1、1、細(xì)節(jié)理解題 (questions of details) 2、詞義猜測(cè)題 (words in context) 3、推理判斷題 (questions of inference) 4、主旨?xì)w納題 (main idea),Reading Comprehension,4、主旨?xì)w納題 (main idea),Question forms:,1.主題類,（1).The main idea of the passage is _. (2). The passage is mainly about _. (3). What is the passage mainly about? (4). Which

2、of the following statement can best summarize/ sum up the main idea of the passage? (5). Whats the main point/main idea/central thought of the passage?,Question forms:,2.標(biāo)題類,（1).The best title/headline for this passage might be_. (2).The text (Passage) could be entitled _. (3).What is the best title

3、 for the passage? (4).Which of the following would be suitable as a title for the passage?,3.作者意圖類,(1).The authors main purpose in writing the passage is _. (2).The passage is meant to _. (3).The purpose of this article is _. (4). The authors purpose is to show _.,主旨大意,How do we get the main idea fr

4、om a paragraph or passage?,查找主旨、標(biāo)題時(shí)，注意最基本、 最具有概括力的信息。,1.Choose the most general word.A) chemist B) physicist C) scientist D) biologist,2.Choose the most general sentence. A) The hotel offers complimentary coffee from 7 to 10 a.m. daily. B) There are many reasons why guests feel at home at the Glorie

5、tta Bay Inn. C) The coin-operated laundry room has an ironing board. D) There are a number of extra services at the Glorietta Bay Inn including baby-sitting.,1 English is clearly an international language. It is spoken by pilots and airport control operators on all the airways of the world. Over 70

6、percent of the worlds radio programs are in English.,Find the topic sentence,2.Let us consider how voice training may contribute to personality development and an improved social adjustment. In the first place, it has been fairly well established that individuals tend to become what they believe oth

7、er people think them to be. When people react more favorably toward us because our voices convey the impression that we are friendly, competent, and interesting, there is a strong tendency for us to develop those qualities in our personality. If we are treated with respect by others, we soon come to

8、 have more respect for ourselves. Then, too, ones own consciousness of having a pleasant, effective voice of which he does not need to be ashamed contributes materially to a feeling of poise（泰然自若）, self-confidence, and a just pride in himself. A good voice, like good clothes can do much for an ego（自

9、我） that otherwise might be inclined to droop（萎靡）. The title that best expresses the ideas of this passage is:A) Our Ego B) The Reflection of Our Personality C) How to Acquire a Pleasant Voice D) Voice Training in Personality Development,Tip 1:at the beginning 主題句( Topic sentence)在段首:一個(gè)主題句常常是一個(gè)段落的開頭，

10、其后的句子則是論證性細(xì)節(jié)。在議論文，科技文獻(xiàn)和新聞報(bào)道中多采用這種格式。,3. Some students prefer a strict teacher who tells them exactly what to do. Others prefer to be left to work on their own(by themselves) . Still others like a democratic(民主的) discussion type of class. No one teaching method can be devised(design) to satisfy all s

11、tudents at the same time.,4. Handshaking, though a European practice, is now often seen in big cities of China. It is said that long long ago in Europe when people met, they showed their unarmed (無武器的) hands to each other as a sign of goodwill. As time went on and trade in cities grew rapidly, peopl

12、e in cities began to clap each others hands to make a deal or to reach an agreement. This practice was later changed into shaking hands among friends on meeting or leaving each other. “Lets shake (hands) on it” sometimes means agreement reached. Do the Europeans shake hands wherever they go and with

13、 whomever they meet? No. Sometimes the Chinese abroad reach out their hands too often to be polite. It is really very impolite to give your hand when the other party, especially when it is a woman, shows little interest in shaking hands with you and when the meeting does not mean anything to him or

14、her. Even if, for politeness, he holds out his unwilling hand in answer to your uninvited hand, just touch it slightly. There is generally a misunderstanding(誤解) among the Chinese that westerners are usually open and straightforward, while the Chinese are rather reserved (保守的) in manner. But in fact

15、 some people in western countries are more reserved than some Chinese today. So it is a good idea to shake hands with a westerner only when he shows interest in further relations with you.,67. The main purpose of the text is_.A. to tell us some differences between the East and the WestB. to offer us

16、 some important facts about handshakingC. to introduce us to some different customs in the WestD. to give us some advice before we travel abroad,Tip 2: at the end 主題句在段尾。作者先擺出事實(shí)依據(jù), 層層推理論證, 最后自然得出結(jié)論, 即段落的主題。本段的中心思想在結(jié)尾句得到體現(xiàn),它是此段內(nèi)容的結(jié)論。,5. We surveyed local residents in three university towns throughout

17、 the state to find out their opinions on the students in those towns. We questioned over three thousand people and found that since our last survey three years ago, attitudes towards students have changed considerably. “Lazy” “scruffy” and “bad-mannered” was how more than 40% of those questioned des

18、cribed students， up from 22% in the last survey. This year only 25% considered students to be “polite” and “friendly” compared with 39% three years ago. Overall, 49% considered students to be a positive part of the town compared to 58% last time.,3. 有些段落的主題句被安排在段落的中間,since our last survey three year

19、s ago, attitudes towards students have changed considerably.,Passage D 6. If you were planning to buy a television set, the following advertisement would certainly draw your attention: “Color TV. Only 79. Two days sale. Hurry.” However, when you go to the store ready to buy. You may discover that th

20、ey are sold out. But the shop assistant is quick to tell you that he has another model, a much better set which is “just right for you”. It costs 395. This sales method is called “bait and switch”. Buyers are baited with a sales advertisement, and then they are switched to another more expensive one

21、. Buying items on sale needs careful consideration of the goods and the reason for the sale. The paragraph could be entitled _. A. Buying A TV Set B. A Selling Method C. Buyer Beware D. TV On Sale,(detail) (detail) (detail),An example ( detail),effects,the topic sentence is in the middle of the pass

22、age.,Tip 3: at the middle 主題句在段中。開段的句子作為引題，而主題則由隨之引出的句子來表達(dá)。為了闡明主題思想，在主題句后，仍有一些句子陳述細(xì)節(jié)。其層次為：引題-主題-解釋（細(xì)節(jié)）。,7.Good manners are important in all countries, but ways of expressing good manners are different from country to country. Americans eat with knives and forks; Japanese eat with chopsticks. America

23、ns say “Hi” when they meet; Japanese bow. Many American men open doors for women; Japanese men do not. On the surface在表面上 , it appears that good manners in America are not good manners in Japan, and in a way this is true. But in any country, the only manners that are important are those involving on

24、e persons behavior toward another person. In all countries it is good manners to behave considerately towards others and bad manners not to. It is only the way of behaving politely that differs from country to country.,8. Theres as an old Saying: “A coward （懦夫） dies many times; a hero dies but once.

25、” So it is with newspaperstheir death has been predicted many times, but they are still with us. But will they be with us forever? Newspapers have survived as long as they have because they can bring an in-depth coverage of issues that require time and consideration. Readers go to newspapers to lear

26、n about complex issues. Reputable newspapers become opinion leaders in their editorial and commentary columns, quite apart from their ability to investigate issues and become breakers of important news. However, the threat of the internet is likely to prove profound. Many young people now turn to th

27、e Web for news. However much radio and television led the attack on the newspaper as a news source, one of its main sources of income advertisings remained intact （未受影響的）. Not only does the Web take readers, it also takes advertising. Many newspapermen see the threat of the Web as being of a new kin

28、d. Some publications will go under, but those which serve specialized markets and which are commercially solid will survive. The death of the newspaper has been predicted many times, but the newspaper is still with us and is likely to remain so.,Theres as an old Saying: “A coward （懦夫） dies many time

29、s; a hero dies but once.” So it is with newspaperstheir death has been predicted many times, but they are still with us. But will they be with us forever? Newspapers have survived as long as they have because they can bring an in-depth coverage of issues that require time and consideration. Readers

30、go to newspapers to learn about complex issues. Reputable newspapers become opinion leaders in their editorial and commentary columns, quite apart from their ability to investigate issues and become breakers of important news. However, the threat of the internet is likely to prove profound. Many you

31、ng people now turn to the Web for news. However much radio and television led the attack on the newspaper as a news source, one of its main sources of income advertisings remained intact （未受影響的）. Not only does the Web take readers, it also takes advertising. Many newspapermen see the threat of the W

32、eb as being of a new kind. Some publications will go under, but those which serve specialized markets and which are commercially solid will survive. The death of the newspaper has been predicted many times, but the newspaper is still with us and is likely to remain so.,What might be the most suitabl

33、e title for the text? A. The newspaper VS the Web B. Why do people read newspaper? C. What do you like to read? D. Death of the newspaper?,Tip 4: at both the beginning and the end This paragraph begins with a topic sentence and ends with a restatement of the same topic sentece在文章開頭和結(jié)尾 :首尾呼應(yīng)，為突出主題, 作

34、者先提出主題, 結(jié)尾時(shí)再次點(diǎn)出主題, 這種首尾呼應(yīng)的寫作方式常用于記敘文，議論文，但前后表述主題的句子不是簡(jiǎn)單的重復(fù), 后面的表述往往有進(jìn)一步的引申或發(fā)展的意味。,If there is no topic sentence in the passage, what should we do to get the main idea or choose the best title?,Sometimes there is no topic sentence in the passage.,Summarize the main idea in our own words and then choo

35、se the best title.,Three main steps:,First, get the main idea of each paragraph. Second, summarize the main idea in our own words, according to the structure of the passage. Third, compare it with the choices to see which one is the best.,9. Tom studied four years at the University of Paris and deci

36、ded to leave before his graduation. He transferred to the University of Berlin and graduated with honors. Harvard Law School and, later, Boston College provided him with an excellent legal background. He is presently a corporation lawyer in Miami, Florida.The main idea of this paragraph is that _.,p

37、artial details,A. Tom, who had studied at Paris Universities for four years, moved to another university.B. Tom became a lawyer since his graduation from Harvard Law School and later from Boston College.C. Tom was an excellent student when he studied at Berlin university.D. Tom received an excellent

38、 education.,Tip 5: No specific topic sentence, so readers should summarize from all the details. 從段落中歸納要點(diǎn)抓大意.有些文章無明確的主題句.這就要求考生在閱讀過程中根據(jù)文中所敘述的事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)來概括總結(jié)主旨大意。 注意：1. 不能以偏概全. 2. 不能過于寬泛，要恰如其分。 3. 注意多次出現(xiàn)的高頻詞或主題詞,details,Paragraph ideas,Passage idea,1 Magellans men were the first to make the trip around the

39、 world. It took them more than two years to do so by ship. 2 Magellan was from Portugal, but he sailed for the King of Spain. On September 20, 1519, he left Spain with five ships and 240 men. After passing the trip of South America, they reached the Pacific Ocean, on which they sailed more than one

40、year. Very often they could not see a piece of land for months and they suffered greatly from the lack of food and fresh water. Many of them died of hunger and diseases. They even had to live on sawdust. Finally in April 1521, Magellan got to the Philippine Islands, where he was killed. His men fled

41、 and continued their voyage across the Indian Ocean. It was with the greatest difficulty that they passed the Cape of Good Hope. By the time they returned to Spain on December 21,1521, seven out of every eight men had died. 3 Magellans voyage proved that men could sail around the world and that our

42、earth is but a huge ball.,Which of the following do you think is the best title for this passage? Magellans death. Going around the World. The World Is Round. Magellans Voyage.,10,1 Magellans men were the first to make the trip around the world. It took them more than two years to do so by ship.,Mag

43、ellans voyage was the first trip around the world .,2 Magellan was from Portugal, but he sailed for the King of Spain. On September 20, 1519, he left Spain with five ships and 240 men. After passing the tip of South America, they reached the Pacific Ocean, on which they sailed more than one year. Ve

44、ry often they could not see a piece of land for months and they suffered greatly from the lack of food and fresh water. Many of them died of hunger and diseases. They even had to live on sawdust. Finally in April 1521, Magellan got to the Philippine Islands, where he was killed. His men fled and con

45、tinued their voyage across the Indian Ocean. It was with the greatest difficulty that they passed the Cape of Good Hope. By the time they returned to Spain on December 21,1521, seven out of every eight men had died.,The process of Magellans long and difficult voyage,3 Magellans voyage proved that me

46、n could sail around the world and that our earth is but a huge ball.,Magellans voyage proved the earth is round.,1 Magellans men were the first to make the trip around the world. It took them more than two years to do so by ship. 2 Magellan was from Portugal, but he sailed for the King of Spain. On

47、September 20, 1519, he left Spain with five ships and 240 men. After passing the trip of South America, they reached the Pacific Ocean, on which they sailed more than one year. Very often they could not see a piece of land for months and they suffered greatly from the lack of food and fresh water. M

48、any of them died of hunger and diseases. They even had to live on sawdust. Finally in April 1521, Magellan got to the Philippine Islands, where he was killed. His men fled and continued their voyage across the Indian Ocean. It was with the greatest difficulty that they passed the Cape of Good Hope.

49、By the time they returned to Spain on December 21,1521, seven out of every eight men had died. 3 Magellans voyage proved that men could sail around the world and that our earth is but a huge ball.,Paragraph 1: Magellans voyage was the first trip around the world .,Paragraph 2: The process of Magella

50、ns long difficult voyage,Paragraph 3: Magellans voyaged proved the earth is round.,Magellans voyage,Magellans men were the first to make the trip around the world. It took them more than two years to do so by ship. Magellan was from Portugal, but he sailed for the King of Spain. On September 20, 151

51、9, he left Spain with five ships and 240 men. After passing the trip of South America, they reached the Pacific Ocean, on which they sailed more than one year. Very often they could not see a piece of land for months and they suffered greatly from the lack of food and fresh water. Many of them died

52、of hunger and diseases. They even had to live on sawdust. Finally in April 1521, Magellan got to the Philippine Islands, where he was killed. His men fled and continued their voyage across the Indian Ocean. It was with the greatest difficulty that they passed the Cape of Good Hope. By the time they

53、returned to Spain on December 21,1521, seven out of every eight men had died. Magellans voyage proved that men could sail around the world and that our earth is but a huge ball. Which of the following do you think is the best title for this passage? A. Magellans death. B. Going around the World. C.

54、The World Is Round. D. Magellans Voyage.,(too narrow),(too narrow),(too broad),(just proper),at the beginning,at the end,in the middle,at both the beginning and the end,命題類,主題句在文章或段落中的位置,no clear topic sentence,at the beginning,at the end,Types Of Paragraph Structures,At the beginning,At the end,In

55、the middle,No clear topic sentence,besides, for example,so, therefore,Sum them up by yourself,But, however, actually,Summary:,主旨大意題的干擾項(xiàng)(錯(cuò)誤選項(xiàng))有3種：,1. 概括范圍太窄，只表達(dá)局部信息或某一細(xì)節(jié)，不能概括整篇文章的主旨大意。 2. 概括范圍太寬，所表達(dá)的內(nèi)容超出或多于文章闡述的內(nèi)容。 3. 無關(guān)信息：即文章中未提到、或找不到語言依據(jù)的信息。,主要內(nèi)容型,這種類型的題的關(guān)鍵是找到主題句 （topic sentence）。主題句通常在文首、文末或首尾呼應(yīng)，有

56、時(shí)也在文中，或者沒有主題句，需要根據(jù)文章所述內(nèi)容進(jìn)行歸納。各段的主題句也常在該段的句首或尾句。議論文和說明文一般有主題句，但記敘文通常沒有主題句，需要?dú)w納。,三、解題技巧,文首： 新聞報(bào)道、議論文 文末： 記敘文 說明文: 文中：例子/假設(shè) 例子/假設(shè)后進(jìn)入主題 沒有主題句： 找反復(fù)出現(xiàn)的詞語,判斷文章體裁很重要！,找主題句的小竅門,1) 首段出現(xiàn)疑問句時(shí)，對(duì)該問題的回答很可能就是文章主旨； 首段出現(xiàn)具體例子或假設(shè)時(shí)，例子或假設(shè)后面的內(nèi)容往往就是主旨。 2) 作者有意識(shí)地反復(fù)重復(fù)的觀點(diǎn)，通常是主旨；反復(fù)出現(xiàn)的詞語，一般為體現(xiàn)文章主旨的關(guān)鍵詞； 3) 段落中出現(xiàn)表轉(zhuǎn)折的詞語（如however,

57、thus, in fact, actually等）時(shí)，該句很可能是主題句；,例題一 Widespread media coverage has been given to a new pill to prevent heart disease and stroke. The Sun said the pill, called Ateronon, “could save thousands of lives”. The Daily Telegraph said that the new product contains a natural thing found in tomatoes that

58、 is a powerful antioxidant. The newspaper said the pill can prevent the build-up of fat. What is the main idea of the passage? A. How we can prevent heart disease. B. A new pill gets much media attention. C. The build-up of fat is harmful. D. A natural thing was found in tomatoes.,開門見山,提出主題,隨之用細(xì)節(jié)來解釋

59、, 支撐或發(fā)展主題句所表達(dá)的主題思想。,B,體裁：新聞報(bào)道,例題二：A new eight-kilometer road is under construction that links the port area with motorway system. It is expected to carry 20,000 trucks and cars a day, which greatly reduces the overcrowded traffic in the center of the city.As part of the project, two four-kilometer road tunnels are being built below the central area of the city, one for traffic to