1、替換與重復substitutive vs. reiterative 一般說來，除非有意強調或出于修辭的需要，英語總的傾向是盡量避免重復。試比較：1)音節(jié)重復 原句：commercials商業(yè)廣告 seldom make for entertaining and relaxing listening. 改寫：commercials seldom entertain and relax the listener. 原句：close examination閉卷考試 of the results of the investigation led to a reorganization of the d

2、epartment. 改寫：close study of the results of the inquiry led to a reorganization of the department2)詞語重復原句: we listened to an account of the customs of the inhabitants of the village. (of 的重復)改寫: we listened to an account of the villagers customs.原句: even to borrow money is wrong, accord-ing to kant,

3、 because if everyone did borrow money, there would be no money left to borrow.改寫: even to borrow money is wrong, accord-ing to kant, because if everyone did this, there would be no money left to borrow.3)句式重復 原句：now is the time for everyone to come out to vote, for everything depends upon this elect

4、ion. all are against corruption 貪污 腐敗, and so they should vote the reform ticket. this is not a foolish thing, for the voters can elect anyone they want. but the people must turn out heavily, for if they do there is little doubt that they will elect the men they want. 改寫：everybody should turn out to

5、 vote in this election，for the triumph勝利 凱旋 of the reform party means the end of corruption in officeif the voters will only come to the polls in large enough numbers, they can surely elect the men they wish to see in power.4)意義重復原句：he asked the divisions to give their mutual cooperation to the proj

6、ect.改寫：he asked the divisions to cooperate on the project原句: a university degree has become a necessary requisite for entry into most professions.改寫：a) the bachelors degree is necessary / a requisite for entry into most professions b) the bachelors degree is required for entry into most professions.

7、 / entry into most professions requires the bachelors degree原句：may i be permitted to state that the activities of the club are not limited only to aeronautics？改寫：a) may i be permitted to state that the activities of the club are not limited to aeronautics？b) may i be permitted to state that the acti

8、vities of the club are not directed only to aeronautics？advance planning assembled together still remains repeat again exactly identical audible to the ear entirely complete throughout the entire summer foreign imports dash quickly 在能明確表達意思的前提下，英語宜盡量采用替代、省略或變換等避免重復。一、替代（substitution） (替代句中或上文已出現(xiàn)過的詞語

9、或內容)1.名詞性替代: 用代詞或某些名詞來取代名詞(詞組)第三人稱代詞: he, she, it指示代詞: this, that, these, those關系代詞: who, whom, whose, that, which連接代詞: who, whom, whose, what, which不定代詞: all, each, every, both, either, neither, one / ones, none, little, few, several, many, much, other, another, some, any, no名詞: enough, half, the s

10、ame, the kind, the sort, the former, the latter translation from english into chinese is not so easy as that from english into french 英譯漢不如英譯法容易。2) a chemical change is one in which the structure of particles粒子 粒子系統(tǒng) is changed and a new substance is formed. 化學變化是改變粒子結構、形成新物質的一種變化。3) electrical charg

11、es 電荷物 of a similar kind repel each other and those that are dissimilar attract. 同性電荷相斥，異性電荷相吸。4) he hated failure；he had conquered it all his life，risen above it，and despised it in others. 他討厭失敗，他一生中曾戰(zhàn)勝失敗，超越失敗，并且藐視別人的失敗。1)我們的民族再也不是一個被人侮辱的民族了。 ours is no longer a nation subject to insult and humilia

12、tion.2)我們提倡和平共處的原則，這項原則目前在世界上已越來越得人心了。 we have advocated the principle of peaceful coexistence, which is now growing more and more popular in the world.3)一定的文化（當作觀念形態(tài)的文化）是一定社會的政治和經濟的反映，又給予一定社會的政治和經濟以巨大的作用和影響。 any given culture (as an ideological form) is a reflection of the politics and economics of

13、 a given society, and the former in turn has a tremendous effect and influence on the latter.2、動詞性替代：替代謂語動詞（詞組）。代動詞 do復合代動詞 do so, do it, do that, do this, do the same替代句型 so+do主語，so主語do， sobe主語，so主語be， sowill主語，so 主語 will1) the americans are reducing their defence expen-diture this year. i wonder i

14、f the russians will do too. 美國人今年已在削減國防開支，我懷疑俄國人也會這樣做。2) in any case work does not include time, but power does 在任何情況下，功不包括時間，但功率卻包括時間。3) you dont want to lag behindneither does she 你不愿意落后，她也不愿意落后。4) you should help him since you have promis-ed to do so. 你答應了要幫助他就應當幫助他。/ 你應當幫助他，這是你答應了的。5) he never r

15、eally succeeded in his ambitions. he might have done, one felt, had it not been for the restlessness of his nature 他雄心勃勃，但從未如愿以償。人們覺得，要不是他那貪得無厭的本性，他也許會有所作為的。 3、分句性替代 用替代詞so或not來取代充當賓語的that從句，用if so或if not來取代條件從句，用as來取代分句的一部分，等等。1) people believe that the american team will win the football game. pet

16、er thinks so, but i believe not. 人們認為美國隊將贏得這場足球賽，彼得也是這樣想的，我卻認為并非如此。2) factories known to produce components for missiles and submarines are being camouflaged, as are missile launching and test sites throughout the ussr 人們所知道的生產導彈部件和潛艇部件的工廠，都進行了偽裝。蘇聯(lián)全國各地的導彈發(fā)射和試驗場地，也都進行了偽裝。3) 中國人從來就是一個偉大的勇敢的勤勞的民族，只是在近

17、代落伍了。這種落伍，完全是被外國帝國主義和本國反動政府所壓迫和剝削的結果。 the chinese have always been a great, courageous and industrious nation; it is only in modern times that they have fallen behindand that was due entirely to oppression and exploitation by foreign imperialism and domestic reactionary governments4) 你沒有搞好，我是不滿意的，得罪

18、了你就得罪了你。 you have done a poor job and i am not satisfied, and if you feel offended, so be it.5)成績有兩重性，錯誤也有兩重性。 achievements have a dual character, and so have mistakes6)一個人的工作，究竟是三分成績七分錯誤，還是七分成績三分錯誤，必須有個根本的估價。 we must have a fundamental evaluation of a persons work and establish whether his achieve-

19、ments amount to 30 per cent and his mistakes to 70 per cent，or vice versa. 總的說來，英語多用代稱避免重復；漢語少用代稱，多用實稱，因而較常重復。英語的代詞在漢譯時常采用還原、復說或省略的辦法加以處理。1) flattery is more dangerous than hatred because it covers the stain which the other causes to be wiped out 阿諛比怨恨更危險，因為阿諛掩飾了污點，而怨恨卻能使人消除污點。2)gathering facts, con

20、firming them, suggestingtheories, testing them, and organizing findings- this is all the work of science 收集事實并加以論證，提出理論并加以檢驗，以及歸納整理研究成果這就是科學工作的全部內容。3) the analogue computer determines its quantity by measuring how much while the digital computer determines its quantity by counting how many. 模擬計算機計出量

21、的大小，數(shù)字計算機算出量的多少。4) halliday put his pipe down, crossed his hands behind his neck, and turned his face towards the window. 哈利德放下煙斗，兩手交叉著放在脖子后面，轉過頭去看窗子。1) “what will you do when the war is over if it is over?” he asked me. “speak grammatically !” “i will go the states.” “are you married?” “no, but i h

22、ope to be.” “the more of a fool you are,” he saidhe seemed very angry. “a man must not marry.” “why must not a man marry ?” “真有那么一天，仗打完了，你要干點什么”, 少校問我，“注意，語法要正確！” “回美國。” “結婚了嗎? “沒有，但很想?！?“你更蠢了,”他看上去很惱火?！澳腥烁静辉摻Y婚。” “為什么男人不該結婚?”二、省略（omission） 有名詞性省略、動詞性省略、分句性省略； 有句法方面的省略，也有情景方面的省略。在并列結構中英語常常省略前面已出現(xiàn)過的詞

23、語，而漢語則往往重復這些詞語，如:1) a man is called selfish, not for pursuing his own good, but for neglecting his neighbors 說一個人自私自利，并非因為他只圖自己的利益，而是因為他不顧 鄰人的利益。2) ambition is the mother of destruction as well as of evil 野心不僅是罪惡的根源，也是毀滅的根源。3) work with, and not against, nature. 要順應自然工作，不要違反自然工作。4) reading exercises

24、 ones eyes; speaking, ones tongue; while writing, ones mind. 閱讀訓練人的眼睛，說話訓練人的口齒，寫作訓練人的思維。5) one cannot learn to produce a sound from an ex-planation only, or get a correct idea of a flavour from a description: a sound must be heard, a colour seen, a flavour tasted, an odour inhaled. 人不能只從講解中學會發(fā)音，也不能光

25、靠看說明而真正體會出某種滋味來：聲音必須耳聞，顏色必須目見，滋味必須口嘗，氣味必須吸入。6) thales thought water was the beginning of every-thing; anaximenes, air; heraclitus, fire. 泰勒斯認為水是萬物之始; 阿那克西米尼認為空氣是萬物之始；赫拉克利特認為火是萬物之始。 英語常常承前省略相同的謂語動詞或謂語動詞詞組的一部分；漢語則較常承前省略相同的主語而重復相同的動詞，試比較：1) i belong to you and you (belong) to me 我屬于你，你也屬于我。2) 白求恩大夫一到前線

26、, (他)就立刻開始工作。 dr. bethune set to work as soon as he came to the front. 漢語習慣于重復詞語，有時是為了保持語法的正確，有時是為了促成結構的整齊、勻稱；有時既是語法的要求，也是修辭的需要。如：1)太陽的熱把水蒸發(fā)成云；如果云被吹到較涼的地方，天就會下雨；如果被吹到較暖的地方，云就會消散。 the suns heat evaporates water，forms cloud；if cloud is blown to a cooler place，rain falls；if to a warmer place，it disappe

27、ars2)近朱者赤，近墨者黑。 association with the good can only produce good，with the wicked，evil.3)一個和尚挑水吃，兩個和尚抬水吃，三個和尚沒水吃。 one boy is a boy，two boys half a boy，three boys no boy.三、變換(variation): 英語還常用同義詞替代、近義詞復現(xiàn)和句式變化等方法來避免重復。(一)同義詞替代：用不同的名稱來表示同一人或事物,即所謂“同名異稱法”。例如, 在同一篇新聞評論里,作者用了以下六個稱呼來避免重復提及英國前首相撒切爾夫人mrs. that

28、cher, she, the prime minister,the iron lady, the leader of the conservative party,the first woman prime minister; 小說里提及某一人物時, 作者有時用其姓, 有時用其名, 有時用其昵稱, 有時則另起稱呼。對于這類同名異稱,讀者或聽眾往往是根據(jù)上下文或特定的背景知識才明白其所指的。中國人較不習慣于這種名稱替換法, 因而較常重復同一名稱。(二)近義詞復現(xiàn)：概括詞和下屬詞之間的互相替換, 如用the furniture代替table, 用the animal代替horse, 用the pl

29、anet代替mars,回避重復。 johns bought himself a new ford. he practically lives in the car. 約翰給自己買了一部福特牌汽車，他幾乎就住在這部汽車里。2. i dont know where to stay when i arrive in new york. i have never been to that place. 我不知道到了紐約要住在哪里，我從來就沒有去過那個地方。3. the monkeys most extraordinary accomplishment was learning to operate a

30、 tractor. by the age of nine, the monkey had learned to solo on the vehicle. 這只猴子最了不起的技能是學會駕駛拖拉機。到了九歲的時候，這只猴子已經學會單獨表演駕駛拖拉機了。 漢語一般較少采用英語的這類變稱，而較多重復同一名稱。1. 非洲人民正在為爭取非洲的徹底解放進行著艱巨的斗爭。 the people of africa are waging a hard struggle to win the complete emancipation of the continent.2. 另外一種方法是化學方法。 anothe

31、r method is the chemical process. / another approach is the chemical method. 3. 電子管通常用來放大，而真空管則是電子管的另一名稱。an electron tube is generally used for amplification, and vacuum tube is another name for this device.4. 他就是憑這個騙人的資格，他就是有這個騙人的資格。his credentials are deception, thats exactly what he has.(三)英語比較注重

32、表達形式的多樣化，力戒無意義的重復。例如以下一段話，不僅詞語重復太多，句式也缺少變化，因而顯得累贅又乏味： shakespeares plays are notable for their moral neutrality. for example, in julius caesar, shakes-peare is not wholly sympathetic to caesar. shakes-peare does not sympathize with brutus, antony, or octavius. caesar is killed in the middle of juliu

33、s caesar. then shakespeare directs the audiences attention to brutus, antony, and octavius. as a result, shakespeare gives julius caesar no single hero. shakespeare gives an objective view of the characters throughout julius caesar by alternating between favorable and unfavorable assessments. shakes

34、peare does not give final approval to the favorable assessment or unfavorable assessment. 這段話若用替代、省略和變換的方法加以改寫，即會比較符合英語的表達習慣： shakespeares plays are notable for their moral neutrality. for example, in julius caesar shakespeare is not wholly sympa-thetic to caesar, brutus, antony, or octavius. caesar

35、 is killed in the middle of the play and the audiences attention is then directed to the other main characters. as a result, julius caesar has no single hero. throughout the play shakespeare maintains an objective view of the characters by alternating be-tween favorable and unfavorable assess-ments,

36、 without giving final approval to either. 然而，變換要適度，不能給人以炫耀言辭的感覺；替代也要明確，不應引起語義的含混。如果為了追求“優(yōu)雅”而不顧表達的清晰和準確，那就達不到語言交際的目的。 上面這段話，若改寫成以下這種樣子，那就未免過分了： shakespeares plays are notable for their moral neutrality. for example, in julius caesar, the playwright is not wholly sym-pathetic to caesar. the great bard

37、 does not sympathize with brutus, antony, or octavius. caesar is killed in the middle of the play. then the swan of avon directs the audiences attention to the other main characters. as a result, the master of dramatic poetry gives julius caesar no single hero. . 總的說來，英語比較忌諱重復，因而常用替代、省略和變換的表達方法；相比之下

38、，漢語則比較習慣于重復，因而常用實稱、還原和復說的表達方法。除此以外，漢語傾向于重復還廣泛地表現(xiàn)在詞語調配、句式安排和篇章結構等各個方面。 替換與重復（ii） 漢字屬音節(jié)文字，一個漢字代表一個音節(jié)。古代漢語單音節(jié)占優(yōu)勢，現(xiàn)代漢語雙音節(jié)占優(yōu)勢，講究詞語之間偶數(shù)音節(jié)的組合，如單音節(jié)詞宜與單音節(jié)詞相配，雙音節(jié)詞宜與雙音節(jié)詞相配，給人以勻稱、整齊而又平穩(wěn)、舒暢的感覺。 如“停止用”、“共同管”就不如“停止使用”、“共同管理”或“停用”、“共管”整齊、勻稱；“臉發(fā)燒，心慌，不知所措”就不如“臉發(fā)燒，心發(fā)慌，不知所措”和諧、順暢。 漢語有大量的聯(lián)綿詞，即雙聲詞（美滿,伶俐)和疊韻詞（如從容、堂皇），還有疊

39、音詞（冉冉、漸漸）合成詞和四字格（若隱若現(xiàn)、千姿百態(tài)、如花似錦、甜言蜜語）。 音節(jié)和字義的協(xié)調、和諧及勻稱往往促使詞語和句式成雙成對，反映了中國人的美學心理，也是用詞造句的一大原則。任意違反這項原則，往往會使表達顯得別扭。 “他實事求是，不尚說空話，總是把榮譽歸于別人，重擔自己挑。他苦在人先，享樂在別人后面?！?“他實事求是，不尚空談，總是把榮譽歸于別人，把重擔加于自己。他苦在人先，樂在人后?！?英語和漢語都有重疊、反復、對偶和排比的表達形式，但相比之下，漢語的重復無論在使用范圍、出現(xiàn)頻率和表現(xiàn)方式的多樣性等方面都遠遠超過英語。一、漢語的重疊（reduplication） 漢語單音節(jié)文字的特點

40、便于字和詞的重疊。重疊構詞不僅使得詞語音節(jié)勻稱、形式整齊，而且賦予詞語以新的意義和感情色彩。許多名詞、數(shù)量詞、動詞和形容詞都有重疊的格式，如： 1.名詞重疊，表示“每個”、“所有”、“許多”、“小”、“雜”或某種感情色彩等： aa: 人人 天天 事事 年年 聲聲 字字 道道 aabb: 男男女女 世世代代 風風雨雨 溝溝洼洼 2. 數(shù)量詞重疊，表示“每個”、“逐個”、“許多”或某種感情色彩。 bb: 個個 件件 排排 塊塊 條條 本本 篇篇 abb: 一桿桿 一塊塊 一樁樁 一道道 一滴滴 abab: 一次一次 一包一包 一顆一顆 一步一步 aabb: 千千萬萬 三三兩兩 三三五五 3.動詞重

41、疊：動作的輕微、反復、完成、連續(xù)、輕松 aa: 說說 聽聽 談談 想想 吃吃 瞧瞧 歇歇 a一(了)a: 走一走 看一看 避一避 笑了笑 搖了搖 abab: 考慮考慮 救濟救濟 收拾收拾 整理整理 aabb: 進進出出 搖搖晃晃 吵吵嚷嚷 勾勾搭搭 a著a著、a了a了: 聽著聽著 看著看著 老了老了4.形容詞重疊：程度的加重、加深、加強、減輕或愛憎、厭惡等情緒。 aa：紅紅 高高 厚厚 小小 遠遠 深深 長長 aabb: 干干凈凈 奇奇怪怪 零零落落 歪歪斜斜 abab: 筆直筆直 冰涼冰涼 通紅通紅 雪白雪白5. 附加式重疊：使表達形象、生動，格式豐富多彩： aax: 毛毛雨 月月紅 呱呱叫

42、 團團轉 步步高 xaa: 水汪汪 羞答答 笑瞇瞇 亮晶晶 白茫茫 aaxy: 花花世界 心心相印 娓娓動聽 歷歷在目 xyaa: 衣冠楚楚 烈火熊熊 憂心忡忡 風雨瀟瀟 a里ab: 啰里啰唆 糊里糊涂 妖里妖氣 古里古怪 6. 偏正并列式、動賓并列式、主謂并列式等的重疊： abac: 假情假意 難兄難弟 有聲有色 沒大沒小 abcb: 以毒攻毒 愛理不理 大鬧特鬧 好說歹說 aba: 面對面 心連心 手拉手 肩并肩 背靠背 此外，象聲詞也常常采用重疊的形式。英譯漢：適當?shù)剡\用重疊可以增強表現(xiàn)力；英語也有重疊現(xiàn)象，但遠不如漢語普遍，其構詞能力和使用范圍都受到很大限制。 the road was

43、 packed with a noisy crowd of men and women, who were selling and buying all kinds of things. 路上擠滿了男男女女，他們熙熙攘攘，正在買賣各種各樣的東西。2. walking up and down the empty room, he stopped here and there to touch or look. 房間空空蕩蕩，他走來走去，這兒停停，哪兒停停，東摸摸，西瞧瞧。3. she hoped she had mixed enough fact and fiction in her story

44、 to mislead him. 她希望所說的情況真真假假，足以使他糊里糊涂。4. huge, riven and blazing wrecks that only minutes before had been majestic aircraft carriers settled into the glittering pacific. 幾分鐘前，這些航空母艦還是那么威風凜凜，不久就變成豁裂殘斷、烈火熊熊的龐大殘骸，漸漸沉入了波光粼粼的太平洋。5. seared by a sun more savage than their native lands, their wounds suppur

45、ated and hosts of whining flies fell upon them. 這兒的陽光比他們本國的強烈得多，在毒辣辣的太陽烤灼下，他們的傷口化膿，嗡嗡的蒼蠅成群成群的匯集在傷口上。6. there wee no sounds but that of the booming wind upon the stretch of tawny herbage around them, the crackling wheels, the tread of the men, and the footsteps of the two shaggy ponies which drew the

46、 van. 那時候只聽見車輪轔轔，腳步沙沙。拉車的那兩匹鬃毛蓬松的小馬，蹄聲得得，四周一片橙黃色的野草，風聲呼呼。除此之外，再也聽不到別的聲音了。7. they read the afternoon through, while the cold november rain fell from the sky upon the quiet house. 深秋，冷雨霏霏，屋里靜悄悄的。他們看了一個下午的書。8. mr kirsch, having lost all his money by this time, followed his master out into the moonlight

47、, where the illuminations were winking out. 基希先生這時輸?shù)脙墒挚湛?，便跟著主人走出屋；月光下，彩燈閃閃爍爍，漸漸滅了。 英語也有音節(jié)重疊的現(xiàn)象，但遠不如漢語普遍。主要因為英語詞的音節(jié)參差不齊，不具備上述漢語語音文字的特點。 英語的重疊只有一個格式，即aa式，另有兩個變式，即改變元音的重疊式和改變輔音的重疊式，如： 1. aa式： bye-bye， goody-goody， tut-tut，pooh-pooh， craw-craw， dik-dik， din-din， chow-chow， yo-yo， ha-ha， haw-haw， ta-ta，h

48、ula-hula， chin-chin， ga-ga 2.元音變式：ping-pong， zig-zag， seesaw， flip-flop，tick-tock， tip-top， clip-clop， criss-cross，dilly-dally，ding-dong，shilly-shally，dingle-dangle，riff-raff， tick-tack， wishy-washy， jingle-jangle3.輔音變式：walkie-talkie， teeny-weeny， hoity-toity，hubble-bubble， bow-wow， higgledy-piggled

49、y，botch-potch， hocus-pocus， razzle-dazzle，rub-a-dub， piggy-wiggy， pell-mell， clap-trap英語疊音詞一般屬諧音或擬聲現(xiàn)象，許多來自兒語，常用于口語、俚語或非正式文體，其構詞能力和使用范圍都受到很大的限制。 漢語的疊字、疊詞不僅是音節(jié)的重疊，而且有詞法和句法的因素?！皩ひ捯挘淅淝迩?，凄凄慘慘戚戚”i seek but seek in vain，i search and search again：i feel so sad，so drear，so lonely，without cheer.i look for w

50、hat i miss,i know not what it is,i feel so sad, so drear,so lonely, without cheer.二、漢語的重復：1.沉默呵，沉默！不在沉默中爆發(fā)，就在沉默中滅亡。 silence, silence! unless we burst out, we shall perish in this silence!2. 吃飯防噎，行路防跌。 when eating take heed that you do not choke, when walking take heed that you do not fall.3.我為人人，人人為

51、我。 one for all and all for one.4.大處著眼，小處著手。 keep the general goal in sight while taking hold of the daily tasks.5.我們一定要堅持下去， 一定要不斷地工作，我們也會感動上帝的。這個上帝不是別人，就是全中國的人民大眾。全國人民大眾一齊起來和我們一道挖這兩座山，有什么挖不平呢？ we must persevere and work unceasingly, and we, too, will touch gods heart. our god is none other than the

52、 masses of the chinese people. if they stand up and dig together with us, why cant these two mountains be cleared away?英語1. scrooge went to bed again, and thought and thought and thought it over and over. 斯克魯吉有上床去了，他想來想去，想呀想，想個沒完。2. she stood by the window and looked out sadly at a grey cat walking

53、along a grey fence in a grey backyard. 她站在窗子跟前，悶悶不樂地瞅著外面灰蒙蒙的后院，一只灰色的貓正在灰色的籬笆上行走。3. a smile would come into mr pickwicks face; the smile extended into a laugh, the laugh into a roar, and the roar became general. 皮克威克先生的臉上會浮現(xiàn)出一絲微笑，微笑逐漸變成大笑，大笑變成狂笑，狂笑勾起一陣哄堂大笑。4. crafty men contemn studies; simple men admire them; and wise men use them. 狡猾的人輕視學問；愚昧的人羨慕學問；聰明的人利用學問。5. the jail might have been the infirmary, the infirmary might have been the