1、,1,2,3,4,5,Revision : Object clauses and Adverbial clauses,Object clauses introduced by that,1,2,3,Daisy thinks that she can buy electricity in packets, like sweets.,4,5,6,7,1,2,3,4,5,6,We use certain verbs followed by that plus anobject clause to say what we know, think, believe, etc.,I think that

2、he is the best student in our class. Many people believe that there are lives on the Mars. I know that they will arrive soon.,We often omit that in speech. We use some other verbs, e.g., tell, hope, notice, agree.,We hope (that) more people will come to Shanghai in the future. The sign tells us (tha

3、t) we must turn right here. They suddenly notice there is a car in the front.,7,1,2,3,4,5,6,An object clause can also follow someadjectives such as certain, sure and afraid.,Its certain (that) Simon will arrive in Shanghai the day after tomorrow. Im sure (that) some foreigners will visit our school

4、this afternoon. Im afraid (that) I cant go to the concert with you tonight. I have something important to do.,7,A Rewrite the sentences into object clauses.,1,2,3,4,5,6,Why are trees our best fighters against pollution?Can you tell us _? Which forms of energy are we using now?Do you know _? What dro

5、ps water into a stream?I wonder _. How do trees communicate with one another?Will Dr Ray explain _? Where will water be made clean again?Daisy wants to know _.,why trees are our best fighters against pollution,which forms of energy we are using now,what drops water into a stream,how trees communicat

6、e with one another,where water will be made clean again,Object clauses introduced by if/whether,4-1,1,2,3,Pansy asked whether we could call it the Mayfield Sun.,4,4-2,We can use if or whether to introduce anobject clause when it expresses a yes/no question. In that case, we often use the same word o

7、rder as in a statement.,Can you tell me if/whether our newspaper is free to all readers? The newspaper advertisement asks if/whether we can raise money for the SPCA.,1,2,3,4,Do you prefer tea or coffee?Please tell me _. Have you visited the USA or not?I wonder _. Is Peters answer right or wrong?Im n

8、ot sure _. Is fire or electricity more important in our daily life?I cant decide _ _. Shall we turn left or right at the crossing?Can you tell me _ _?,Rewrite the sentences to make object clauses.,2-2,1,2,whether you prefer tea or coffee,whether you have visited the USA or not,whether Peters answer

9、is right or wrong,whether fire or electricity is more important in our daily life,whether we shall turn left or right at the crossing,Introduction,2-1,1,2,An adverbial clause describes a verb (in the main clause) and says when, why, how, where, etc. something happens. An adverbial clause is introduc

10、ed by a subordinating conjunction.,Example:,John Dancers trouble began,as soon as,he walked into the Dragon Hotel with his friend, Charlie.,main clause,subordinating conjunction,adverbial clause,We can put some of the adverbial clauses of time, reason or concession at the beginning or the end of a s

11、entence, e.g.,When I get home, I will give you a call.,2-2,1,2,I will give you a call when I get home.,Adverbial clause of time,2-1,1,2,If the main verb in the main clause is in the simple future tense, the main verb in the adverbial clause is usually in the simple present tense.,Simon will help his

12、 classmates when they haveany difficulties.,I will phone you as soon as I arrive in Beijing.,2-2,1,2,Adverbial clause of reason,Adverbial clause of concession,Remember: though and although have the same meaning.,We do not use but together with though or although.,B Match the two halves of these sent

13、ences.,d,f,h,a,e,g,c,b,4-4,1,2,3,4,Introduction,We use if sentences to talk about possible actions and the results of these actions. An if sentence has two parts. Each part is called a clause. Each clause contains a verb.,If you stick a pin into a balloon, it bursts.,if sentences: actions with defin

14、ite results,6-1,1,2,3,We use if sentences to talk about results that will certainly happen. In these sentences, both verbs are in the present simple tense.,If you cool water, it turns into ice.,If you boil water, it becomes steam.,4,5,6,6-2,1,2,3,In if sentences, the if clause can come first or seco

15、nd. When the if clause comes first, there is always a comma after it, e.g.,If you cool water, it turns into ice. Water turns into ice if you cool it.,Water becomes steam if you boil it.,4,5,6,Complete these sentences with the words in brackets.,A3,6-6,1,2,3,A balloon _ it. (a pin/if/stick/you/bursts

16、/into) Metal _ it. (you/heat/melts/if) Wood _ water. (you/into/put/if/floats/it) A glass _ it. (drop/you/breaks/if),bursts if you stick a pin into,melts if you heat,floats if you put it into,breaks if you drop,4,5,6,The word unless means if not. For example, these sentences have the same meaning:,Us

17、ing if not and unless,4-1,1,2,3,4,If you do not keep ice cream in a freezer, it melts.,4-2,1,2,3,4,Unless or if not can be used as a first clause.,Unless or if not can also be used as a second clause.,Match the beginnings of the sentences in Column A with the endings in Column B.,C2,4-4,1,2,3,4,Adve

18、rbial clauses about result,5-1,1,2,3,The situation is so serious that we must do something to save the Earth.,We use so that for adverbial clauses about result.,The road was so narrow that the bus could not pass.,4,5,5-4,1,2,3,Jack is so tall that he can reach the top shelf.,We can also say, Jack is

19、 tall enough to reach the top shelf.,The case is so heavy that I cannot take it.,We can also say, The case is too heavy for me to take.,4,5,Rewrite the following sentences.,5-5,1,2,3,1Alice is so young that she cannot drive a car. 2Peter speaks so fast that we are unable to understand. 3The weather

20、is so cold that the river freezes. 4Eddie is so smart that he can work out the problem. 5Sally ran so fast that she was able to catch that bus. 6Betty writes so badly that no one can recognize her writings.,Alice is too young to drive.,Peter speaks too fast for us to understand.,The weather is cold

21、enough for the river to freeze.,Eddie is smart enough to work out the problem.,Sally ran fast enough to catch that bus.,Betty writes too badly for anyone to recognize her writings.,4,5,4-1,1,2,3,Adverbial clauses about purpose,We should only buy and use environmentally friendly goods so that we can

22、save the Earth.,We use so that for adverbial clauses about purpose.,You should take a shower instead of a bath so that you can save water.,4,4-3,1,2,3,So that is similar to so. But be careful they are not the same. Notice the two examples.,It was raining so I took my umbrella. I took my umbrella so that I would not get wet.,We cannot say: It was raining so that I took my umbrella.,This means that the purpose of the rain was to make you take the umbrella and thats impo