1、PSY 369: Psycholinguistics,Language Comprehension Speech recognition,Different features than visual,Visual word recognition,Speech Perception,Some parallel input Orthography Letters Clear delineation Difficult to learn,Serial input Phonetics/Phonology Acoustic features Usually no delineation “Easy”

2、to learn,Different problems too,Chest Jew Wade Aim In It Just you wait a minute Delights Haven Dime Daylight Savings Time Canoes He Wad Ice He Can You See What I See? Free Quaintly As Quest Shuns Frequently Asked Questions,Hard Problems in Speech Perception,Linearity (parallel transmission): Acousti

3、c features often spread themselves out over other sounds Where does show start and money end?,Wave form,Demos and info,Show me the money,Hard Problems in Speech Perception,Segmentation problem: Unlike visual input, the acoustic input is not physically segmented Illusion of silence. There are no sile

4、nt gaps in the wave form, even though we may “hear” some.,I owe you a Yo-Yo,Hard Problems in Speech Perception,Segmentation problem: Unlike visual input, the acoustic input is not physically segmented Illusion of silence. There are no silent gaps in the wave form, even though we may “hear” some.,Har

5、d Problems in Speech Perception,Segmentation problem: Unlike visual input, the acoustic input is not physically segmented Here the silence that we see in the acoustics isnt perceived as a gap in the word,Hard Problems in Speech Perception,Lack of Invariance: One phoneme should have a one waveform Th

6、is is not the case. The /i/ (ee) in money and me are different,Wave form,Show me the money,Hard Problems in Speech Perception,Lack of Invariance: One phoneme should have a one waveform Another example: Here is the phoneme /d/ followed by different vowels,Hard Problems in Speech Perception,Lack of In

7、variance: One phoneme should have a one waveform And another. The phrase has five /t/ phonemes, but there are not 5 identical sweeps in the spectrogram There arent invariant cues for phonetic segments Although the search continues,Peter buttered the burnt toast,Hard Problems in Speech Perception,Co-

8、articulation: the influence of the articulation (pronunciation) of one phoneme on that of another phoneme. Essentially, producing more than one speech sound at once May be helpful because it allows some parallel transmission of information (possibly helping predict whats coming next),Each sound part

9、ially shaped by sounds before 103:7865-7870,2006 by National Academy of Sciences,Speech Perception & the brain,Motor theory of speech perception,Some problems for MT Categorical perception found in non-speech sounds (e.g., music) Categorical perception for speech sounds in non-humans Chinchillas can

10、 be trained to show categorical perception of /t/ and /d/ consonant-vowel syllables (Kuhl & Miller, 1975),Other theories of speech perception,Direct Realist Theory (C. Fowler and others) Similar to Motor theory, articulation representations are key, but here they are directly perceived (related to G

11、ibsons perceptual theory) Perceiving speech is part of a more general perception of gestures that involves the motor system General Auditory Approach (e.g., Diehl, Massaro) Do not invoke special mechanisms for speech perception, instead rely on more general mechanisms of audition and perception,For

12、nice reviews see: Diehl, Lotto, & Holt (2003) Galantucci, Fowler, Turvey (2006),Other theories of spoken word rec.,Cohort Model (Marslen-Wilson Discussed last time) 1) The acoustic information at the beginning of a word activates a “cohort” of possible words 2) Syntax and semantics influence the selection of the target word from the cohort TRACE Model (Elman and McClelland 1984, 1986) Connectionist, para