1、Lecture 4,Non-verbal communication -Space, body language, time, touch, voice,1. Space,Personal space,What is personal space?,Personal space is the region surrounding each person, or that area which a person considers their domain or territory.,What is personal space?,Often if entered by another bein

2、g without this being desired, it makes them feel uncomfortable.,Personal space,Generally speaking, people from cold areas need larger personal space than those from warm areas. E.g.: Indian,The average personal distance varies from culture to culture.,Personal space,Personal space,Those who live in

3、a densely populated environment tend to have smaller personal space requirements.,Personal space,Personal space can also be heavily affected by a persons position in society, with the more affluent a person being the larger personal space he demands. It is variable and difficult to measure accuratel

4、y. (for an average westerner) 24.5 inches (60 centimeters) on either side, 27.5 inches (70 centimeters) in front and 15.75 inches (40 centimeters) behind,Personal space-exceptions,People usually make exceptions to modify their space requirements, when they see an immediate need or reason to temporar

5、ily allow a change in their usual personal space needs. Often a persons comfort zone is different depending upon where they are and who they are with. In certain circumstances people can accept having their personal space violated.,Personal space-exceptions,In romantic relationships, the lack of per

6、sonal space is usually expected as well as desired.,Personal space-exceptions,Similarly family members often welcome hugs and affection in exchange for their personal space.,These close and personal situations are often built on high levels of trust.,Personal space-exceptions,Crowded events: such as

7、 concerts, fairs, sports arenas, buses and elevators, normally dont leave room for ample personal space.,Zones of Personal Space,In 1966 Anthropologist Edward Hall identified four different zones of personal space Americans like to keep around them.,Personal space in the US,Intimate distance: extend

8、s roughly 18 inches (45.7 cm) from the individual and is reserved for family, pets and very close friends.,Personal distance: extends 18 inches to 4 feet (.457 - 1.5 m) is reserved for friends and acquaintances.,Social distance: extends from about 4 to 12 feet (1.2 - 3.7 meters) and is used for form

9、al, business and other impersonal interactions such as meeting a client.,Public Space: extends more than 12 feet (3.7 m) and is not guarded. Secret Service agents will commonly attempt to ensure 12feet (3.7m) of open space around dignitaries and high ranking officials.,2. Body Language,Body language

10、 is an important part of nonverbal communication and it is connected with culture. In order to make successful exchange in intercultural communication, we should know the body language from different cultures.,1) Body movements: also known as body language or kinesics Including gestures, head moveme

11、nts, facial expressions, eye behaviors, etc. Ekman and Friesen: five categories of kinesic behaviors: emblems, illustrators, affect displays, regulators, adaptors,Emblems 象征性動作 OK, Victory Illustrators 說明性動作 used with verbal messages, to indicate accuracy and help explain, eg. Calling for a taxi Aff

12、ect displays 情緒表露性動作 facial and body movements many are universally recognized, such as happiness, sadness, anger, fear, surprise, disgust, contempt, interest Unconscious and unintentional, eg. Startled look of surprise, a blush of embarrassment Conscious and intentional, purposeful smile and look a

13、t another person to convey warmth and affection,Regulators 調(diào)節(jié)性動作 sequencing in conversation, used by speakers to indicate whether others should take a turn and by listeners to indicate whether they wish to speak or would prefer to continue listening High-context cultures: eyes (p.204-205) Adaptors 適

14、應(yīng)性動作 personal body movements that occur as a reaction to an individuals physical or psychological state. Self-adaptors, alter-directed adaptors, object-adaptors Eg.: Scratching an itch, fidgeting (unrest), tapping a pencil, smoothing ones hair Often performed unconsciously,Classification,Eye languag

15、e Postures Touch Facial expressions,Eye language,As saying goes “The eyes are the window of the soul”. we can read ones mind through his/her eyes. Eye language can express complicated feelings and it is an important way to judge the intimacy of communicators.,If two Chinese are in conversation, they

16、 will look at each other warmly. Because they think eyes are the key of their existence. But in American eyes, they think this behavior is unsuitable or a homosexual behavior.,The educated Englishmen believe direct eye contact with our communicators is gentlemanly. But Swedish use eye language more

17、often than Englishmen.,And the French especially like to look attentively at the other communicators with admiration. Japanese often look at the other communicators neck when they are in conversation. They believe eye contact is impolite.,Postures,“Posture is a matter of how people sit, walk, stand

18、and move.”,According to Chinese tradition, people who are sitting have right to take charge of others: Monarch sits and officer stands; father sits and son stands; leader sits and employee stands and so on. So the younger give the old a seat to show respect.,But in America and Britain, people who ar

19、e in charge of others have tendency to stand. They will make use of the height of space to indicate the high status.,Touch,Touch refers to the way people exchange information by touching ones body. The most common touch behavior is hands shaking and hugs.,In China, people greet with each other with

20、head nodding, smile, hand shaking and so on. Even good friends just hold hands for a short time or hammer softly on the other friends shoulder.,In English speaking countries, people used to hug or kiss each other in public between males and females, which is unacceptable and only exists between love

21、rs and couples in private in China.,In America, common friends and acquaintances will avoid body touch. Even in the elevator, body touch is not allowed. Touching the other people slightly or unconsciously, people will say “Sorry”, “Very Sorry”, “Excuse me” in a hurry to express apology.,Facial expre

22、ssions,We constantly read facial expressions to understand what others are feeling. The face provides vital clues to our own feelings and those of the people around us.,In many cultures, smiles are signs of happiness or friendliness, like America and China. When we have guests at home, we will smile

23、 to show welcome. But American Indians will cry to express welcome. Smiles will not only represent happiness and friendliness but also indicate apology and understanding.,Conclusion,The study of body language makes us understand others very well and behave in proper ways. Only when we make a clear u

24、nderstanding on body language, can we use body language of English speaking countries to make an efficient communication and avoid misunderstanding.,3. Time,Chronemics,Chronemics is the study of the use of time in nonverbal communication. The way we perceive time, structure our time and react to tim

25、e is a powerful communication tool, and helps set the stage for communication.,Time systems,Technical time systems Formal time systems Informal time systems,Technical time systems,The precise, scientific measurements of time that are calculated in units E.g.: light year atomic pulses,Formal time sys

26、tems,Refer to the ways in which units of time are described and comprehended by the members of a culture E.g.: century, year, month, week, day, hour, minute, second, etc. Phases of the moon, changing seasons, rising and falling of the tides, etc.,Formal time systems,Seven Characteristics: 1. orderin

27、g 2. cyclicity 3. valuation 4. tangibility 5. synthesisity 6. duration 7. depth,Seven Characteristics,Ordering the sequences of events are invariable Cyclicity time is the circulation of time units Valuation time is precious and should be cherished Tangibility time is commodity; can be gained, waste

28、d, spent, lost, saved, and measured, etc.,Time is money.一寸光陰一寸金一刻千金。 Time and tide wait for no man歲月不等人。 Lost time is never found again光明一去不復(fù)返。 We have only a short life to live人生朝露。 Life is but a span人生一世，草木一秋。 Strike while the iron is hot趁熱打鐵。 Never put off till tomorrow what you can do today今日事，今

29、日畢。一生待明日，萬事成蹉跎。 The early birds catches the worm捷足先登。 A stich in time saves nine一針不補，十針難縫。,Seven Characteristics,Synthesisity time is accumulated; the larger units of time are made up by smaller ones Duration Depth the past is the foundation of the present,Informal time systems,Refer to the assumpti

30、ons that cultures make about how time should be used or experienced Monochronic-time or M-time Polychronic-time or P-time,M-time system,People who have a monochronic concept of time regard it as a commodity: time can be gained, lost, spent, wasted, or saved. In this orientation, time is linear, with

31、 one event happening at a time. In general, monochronic cultures value highly punctuality, completing tasks, and keeping to schedules. E.g.: North America and Northern Europe,P-time system,A polychronic orientation conceptualizes time as more holistic, perhaps more circular: many events can happen a

32、t once. Personal involvement is more important than schedules where the emphasis lies on personal relationships rather than keeping appointments on time. E.g.: Latin America and the Middle East,Many international business negotiations and technical assistance projects fail because of differences in

33、time orientation. International students and business personnel often complain that U.S. Americans do not care enough about relationships and about the personal aspects of living.,Plan in advance,To plan an activity in advance is a significant feature of modern social life. Meetings, appointments, a

34、nd social activities, etc.,Punctuality,Begin at 7pmarrive at 7pm (punctual?) Formal activities: In Britain and north America: on time/less than 5 minutes late In Arabian countries: 15 minutes late is normal and acceptable Family dinners: In English speaking countries, 10 minutes late is acceptable,

35、but never arrive before the time In China, we usually think that it is polite to arrive before the time.,Time Length of an activity,In Arabian countries and Latin American countries, the time length of social activities is longer than that in Britain and north American countries. Short: inhospitable

36、 and unfriendly In China, it is usually less than 3 hours.,4. Touch,Definition of touch,Touch, which is known as haptics Most basic component of human communication. One of the nonverbal communication. it can create a more direct message than dozens of words Touch communication occurs first in a hum

37、an beings life; in the mothers womb the child kicks,5 types / functions,Affect Playfulness Control Ritualistic Task-related -by Stanley Jones and A. Elaine Yarbrouhgh.,1.Affect positive and negative feelings,Positive meaning of touch -Connection to people -Provide affirmation, reassurance and stimul

38、ation - Decrease self-esteem Warmth Approval Emotional support,Negative meaning of touch Frustration Anger Aggression Punishment Invasion of personal space and privacy Subservient (奉承) relationship,Hugging Stroking Kissing Slapping Hitting kicking,2. Playfulness These touches serve to lighten an int

39、eraction. These touches communicate a double message since they always involve a play signal, either verbal or nonverbal, which indicates the behavior is not to be taken seriously. affectionate aggressive,Playful affection: Serve to lighten interaction. The seriousness of the positive message is dim

40、inished by the play signal. These touches indicate teasing and are usually mutual. Playful aggression: Like playful affection these touches are used to serve to lighten interaction, however, the play signal indicates aggression. These touches are initiated, rather than mutual.,3. Control : These tou

41、ches serve to direct the behavior, attitude, or feeling state of the recipient. The key feature of these touches is that almost all of the touches are initiated by the person who attempts influence. compliance, attention-getting, and announcing a response.,Compliance: Attempts to direct behavior of

42、another person, and often, by implication, to influence attitudes or feelings. Attention-getting: Serve to direct the touch recipients perceptual focus toward something. Announcing a response: Call attention to and emphasize a feeling state of initiator; implicitly requests affect response from anot

43、her.,4. Ritualistic These touches consist of greeting and departure touches. They serve no other function than to help make transitions in and out of focused interaction.,Greeting: Serve as part of the act of acknowledging another at the opening of an encounter. Departure: Serve as a part of the act

44、 of closing an encounter,5. Task-related These touches are directly associated with the performance of a task. this is usually related to a job or, maybe not necessarily even a work job, that where you earn your income, but any kind of jobs where touch is essential. i.e) a hair dresser, a massage person, nail person and so on,Culture and touch,1. The amount of