1、第1章英文原文：Abstract - A vehicle is consider Green when it more environmentally friendly than the traditional petroleum combustion engine, in which includes any nontraditional vehicle like, HEV, Plug In, EV, Fuel Cell, Bio fuel etc. that improves fuel economy. The development of electric vehicle has bee

2、n over a hundred years but failure to gain the public acceptance in various stages due to various reasons which explained. While EV was never mass produced, Hybrid electric vehicle gains the momentum in recent years. Ford has launched its second generation of HEV and GM also announced the debut of t

3、he Volt in 2010. Comparing to the regular HEV, Plug in is the new trend in hybrid auto development due to extend travel range in electrical mode and a possibility of a zero emission as long as travel distance is less than charging threshold. However, more recently, an electrification trend in automo

4、tive industry has been evolved and will revolutionize the industry. With the correct policy and government help and advancement of electric vehicle technology, the prospect of Electric Vehicle will be bright and the focus point of future development.Keywords ：electric vehicle, hybrid, plug in, green

5、, historyINTRODUCTIONAs associated with energy independence and environmental issue, alternative fuel vehicle, especially Electric and Hybrid electric vehicle has become part of the government policy all over the world. The united State mandates a stricter fuel economy standard. China issued a new e

6、nergy vehicle policy to accelerate & subsidize the deployment of electric this year and set a goal of 500k for 2011. Hong Kong also set a clear vision for EV application in the near future.As for the auto industry, a silent green resolution is undergo significant transformation after gasoline price

7、rose significantly to exceed US$2 level and market demands for such vehicle. The industry introduced more fuel efficient HEVs and less polluted vehicles to the market. As Oil price surged rapidly during the last few years, the phenomenon has pushed pure electric vehicle development regaining tractio

8、n among automakers and governments.The consumer market has brought significant gain in alternative fuel vehicle as well as HEV and electric vehicles. A HEV study (Fig. 1) conducted by Polk & Company indicated an upward trend of market share of HEV sales in United State and Western Europe. An even bi

9、gger share of HEV and EV were predicted when they combined. In fact, selection of HEV models from OEMs have grown from two (Insight & Prius) in 2000 to more than twenties as today. Sales of the HEV are in the fast track along with more than 300,000 HEV sold in 20072. Further known commitments of HEV

10、 and electric vehicle from OEM will improve the HEV production even more. Adding plug-in and electric vehicle to the line up will strengthen and accelerate the current electrification trend.Chevy Volt, the first plug-in hybrid, and a bunch of planned electric vehicles saluted for end consumer in the

11、 North America will lead to a round of new energy vehicle in the market.HISTORY OF ELECTRIC VEHICLE DEVELOPMENTThe development of electric vehicle has a long history. Since the invention of electric motor, electric vehicle has been around for 150 years. From simple non-chargeable to modern state of

12、art control system, the development of Electric vehicle can be classified into three stages:A. Early development stageElectric vehicle was considered among the earliest automobile and well ahead of combustion engine. It dominated the vehicle registration with 3:1 comparing to gasoline vehicles in th

13、e late 1920s to 1930s and held most of the land vehicle performance record in early 1900s. It was a major transportation tool and widely used in the society for local transportation improved from horse carriages. Until 1930, electric vehicle leadership was overtaken by gasoline vehicle development a

14、nd was never able to reclaim the status for following reasons: Maturity of Gasoline vehicle and can be mass produced at a reasonable cost. With the mass production of Model T & manufacture process revolution, vehicles became suddenly available to general public and proceed as a way to improve life;

15、Gasoline vehicle took over as the leader and surpass electric vehicle both in performance and cost. Infrastructure improvement and demand of inter-city travel required a longer travel distance that was never able to exploit by electric vehicle before. Lacking of charge infrastructure development, re

16、liable electricity transmission and limited travel distance, electric vehicle no longer suited for consumer demand and lost the edge to regular gasoline vehicle. Limited or no electrical infrastructure support forced the resignation and abundance of earlier electric vehicle.Widely discovery of gasol

17、ine in the sate and ready availability of cheap fuel also contributed the spread of gasoline vehicle. Petrol in the 1930s provided a direct cheap source of energy for vehicle transportation. It could be carried around by container which enabled and extended the mobility of owning a vehicle.B. Midter

18、m development (1930s-1980s)Electric vehicle production and development came to a halt as personal transportation after combustion engine took over in 1935. Political sensitivity with OPEC created a necessity of energy independence during the 1960s and 1970s. U.S Government and environmentalist reint

19、roduced tougher fuel efficient standard for the industry and ignited a board interest in electric vehicle in the period. Energy crisis in early 70s driven the US postal service placed a large order of 350 EV test fleet. It is the highest node of midterm development. However, partly due to limited pe

20、rformance, other governmental priorities, lack of board infrastructure support and range of corporation participation, the development quiet down quickly during this period.C. Modern DevelopmentModern EV development was dominated by EV1 who produced by GM for fleet application. Following a program f

21、unded by Department of Energy, Ford developed EV Ranger pick up truck, Toyota provided Rav4 EV and Honda had an EV available as well during late 1990s and early 2000s. Unfortunately, this short surge of EV availability did not realized into commercial production because of a complicated issue of pol

22、itics, economic, education and technology that includes vehicle production cost and safety concerns. EV1, Ranger, Rav4 and Honda EV were intended for fleet test only, almost all the vehicles has been discontinued, destroyed and recycled. Only a handful of electric vehicles were survived under the ha

23、nds of EV enthusiasts.D. Modern HEV developmentHowever, in 1999 and early 2000s, a new type of electric vehicle emerged from pure electric vehicle. Honda introduced the first HEV, Honda Insight, to the US Market that brought another milestone in auto industry. With brisk market acceptance and succes

24、s of the Prius, HEV technology shows it maturity and potential. Ford introduced the first American hybrid electric vehicle, Escape SUV HEV, during the Manhattan on a Tank event and registered 600 miles/tank in congestive city traffic that opened a new era of competition in US among HEVs. By year of

25、2008, the HEV sales were more than 2.5% for total sales volume. In deep, the next generation of HEV from Toyota, Honda and Ford has introduced into 2009 with further refinement along updated technology. Fuel efficiency has improved as well.Toyota is the clear leader in the HEV arena base on volume a

26、nd range of models with it “synergy drive system”. Honda and Ford are right behind with their offering in full hybrids. GM offers its “two mode” technology in hybrid passenger cars and trucks as well.E. Future DevelopmentAs gasoline price rise rapidly, combined with environmental concern, the societ

27、y renews the call for social responsibility. Electric Vehicle and other AFV suddenly becomes popular again.With announcement of the Chevy Volt plug-in concept couple years ago and pure electric vehicle from Nissan, a new round of EV development has resurrected into OEMs cycle plan in the up coming y

28、ears. The fruit of this EV trend will be seen in the next three years.Comparing to previous electric vehicle development, there are a few factors that will ensure this initiation be successful in the future:Vehicle operators are the direct target customers of developing EV. Market driven approach al

29、ways creates competitive and attractive products at reasonable cost and performance.Early technology and environmental adopter will the initial leaders and users. They are willing to support and has the capability to influence the success. Also various education programs and EV initiatives transform

30、 general understanding of fuel efficient vehicles and their benefits. Warm acceptance of electric vehicle is high in the coming years.Cooperation in charge station and infrastructure development has gained attention at different level. Various business models are being explored. The industry and gov

31、ernment are confident that final plan will reach prior to the mass launch of electric vehicle.Energy storage technology improvement makes lithium battery application became safe in vehicle. Sophistication of system management upgrades and improves electric vehicle to a comparable level of combustion

32、 engine. Lastly, proper government policy provides a development foundation for the industry. Special tax incentives and subsidy will offset consumer burden for purchasing electric vehicle. It is a confident vote for the product when government is willing to provide financial and strategic support.I

33、II. CONCLUSIONLike many emerging technology, electric vehicle development and application have been around for a long time, but until recently, the technology has not really taken off. Even though HEV started as a good alternative to gasoline vehicle and well publicized by the media, but it only rep

34、resented as the intermediate step or near term solution. Government regulation and environmental prospect, in particular will drive the adoption of transportation electrification. Electric vehicle will be the final goal. Along with new electric vehicle development on the way, it will also introduce

35、tremendous opportunity in associated technology especially in Power electronics. We shall utilize this opportunity and contribute to the green trend.第2章中文譯文：引言：一輛汽車被認(rèn)為是綠色的，如果這部車比傳統(tǒng)燃油內(nèi)燃機(jī)對(duì)環(huán)境更友好，而這種汽車包含了任何非傳統(tǒng)的汽車，如混合動(dòng)力汽車，包括EV，燃油電池，生物燃料等提高了燃油經(jīng)濟(jì)性。電動(dòng)車的開(kāi)發(fā)已超過(guò)100年，但未能獲得公眾接受在不同階段，由于各種原因的解釋。雖然從來(lái)沒(méi)有大規(guī)模生產(chǎn)電動(dòng)汽車，混合動(dòng)力

36、電動(dòng)汽車在近幾年增長(zhǎng)的勢(shì)頭。福特已經(jīng)推出了第二代混合動(dòng)力汽車和通用汽車公司也宣布在2010年首演。相較于普通混合動(dòng)力汽車，堵塞是由于混合動(dòng)力汽車的發(fā)展模式，擴(kuò)大旅游范圍和電力的一個(gè)零排放的可能性，只要行走距離的新趨勢(shì)比收費(fèi)門檻低。但是，最近以來(lái)，在汽車行業(yè)的電氣化趨勢(shì)已經(jīng)形成，它將改變這個(gè)行業(yè)。有了正確的政策和政府的幫助和電動(dòng)汽車技術(shù)的進(jìn)步，對(duì)電動(dòng)汽車的前景將是光明和未來(lái)發(fā)展的聚焦點(diǎn)。關(guān)鍵字 - 電動(dòng)汽車，混合動(dòng)力，插入，綠色，歷史1 引言由于能源獨(dú)立和環(huán)境問(wèn)題，替代燃料車輛，特別是電力和混合動(dòng)力電動(dòng)汽車已經(jīng)成為相關(guān)政府政策的一部分，在世界各地。美國(guó)推廣了一項(xiàng)更嚴(yán)格的燃油經(jīng)濟(jì)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。中國(guó)發(fā)布了一

37、項(xiàng)新能源汽車補(bǔ)貼政策，以加速和部署今年的電力，并為2011年50萬(wàn)的目標(biāo)。香港還成立了電動(dòng)汽車在不久的將來(lái)應(yīng)用的清晰版本。至于汽車行業(yè)，無(wú)聲的綠色解決方案是經(jīng)過(guò)重大改造后的汽油價(jià)格大幅上漲超過(guò)2美元的水平，并為這些車輛的市場(chǎng)需求。業(yè)引進(jìn)更多的混合電動(dòng)汽車的燃油效率和減少污染車輛的市場(chǎng)。由于石油價(jià)格上漲在過(guò)去幾年里發(fā)展很快，這種現(xiàn)象已使純電動(dòng)汽車發(fā)展的汽車制造商和政府之間恢復(fù)牽引力。消費(fèi)市場(chǎng)帶來(lái)了替代燃料汽車以及混合動(dòng)力汽車和電動(dòng)汽車重大增益。HEV研究波爾卡公司進(jìn)行的市場(chǎng)調(diào)查顯示，如在西歐國(guó)家和美國(guó)混合動(dòng)力電動(dòng)汽車的銷售份額上升的趨勢(shì)。戊型肝炎病毒的一個(gè)更大的份額和EV進(jìn)行了預(yù)測(cè)時(shí)，他們結(jié)合起

38、來(lái)。事實(shí)上，從原始設(shè)備制造商選擇混合動(dòng)力汽車模型已經(jīng)從2000年是只可選擇2款（本田的insight和豐田的Pries）到今天的可選擇20款之多。在混合動(dòng)力汽車的銷量在快速軌道以及更多的混合動(dòng)力汽車在2007年超過(guò)30萬(wàn)出售。進(jìn)一步已知的混合動(dòng)力汽車和電動(dòng)汽車原始設(shè)備制造商承諾將改善混合動(dòng)力汽車產(chǎn)量甚至更多。添加插件和電動(dòng)車的線路將進(jìn)一步加強(qiáng)和加快目前電氣化的趨勢(shì)。雪佛蘭伏特，第一款插入式混合動(dòng)力車，和一堆計(jì)劃（生產(chǎn)）電動(dòng)汽車（銷售商）為對(duì)北美北美最終消費(fèi)者表示敬意將在北美市場(chǎng)上引出一輪新能源汽車。2 電動(dòng)汽車發(fā)展史 電動(dòng)車的發(fā)展有著悠久的歷史。由于電動(dòng)機(jī)的發(fā)明，電動(dòng)汽車已經(jīng)出現(xiàn)了150年。從

39、簡(jiǎn)單的非充電控制系統(tǒng)，以藝術(shù)的現(xiàn)代國(guó)家，對(duì)電動(dòng)車的發(fā)展可分為三個(gè)階段劃分。2.1早期開(kāi)發(fā)階段電動(dòng)車被認(rèn)為是最早的汽車和內(nèi)燃機(jī)遙遙領(lǐng)先。它與比較主導(dǎo)20世紀(jì)20年代末到30年代3:1汽油車輛的車輛登記，并于1900年代初的土地大部分車輛性能記錄。這是一個(gè)重大的交通手段和廣泛的社會(huì)使用當(dāng)?shù)亟煌◤鸟R車改善。直到1930年，電動(dòng)汽車領(lǐng)導(dǎo)和取代汽油車的發(fā)展，是永遠(yuǎn)無(wú)法回收的狀況，原因如下：成熟的汽油車，并且可以在合理的成本大規(guī)模生產(chǎn)。隨著T型車大規(guī)模生產(chǎn)和制造過(guò)程的革命，車輛突然成為可供一般公眾，進(jìn)而以此來(lái)改善生活;汽油汽車接任領(lǐng)導(dǎo)和趕超的電動(dòng)汽車的性能和成本?；A(chǔ)設(shè)施的改善和城市間的交通需求，往往需要

40、較長(zhǎng)的旅行距離，從來(lái)沒(méi)有能夠利用由電動(dòng)車前。缺乏基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施的發(fā)展費(fèi)用，可靠的電力傳輸和有限的旅行距離，電動(dòng)汽車已不再適合消費(fèi)者的需求，失去了優(yōu)勢(shì)，以普通汽油車。有限或沒(méi)有電子基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施的支持被迫辭職和早期電動(dòng)車數(shù)量。儲(chǔ)量豐富的汽油礦藏被廣泛發(fā)現(xiàn)，以及廉價(jià)燃料造就了燃汽交通工具的廣泛傳播。在20世紀(jì)30年代石油能源直接提供了廉價(jià)的運(yùn)輸車輛來(lái)源。它可以進(jìn)行這使周圍的貨柜，延長(zhǎng)車輛的擁有流動(dòng)性2.2 中期發(fā)展階段(1930-1980)電動(dòng)車生產(chǎn)和發(fā)展來(lái)作為個(gè)人交通停止燃燒后發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)發(fā)生在1935年結(jié)束。政治敏感性與歐佩克期間創(chuàng)建60和70年代的能源獨(dú)立的必要性。美國(guó)政府和環(huán)保重新提出更嚴(yán)格的燃料效率標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的行業(yè)，點(diǎn)燃一期間在電動(dòng)汽車板的興趣。能源驅(qū)動(dòng)的美國(guó)郵政服務(wù)70年代初的危機(jī)放在了350電動(dòng)汽車試驗(yàn)車隊(duì)大訂單。這是中期發(fā)展的最高節(jié)點(diǎn)。然而，部分原因是由于性能有限，其他政府優(yōu)先事項(xiàng)，董事會(huì)對(duì)公司的基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施支持和參與范圍，在此期間發(fā)展低調(diào)而迅速的下降。2.3 現(xiàn)代發(fā)展階段現(xiàn)代電動(dòng)汽車發(fā)展的主導(dǎo)力量是由通用汽車生產(chǎn)的EV1，車隊(duì)中的應(yīng)用。繼美國(guó)能源部資助的計(jì)劃，福特開(kāi)發(fā)的電動(dòng)汽車護(hù)理拿起卡車