1、2. Leading Men探險(xiǎn)隊(duì)隊(duì)長(zhǎng),Landon Y. Jones,1.Introduction,For the celebration of the 200th anniversary of the expedition led by Meriwether Lewis and William Clark, the author tells a story about the two men with regard to their personality, their cooperation and their influence on American history.,2. The

2、authorLandon Y. Jones,Jones, who used to be a writer at Time and editor of Money and People magazines, serves on the National Council of the Lewis and Clark Bicentennial(二百周年紀(jì)念). He devotes himself to telling the story of Clark and Lewis perhaps because he grew up in St. Louis, near where Lewis and

3、Clark launched their expedition in 1804 and where Clark spent the last years of his life, and he attended Clark Elementary School.,Landon Jones,He is able to go into the expedition that happened 200 years ago not only by spending a lot of time sitting in libraries leafing through archival (檔案館的) col

4、lections but also by doing fieldwork in sites central to the Lewis and Clark adventure. His biography of William Clark named Iron Will is acclaimed as a definitive (最佳的,不可更改的)one.,3. President Thomas Jefferson,Thomas Jefferson,Thomas Jefferson (April 13, 1743 July 4, 1826) was the third President of

5、 the United States (18011809), the principal author of the Declaration of Independence (1776), and one of the most influential Founding Fathers for his promotion of the ideals of republicanism in the United States. Major events during his presidency include the Louisiana Purchase (1803) and the Lewi

6、s and Clark Expedition (18041806).,4. Louisiana Purchase 1803 路易斯安那購(gòu)置地,Although the Constitution made no provision(規(guī)定,條款) for the acquisition of new land, Jefferson suppressed his qualms (焦慮,不安) over constitutionality when he had the opportunity to acquire the Louisiana Territory from Napoleon in 18

7、03.,Louisiana Purchase 1803 路易斯安那購(gòu)置地 Napoleon 拿破侖,Louisiana Purchase,Territory of the western United States purchased from France in 1803. The largest single territorial addition ever made to the United States, it comprised 2,100,000 sq km(800,000 sq mi) for $15 million, extending from the Gulf of M

8、exico northward to the Canadian border and from the Mississippi River westward to the Rocky Mountains and officially explored by the Lewis and Clark expedition (18041806).,5. Lewis and Clark Expedition,Upon the U.S. purchase of the Louisiana Territory in 1803, President Thomas Jefferson asked Congre

9、ss for $2,500 for an expedition west of the Mississippi. To explore the vast unknown territory of western America, in the winter of 1803-04 the expedition was assembled in Illinois, near St. Louis.,Lewis and Clark Expedition,Jefferson chose his young secretary, captain Meriwether Lewis to head the e

10、xpedition. Lewis invited his friend lieutenant William Clark to share the leadership. Both were familiar with the frontier and with Indians through their service in the army.,Lewis and Clark Expedition: A Military Expedition,The party consisted of 14 soldiers, 9 frontiersmen from Kentucky, 2 French

11、boatmen and Clarks servant, York. On a site close to present-day Stanton, North Dakota, the explorers hired a French interpreter, and his Indian wife, Sacagawea, the sister of a Shoshone chief. While at Fort Mandan, Sacagawea gave birth to a baby boy. As an Indian interpreter she proved invaluable.

12、Her brother later provided the party with guides and horses for the difficult crossing of the lofty Bitterroot Range.,The expedition started near what is now known as Wood River, Illinois, passed through portions of Missouri, Kansas, Iowa（衣阿華）, Nebraska, South Dakota, North Dakota, Montana, Idaho（愛達(dá)

13、荷）, Oregon, and Washington, reached the Pacific Ocean in November 1805. The party reached St. Louis on Sept. 23, 1806. Their arrival caused great rejoicing, for they had been believed dead. They had been gone two years, four months, and nine days, and had traveled about 6,000 miles (9,650 kilometers

14、).,Departure, May 1804; Return, Sep. 1806,Falls of the Ohio, Oct. 1803,Portrait of Meriwether Lewis by Charles Willson Peale, ca 1807.,6. Meriwether Lewis (1774-1809),Meriwether Lewis is remembered as the U.S. explorer who led the first transcontinental expedition to the Pacific Northwest with Willi

15、am Clark. He developed a love of the wilderness and became an expert hunter as a boy. He served in the regular army and became private secretary to President Thomas Jefferson in 1801.,Meriwether Lewis (1774-1809),He studied botany, zoology and navigation to prepare for the mission of exploring the w

16、est. His successful leadership of the expedition and harmonious co-operation with William Clark have made him a worthy memory in the American history of westward movement. Yet his mysterious death in the position of Governor of Louisiana Territory is still a subject of controversy.,7. Portrait of Wi

17、lliam Clark by Charles Willson Peale, ca. 1810.,William Clark (1770-1838),William Clark won fame as an explorer by co-leading the first overland expedition to the Pacific Northwest from 1804 to 1806. William entered military service in 1789 and fought in several campaigns against the Indians. His sh

18、aring with Lewis leadership of the epic transcontinental expedition proved him a daring and resourceful partner, a capable mapmaker and artist.,William Clark (1770-1838),He was awarded 1,600 acres of public land as well as superintendent (主管人) of Indian affairs. From 1813 he served as Governor of th

19、e Missouri Territory and played an essential role in the development of the area.,Text Organization,The text can be roughly divided into four parts. Part I (Paras 1-3) The differences and similarities of the two captains.,New words in the Introduction,send sb. on an exploration of派某人勘探某地: exploratio

20、n: the act of traveling through a place in order to find out about it or look for something in it 探索 the exploration of space 對(duì)宇宙空間的探索 oil exploration石油勘探 Locate a water connection (route)尋找一條水路 expedition: an organized journey with a particular purpose, esp to find out a place that is not known 遠(yuǎn)征,

21、探險(xiǎn),考察 /to go on an expedition to the North Pole去北極考察,Part 1,1. The falls of the Ohio俄亥俄河的瀑布 falls: a large amount of water falling down from a height 2. impossibly close quarters (l. 4): very small places 3. They, and several enlisted men, kept journals whose published throw weight equals 13 volumes

22、, 30 lbs., and 18 in. of bookshelf and approximately 1 million words.,參考譯文,他們和幾個(gè)他們招募的隊(duì)員,寫下的日志出版后達(dá)13卷,30磅,在書架上占了18英寸（1 inch=2.54centimeters, 45.72厘米）,大約有100萬(wàn)字。 throw weight: （導(dǎo)彈的）有效載荷,New words,4. notwithstanding: without being affected by sth; in spite of sth.盡管這樣;雖然 They traveled on, the rain. Lang

23、uage difficulties , he soon grew to love the country and its people. 5. The more we learn about the two captains who gave their names to the Lewis and Clark Expedition, the more powerful becomes their pull on our imagination. pull: influence, power -Their influence on our imagination becomes more po

24、werful when we learn more about them.,Pull,(a) physical force or magnetic attraction found in nature 引力 (b) (fig) force that influences a persons behavior, career: 影響；召喚 *the pull of the wandering life *He felt the pull of the sea again. (c) (infml) influence over other people 影響 *He has a lot of pu

25、ll with the managing director.,參考譯文,撇開這些有明確記載的史實(shí)不談，我們對(duì)兩位隊(duì)長(zhǎng)了解越多-“劉易斯和克拉克探險(xiǎn)”，便是以他們命名的-，他們就益發(fā)強(qiáng)烈地激發(fā)著我們的想象力。,Personality: contrast,6. brooding (Lewis): sad and mysterious or threatening幽怨的，幽思的,森然的 7. genial (Clark): friendly and cheerful友好的,親切的,歡快的,8. The brooding Meriwether Lewis played off against the

26、genial William ClarkJeremy Irons hitting the road with John Goodman. play off against: 使相斗 in contrast to, opposed to hit the road /trail （口）: start on a journey 上路 -Meriwether Lewis as opposed to William Clark - (the contrast is just like) the serious Jeremy Irons going on a journey with the funny

27、John Goodman.,The French Lieutenants Woman Lolita,John Goodman,John Goodman is best known for his role as Dan Conner on the television series Roseanne (19881997) for which he won a Best Actor Golden Globe Award in 1993 John Goodman,Similarities,Both Virginians Army officers Six-footers (1 foot=30.48

28、 centimeters, 1.83m) Experienced outdoorsmen Have experiences dealing with Indians Share interest in ethnology（人種學(xué)）, paleontology（古生物學(xué)）, zoology（動(dòng)物學(xué)）, and botany（植物學(xué)） Fearless spellers,9.They were both fearless spellers. (l 24),Lunar (月亮的),Water melons,Barefooted (光腳的),United States,heard,The first

29、American dictionary: Noah Websters 1806 A Compendious Dictionary of the English Language,They were both fearless spellers. (L. 24),By fearless spellers, Jones refers to the two leaders many creative spellings of their own. Neither of them were afraid of making spelling mistakes.,New words,10. In fai

30、rness: used to introduce a statement that defend sb who has just been criticized公正地說(shuō),不能怪某人 11. erratic: not following any pattern不規(guī)則的,不穩(wěn)定的,Paraphrase,To be just and honest, even those Americans who had received the best education did not consistently spell words correctly until Noah Websters diction

31、ary set the standard spellings of words 20 years later.,Questions,What was Clark like? What was Lewis like?,Key,Lewis was serious and mysterious; Clark was genial, friendly, and cheerful.,Question,2. What experiences and interests do they share?,key,Both Virginians Army officers Six-footers (1 foot=

32、30.48 centimeters, 1.83m) Experienced outdoorsmen Have experiences dealing with Indians Share interest in ethnology（人種學(xué)）, paleontology（古生物學(xué)）, zoology（動(dòng)物學(xué)）, and botany（植物學(xué)） Fearless spellers,Part II (Paras 4-8): Before the expedition,What Lewis and Clark were doing before the expedition and how they

33、received the mission from President Thomas Jefferson. He also tells us two interesting incidents which happened before and at the start of the expedition to reveal their characters.,New words,frontiersman: a man living on the frontier esp one who lived in the Western US during the 19th century 拓荒者 t

34、rekked: spend time walking in mountains and for enjoyment and interest （在山中）遠(yuǎn)足，徒步旅行 3. A youth of solid and promising parts（堅(jiān)定可靠，前途光明的青年） -Clark is a young man with reliable and good abilities for a successful future. He is also very brave like the Roman general and dictator Caesar.,New words,4. Set

35、tle ones debts: pay the money that you owe付清（欠款） /Please settle your bill before leaving the hotel.請(qǐng)先結(jié)帳再離開旅館。 5. a point of land (l. 41): a piece of land -兄弟兩個(gè)當(dāng)時(shí)正住在能俯瞰位于路易斯維爾南部的俄亥俄河的一塊土地上，威廉收到了老戰(zhàn)友寫來(lái)的令他吃驚的信件。 6. Who was practically a surrogate (substitute) father to him : surrogate: a person or thing

36、 that takes the place of 替代的，代用的,Surrogate,*She saw him as a sort of surrogate father. 在她心目中，他像是替代父親角色的人。 *Fiction is a poor surrogate for real experience. *a surrogate mother: a woman who has a baby on behalf of another who is unable to have babies herself.,New words,7. Interior (n)內(nèi)部,里面；腹地 a house

37、 with a classical and a modern exterior; explorers who penetrated deep into the ; -路易斯告訴克拉克說(shuō)，杰斐遜總統(tǒng)派他帶隊(duì)探索“北美內(nèi)陸地區(qū)，或者位于密蘇里河與哥倫比亞河之間的地帶?！贝送?，路易斯想讓克拉克和他一起作探險(xiǎn)隊(duì)長(zhǎng)。 border on: be next to sth; adjoin sth 毗鄰 * The new housing estate borders on the motorway.,New words,8. William accepted “cheerfully,” and “with

38、much pleasure”just in time to prevent Lewis from signing up his backup choice, an army lieutenant named Moses Hooke. sign up/on: to sign a form or contract which says that you agree to do a job or become a soldier使簽約受雇(或入伍) /He signed on for five years in the army. /The company has signed up three t

39、op models for the fashion show. backup choice: alternative co-commander備選人 backup: sth that can be used if the original is lost or damaged 備份,Paraphrase,-If William had accepted Lewiss invitation a little bit later, Lewis would have officially issued the appointment to his alternative, an Army lieut

40、enant named Moses Hooke. .,Diff. sentence,9. When Clarks anticipated commission as a captain instead came through as second lieutenanta misstep that still rankled years laterthey never told their men and treated each other as equals-placing them among the few effective co-CEOS in organizational hist

41、ory. (L.5759),New words,captain: an officer of fairly high rank in the navy, the army and the US air force(海軍)上校,(陸軍或空軍)上尉 second lieutenant: an officer of lower rank in the army (陸軍或空軍)少尉 lieutenant: an officer of middle rank in the army(海軍)上尉;(陸軍或空軍)中尉 misstep: a mistake, a wrong action,Paraphrase

42、,Clark had expected to be commissioned as a captain, however, he was appointed as a second lieutenant. This was a wrong action which made Clark angry and upset years later. But Clark accepted the commission, and the two men never told the team this and treated each other as equals. Their harmonious

43、cooperation made them among the few successful co-CEOs in history.,參考譯文,當(dāng)克拉克預(yù)期的任命由上尉變成少尉時(shí)這是一著多年以后仍讓人耿耿于懷的錯(cuò)棋他們從未告訴過(guò)手下，并且始終平等相待，這使他們躋身管理史上少數(shù)幾位卓有成效的合作首席執(zhí)行官之列。,Questions,1. What were Clarks working experiences? What was he doing shortly before the expedition?,Key,Clark was 33, an experienced soldier and

44、 frontiersman. As an army officer, he had trekked the Ohio valley and fought the Indians. He had resigned his commission in part to help settle his brothers debts.,Question,2. What was Lewis doing then? What was the mission he received from President Jefferson?,Key,Lewis had been working in the Whit

45、e House as Jeffersons private secretary. And the President was a surrogate father to him. He received the mission to explore the interior of the continent of North America, esp to locate a water route between the Pacific and Atlantic oceans.,Question,3. What were the two mens response when Clarks an

46、ticipated commission as a captain instead came through as second lieutenant?,Key,Clark was not happy but accepted it. They never told the team this commission and treated each other as equals.,Part III (Paras 9-13): During the Expedition,The author uses three instances (Paras 9-11) to depict the two

47、 captains different personalities. With so many contrasts, they managed to co-command the expedition successfully through mutual respect, trust and cooperation.,New words,They apportioned (divided up) their operating responsibilities. apportioned: to divide sth among people分配,分派,分擔(dān) operating respons

48、ibilities: 具體工作責(zé)任 2. Clark brokered the crucial early compromise that ended a staredown with the Teton Sioux. broker (vt.): arrange the details of an arrangement, esp between different countries安排,協(xié)商 /a peace plan brokered by the UN -Clark negotiated the most critical early agreement with the Teton

49、Sioux that ended a confrontation.,參考譯文,克拉克與蘇族人談判,達(dá)成了早期一個(gè)重要的協(xié)議,終止了與蘇族人的一次沖突.,New words,3. Mercurial: often changing and reacting in a way that is unexpected多變的;變幻莫測(cè)的 *Emilys mercurial temperament made her difficult to live with. Mercury: the smallest planet in the Solar system, nearest to the sun水星 m

50、ercury: 水銀,New words,6. He could speak fluently and learnedly on all subjects, but his inveterate (hardened) disposition against the British stained, at least in our eyes, all his eloquence. (L. 72) disposition: the natural quality of a persons character性情, (文)傾向 *a boy of calm, cheerful, genial ;,P

51、araphrase,Lewis could speak fluently with good knowledge on all subjects, but his rooted tendency to go against the British damaged his skilful speaking, at least as far as we could see.,New words,7. well-informed: having or showing knowledge or information about many subjects or about one particula

52、r subject見多識(shí)廣,消息靈通的,知識(shí)淵博的 8. for he seemed to dislike giving offense unnecessarily for he never offended anyone when it was unnecessary.他從不無(wú)故冒犯任何人。,Diff. sentence,9. Nothing reveals the captains more than their treatment of Sacagawea. (L. 78-79) -Their different ways of treating the Indian woman Sac

53、agawea shows most clearly the different attitudes of Lewis and Clark.,10. aloof: not friendly or interested in other people冷漠，冷淡 /He was a cold man, aloof and distant.他是個(gè)冷漠嚴(yán)肅的人，令人難以接近。 11. dismiss sb as: to decide that sb/sth is not important or not worth thinking or talking about 不與考慮，認(rèn)為不值一提 /She w

54、as ed as a dreamer. /The police ed this incident as a “misunderstanding”. 12. observe (fml)（1）to make a remark, comment 評(píng)論，說(shuō)話 /He d that it would probably rain. (2) obey rules, laws, etc. *observe the speed limit （3）celebrate (festivals, birthdays, anniversaries),Sacagawea：Sacagawea.doc,A guide An i

55、nterpreter A symbol of peace,13. assume sole leadership: undertake all responsibilities alone 14. forge ahead （L. 90）: go ahead 前進(jìn) The army forged ahead through the snowfield. 15. strike out ahead (L.93) : go ahead 前進(jìn) The swimmers stroke out ahead to cross the English channel. 16. (L. 97) accidental

56、ly shot in the backside意外被擊中后背側(cè),New words,17. Perplexed at the junction of the Missouri and Marias rivers, the men unanimously “pronounced the (north) fork to be the Missouri,” When the party was confused and didnt know which river was the Missouri, they listened to their leaders. unanimously: if a

57、group of people are unanimous, , they all agree about sth意見一致，一致同意 fork: a place where a road, river divides into two parts; either of there two parts分叉處,分流處,岔路,支流,New words,18. overruled: to change a decision or reject an idea from a position of greater power（以權(quán)利）否決，拒絕 -The party trusted both leade

58、rs completely. There was littler argument or tension between them.,New words,19. look over their shoulders: to be anxious and have the feeling that sb is going to do sth unpleasant or harmful to you惴惴不安，小心提防 20. contend with (L. 109): struggle against, 同搏斗 Many lower-class people in the developing c

59、ountries are contending with poverty. 21. blizzard (L. 109) n. A very heavy snowstorm with high winds. 大風(fēng)雪; 伴隨有大風(fēng)的大雪 22. broiling (L. 109) /n. very hot, heating, 酷熱的, 熾熱的,New words,23. boiling: dangerous and violent 24. rapids: part of a river where the water flows very fast, usu over rocks（河的）急流；湍急的河水 -當(dāng)他們和31名隊(duì)員與饑餓、疾病、大風(fēng)雪、烈日、急流、狂暴的灰熊以及無(wú)情的“蚊蟲”叮咬的折磨搏斗時(shí)，我們就在他們身邊。 25. We know about the Indians who helped them,Pocahontas and John Smith,Diff. sentence,27. We are in the canoe with Clark when he writes, “Ocean in view! O! the