)可以轉(zhuǎn)化為能 ，能也可以轉(zhuǎn)化為物質(zhì)。 in the evening, after the banquets, the concerts and the table tennis exhibitions , he would work on the drafting of the final communiqu. 晚上在參加宴會、出席音樂會和觀看乒乓球表演以后 ，他還得起草最后公報(bào)。,2、amplifi

28、cation by supplying necessary connectives heated, water will change into vapor. 水如受熱 ，就會汽化。 since air has weight, it exerts force on any object immersed in it. 因?yàn)榭諝饩哂兄亓?，所以處在空氣中的任何物體都會受到空氣的作用力 。,3、amplification by supplying words to convey the concept of plurality note that the words “velocity” and

29、speed 速度和速率這兩個(gè)詞需要解釋。 he stretched his legs which were scattered with scars. 他伸出雙腿，露出腿上的道道傷痕。 the mountains began to throw their long blue shadows over the valley. 群山開始向山谷投下一道道蔚藍(lán)色的長影。,4、amplification by supplying words to make abstract concept clear oxidation will make iron and steel rusty. 氧化作用會使鋼鐵生

30、銹。 after all preparations were made, the plane took off. 一切準(zhǔn)備工作就緒以后 ，飛機(jī)就起飛了 。,5、amplification by logical thinking air pressure decreases with altitude. 氣壓隨海拔高度的增加而下降。 i was taught that two sides of a triangle were greater than the third. 我學(xué)過，三角形的兩邊之和大于第三邊。,6、amplification by supplying words of gener

31、alization according to scientists, it takes nature 500 years to create an inch of topsoil. 根據(jù)科學(xué)家們的看法，自然界要用500 年的時(shí)間才能形成一英寸厚的表層土壤。 the principal functons that may be performed by vacuum tubes are rectification, amplification, oscillation, modulation, and detection. 真空管的五大主要功能是整流、放大、振蕩、調(diào)制和檢波。,7、amplifi

32、cation for purposes of rhetoric or coherence this printer is indeed cheap and fine. 這部打印機(jī)真是物美價(jià)廉。 yes, i like chinese food. lots of people do these days. sort of the fashion. 不錯(cuò)，我喜歡中國菜。現(xiàn)在很多人都喜歡中國菜，這種情況算是有點(diǎn)兒趕時(shí)鬃吧! 8、amplification by repetition avoid using this computer in extreme cold, heat, dust or hu

33、midity. 不要在過冷、過熱、灰塵過重、濕度過大的情況下使用此電腦。,every man who rises above the common level has received two educations: the first from his teachers; the second, more personal and important, from himself. y1:每個(gè)人尖都接受兩種教育：一個(gè)是拜師學(xué)藝； 另一個(gè)是自學(xué)成才。后一個(gè)更加個(gè)人化，也更加重要。 y2:每一個(gè)能夠從眾人中脫穎而出的人，他所受的教育方式不外乎兩種：一種是從師；另外一種是自學(xué)。后者尤為重要，也更顯個(gè)

34、性。 y3:蕓蕓眾生中凡脫穎而出的人往往接受過兩種教育：一種來自老師，另一種來自個(gè)人。而來自個(gè)人的，更直接，也更重要。,1. adding necessary pronoun(s) 大作收到，十分高興。 2. adding necessary article(s) 我們對問題要做全面的分忻，才能解決得妥當(dāng)。 3. adding necessary connective(s) 虛心使人進(jìn)步 ，驕傲使人落后。 4. adding necessary preposition(s) 咱們校門口見吧。 5. adding necessary background word(s) 這真是俗話說的 ，“旁觀

35、者清”。,practice,第三講 omission 省略法,一、教學(xué)重點(diǎn)： 1. 省略法在英漢互譯中的運(yùn)用 2. 省略的主要方法技巧 二、教學(xué)內(nèi)容： 1.省略法在英漢翻譯中的運(yùn)用 2.省略法在漢英翻譯中的運(yùn)用,. omission in english-chinese translation省略法在英漢翻譯中的運(yùn)用,1、omitting the pronoun he put his hands into his pockets and then shrugged his shoulders. 他將雙手放進(jìn)衣袋，然后聳了聳肩。 they went to dinner. it was excel

36、lent, and the wine was good. its influence presently had its effect on them. they talked not only without acrimony，but even with friendliness. 他們進(jìn)人餐室用餐。 美酒佳看，頓受感染 ，言談間不但沒有惡言惡語，甚至還充滿友好之情。,2、omitting the article the moon was slowly rising above the sea. 月亮慢慢從海上升起。 any substance is made up of atoms whe

37、ther it is a solid，a liquid, or a gas. 任何物質(zhì)，不論是固體、液體或氣體都由原子組成。 3、omitting the preposition smoking is prohibited in public places. 公共場所不許吸煙。 hydrogen is the lightest element with an atomic weight of 1.0008. 氫是最輕的元素，原子量為1.0008。,4、omitting the conjunction he looked gloomy and troubled. 他看上去有些憂愁不安。 if i

38、 had known it, i would not have joined in. 早知如此，我就不參加了。 5、omitting the verb when the pressure gets low, the boiling point becomes low. 氣壓低，沸點(diǎn)就低。 solids expand and contract as liquids and gases do. 如同液體和氣體一樣，固體也膨脹和收縮。,6、omitting the impersonal pronoun “it” outside it was pitch dark and it was raining

39、 cats and dogs. 大雨傾盆。 it was not until the middle of he 19th century that the blast furnace came into use. 直到 19 世紀(jì)中葉，高爐才開始使用。,我們必須培養(yǎng)分析問題解決問題的能力。 每條河都有上游、中游、下游。 中國人民歷來是勇于探索，勇于創(chuàng)造，勇于革命的。 we have 7 days in a week. is it a he or a she? this is brown speaking.,practice,第四講 conversion 轉(zhuǎn)性,in translation fr

40、om chinese into english or from english into chinese the part of speech of words is often conversed to make the translation more coherent and idiomatic.,his very appearance at any affair proclaims it a triumph. a view of mt. fuji can be obtained from here. he was well-favoured, bright, a good dancer

41、, a fair shot and a fine tennis player. londoners are great readers.,she recognized the absurdity of dealing with them through intermediaries. i had impression that your brother was the director of the company. with these words, he went away. she was wisely determined to give up.,any questions?,佳譯欣賞

42、,1. the clear heaven overhead was emptied of all its gold. dusk spread over it, abruptly darkening the seven hills. 譯文：天宇澄清，余暉盡斂，夜幕降臨，羅馬七丘頓時(shí)昏暗。（翁顯良譯）,2. isitnecessarytoshout? 譯文：說話就說話，非得叫喚不可嗎 (呂叔湘譯),3.that home is home though it is never so homely.譯文：家雖不佳仍是家。（劉炳善譯）,第五講 restructuring 結(jié)構(gòu)調(diào)整,結(jié)構(gòu)調(diào)整(restru

43、cturing)是英漢互譯中的 常用翻譯技巧。 由于英漢兩語句法結(jié)構(gòu)和表達(dá)習(xí)慣各異， 有些句子的詞序、語序在英漢互譯時(shí)，必須 加以調(diào)整，才能符合目的語的表達(dá)習(xí)慣。具 體包括： 詞序調(diào)整 句序調(diào)整,詞序調(diào)整,固定用法 表達(dá)習(xí)慣 定語的位置 狀語的位置,固定用法,iron and steel plant export and import track and field popular modern songs look right and left life and death land and water fire and water hot and cold heavy and light

44、old and new,鋼鐵廠 進(jìn)出口 田徑 現(xiàn)代流行歌曲 左顧右盼 死活 水陸 水火 冷熱 輕重 新舊,定語的位置,單詞作定語 短語作定語,單詞作定語,a research-orientated university japan proper the bankers little garden the ancient chinese craftsmanship a little, yellow, ragged, lame beggar,一所以科研為重點(diǎn)的（研究型）大學(xué) 日本本土 銀行老板的小花園 中國古代工藝 一個(gè)乞丐，身材矮小、面黃肌瘦、衣衫襤褸、腳步蹣跚,短語作定語,a building

45、 project of apartment houses a candidate with little chance of success,一個(gè)公寓大樓的建筑項(xiàng)目 一個(gè)當(dāng)選希望渺茫的候選人,狀語的位置,單詞作狀語-地，得 修飾形容詞 修飾動詞 短語作狀語,修飾形容詞,john did not distinguish himself as a student, but he was very active in class. 約翰當(dāng)年并不是個(gè)出色的學(xué)生，但他在班上很活躍。,修飾動詞,modern science and technology are developing rapidly. 現(xiàn)代

46、科學(xué)技術(shù)正在飛速發(fā)展。,短語作狀語,truth is tough. it will not break, like a bubble, at a touch; nay, you may kick it about all day like a football, and it will be round and full at evening. 真理是堅(jiān)韌的，不會像氣泡那樣一觸即破；不僅如此，它還可以像足球一樣，整天任人踢來踢去，到晚上卻照樣圓鼓鼓的。 他1963年10月10日上午10點(diǎn)出生在東北的黑龍江省佳木斯市。 he was born in jiamusi, heilongjiang p

47、rovince in northeast china at 10 a. m. on the 10th of october, 1963.,句序調(diào)整,時(shí)間順序、邏輯順序 順序法 逆序法 時(shí)序法 拆分法 合并法,for example, they do not compensate for social inequality, and thus do not tell how able an underprivileged youngster might have been had he grown up under more favorable circumstances. 例如，它們（指測試）

48、并不彌補(bǔ)社會的不公，因此不能說明一個(gè)貧困青年，要是在比較有利的境況下長大，會有多大的才干。,there is no agreement whether methodology refers to the concepts peculiar to historical work in general or to the research techniques appropriate to the various branches of historical inquiry. 所謂方法論是指一般的歷史研究中的特有概念，還是指歷史探究中各個(gè)具體領(lǐng)域適用的研究手段，人們對此意見不一。,nature s

49、eldom provides me with the word, the turn of phrase, that is appropriate without being far-fetched or commonplace. 要做到用詞、措辭恰到好處，既不牽強(qiáng)附會、又不落俗套，我天生少有這種本事。,she was the product of the fancy, the feeling, the innate affection of the untutored but poetic mind of her mother combined with the gravity and poi

50、se which were characteristic of her father. y1: 原來她的母親雖然沒有受過教育，卻有一種詩意的心境，具有幻想，感情，和天生的仁厚，她的父親呢，又具有一種沉著和穩(wěn)重的性格。兩者的結(jié)合，便造就了她這樣一個(gè)人。 y2:她的母親從未受過教育，但卻有著詩人般的智力：好幻想，易動情，天生富有愛心，而她父親的特點(diǎn)是冷峻、沉著。她就是這樣兩種性情的人相結(jié)合的產(chǎn)物。,順序法（按原句語序翻譯）,it was strange that a day of war was a day we stood still. we couldnt move that must hav

51、e been the whole idea so we had no choice but to watch. 奇怪的是戰(zhàn)爭的當(dāng)天我們卻原地按兵不動。我們不能動彈這就是這次戰(zhàn)爭的整個(gè)含意除了監(jiān)視敵人，我們別無他法。 為了生存，為了自己和子孫后代的衣食住行，人類和大自然不斷進(jìn)行斗爭。 in order to survive, to feed, clothe and shelter himself and his children, man is engaged in a constant struggle with nature.,逆序法（顛倒原句首尾翻譯）,he was dumb-founde

52、d at her insistence that he explain where every cent of his allowance had gone. 她非要他講清楚他津貼中的每一分錢都到哪兒去了，這弄得他啞口無言。 該理論的核心是，我們的環(huán)境同我們的才能、性格特征和行為的關(guān)系甚微。 that our environment has very little to do with our abilities, character and behavior is central to this theory.,時(shí)序法(按事件先后順序翻譯),we had been dismayed at h

53、ome while reading of the natural disasters that followed one another for three years after we left china in 1959. 我們于1959年離開了中國。此后，中國連續(xù)三年遭受自然災(zāi)害。我們在國內(nèi)看到這些消息時(shí)，心情頗為沉重。 it was a keen disappointment that i had to postpone the visit i had intended to pay to china in january. 我原打算在今年一月訪問中國，可后來不得不予以推遲，這使我深感

54、失望。,拆分法,單詞 副詞 形容詞 名詞 短語 分詞短語 名詞短語 介詞短語 從句,拆譯法就是將英語句子中有些成分，比如詞、詞組、插入成分或者從句，從句子的主干中拆分出來處理，或變成短句，或變成獨(dú)立句等。這些成分可改變位置，但是要利于譯文句子的總體安排，使譯文自然、通順。,adverbs (副詞),the child seemed justifiably proud of his achievements. 那孩子似乎為他所取得的成績而自豪，這是合乎情理的。 incidentally, i hope to get better medical treatment there than i ca

55、n possibly get here in the united states. 順便提一下，我希望在那兒能得到比美國更好的治療。,the senior leaders departure could curiously help the two parties sink an ago-long feud. y1:說也奇怪，老一代領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人的離去竟然使這兩個(gè)政黨陷入了長期的政黨之間的不和。 y2:老一代領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人的離去竟然使這兩個(gè)政黨陷入了長期的不和，這確實(shí)讓人百思不得其解。,adjectives (形容詞),he is an identifiable trouble. 他是個(gè)麻煩，大家都看得出來。

56、 he had long been held in cordial contempt by his peers; now that contempt was no longer cordial. 長期以來，同事們雖然看不起他，卻還對他有些親切感；現(xiàn)在，連親切感也沒有了。,nouns (名詞),the movie of me leaving them would look like a shell leaving a rifle. 我逃離他們的速度之快，要是拍成電影，看起來準(zhǔn)象出膛的子彈。 he shook his head and his eyes were wide, then narrow

57、ed in indignation. 他搖了搖頭，兩眼瞪得圓圓的，接著又瞇成一條線，臉上露出了憤怒的神色。,participle phrases (分詞短語),he dismisses my suggestion, regarding it as sheer nonsense. 他根本沒理會我的建議，將其視為一派胡言。 i feel at home among my students, moving confidently without fear. 我和學(xué)生在一起時(shí)，心里踏實(shí)，無憂無慮。,noun phrases (名詞短語),eventually, more as a last hope

58、than with any real confidence in a result, a sub-committee was formed to try to reconcile differences between them. *最后，對其結(jié)果并無真正信心，只是抱有最后一點(diǎn)希望，成立了一個(gè)小組委員會，試圖調(diào)解他們之間的分歧。 調(diào)整:最后成立了一個(gè)小組委員會試圖調(diào)解他們之間的分歧。這只是最后一點(diǎn)希望，對其結(jié)果如何并非真有信心。,prepositional phrases 介詞短語,i talked to him with brutal frankness. 我對他講的話，雖然逆耳，卻是忠言。

59、 their power increased with their number. 他們?nèi)藬?shù)增加了，力量也隨之增強(qiáng)。 he took a house on a lease of ten years. 他租了一棟房子，租期為十年。 he arrived in beijing at a ripe moment internationally. 他來到北京，就國際形勢來說，時(shí)機(jī)正合適。,clauses (從句),he visited many places, in all of which he was received with the usual enthusiasm which attended hi