1、英漢互譯,English-Chinese Translation,句子轉(zhuǎn)換,任何交際活動(dòng)都是以句子為基本語言單位展開的。 Sentence is a basic unit in understanding and communication.,the source language,英語則以“主謂”的主干結(jié)構(gòu)為中心來統(tǒng)領(lǐng)各語言成分 句界分明， 外形嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)。,the receptor language句的翻譯漢語造句,詞組、散句和分句為手段， 善于按時(shí)間、邏輯順序進(jìn)行橫排式敘述。 斷句不嚴(yán)，外形松散 被稱為時(shí)間型的動(dòng)態(tài)結(jié)構(gòu)，主要體現(xiàn)為形式自由、富于彈性,理解-表達(dá)：主謂,進(jìn)行相應(yīng)的時(shí)態(tài)變化、語態(tài)變

2、化、語氣變化、句式轉(zhuǎn)換（肯定式、否定式、疑問式，強(qiáng)調(diào)句式，倒裝句式等）、增加定語、狀語修飾成分、插入語等。,英語的5種主要的句式,主語+謂語+賓語S-V-O 主語+系語+表語S-V-P 主語+謂語+雙賓語S-V-oO（直接賓語加間接賓語） 主語+謂語+復(fù)合賓語S-V-OC（賓語加賓語補(bǔ)足語） 主語+謂語SV,example,Nothing has happened since we parted. 自從我們分手之后，啥事也沒發(fā)生。,example倒裝句：主謂,Little did I then know the meaning of war and what it was in reality

3、. 當(dāng)時(shí)我確實(shí)不太懂得戰(zhàn)爭的意義和戰(zhàn)爭實(shí)際上是怎么回事。,英語句子按其結(jié)構(gòu)可分為 簡單句 復(fù)雜句,example,I bought the car. 我買了這部車。（轉(zhuǎn)換成漢語簡單句）,example,His idea is that we clean the floor first. 他的意見是我們先清掃地板,example,Differences between the social systems of states shall not be an obstacle to their aproachment and co-operation. 各國社會(huì)制度不同，但不應(yīng)妨礙彼此接近與相互合

4、作。（轉(zhuǎn)換成漢語偏正復(fù)句的轉(zhuǎn)折句）,example,This was an intelligently organized and fervent meeting in a packed Town Hall, with Mr. Strong in the chair. 這是一次精心組織起來的會(huì)議。市政廳里濟(jì)濟(jì)一堂，熱情洋溢，主持會(huì)議的是斯特朗先生。（轉(zhuǎn)換成兩個(gè)漢語句子）,句子成分轉(zhuǎn)換：語序調(diào)整,句子成分轉(zhuǎn)換是指英語中的某一句子成分譯成漢語時(shí)轉(zhuǎn)換成另一種句子成分。句子成分轉(zhuǎn)換在主語、謂語、賓語、定語、狀語和補(bǔ)語之間展開。,example,You can always tell the someb

5、odies from the nobodies at a cocktail party. The somebodies come late. 在雞尾酒會(huì)上人們常?？梢钥闯龃笕宋锖蜔o名小卒來。那些遲到的就是大人物。（主語轉(zhuǎn)換為表語；謂語轉(zhuǎn)換為主語）,example,Cheerful, efficient and warm-hearted, they will do everything to make your journey smooth and comfortable. 他們樂觀、能干、熱情，總是想方設(shè)法使你一路上順利舒適。（狀語轉(zhuǎn)換為謂語）,example,Her presence of

6、mind had not completely deserted her; but she could not have trusted herself to speak. 她還沒有完全失去鎮(zhèn)靜，一時(shí)卻又找不出話可說。（主語轉(zhuǎn)換為賓語，賓語轉(zhuǎn)換為主語）,復(fù)雜句,復(fù)合句:有從句的 注意和并列句的區(qū)分,分句轉(zhuǎn)換,是指一種英語分句翻譯成漢語時(shí)轉(zhuǎn)換成另一種分句。從理解上重新調(diào)整邏輯關(guān)系。,定語從句的轉(zhuǎn)換,定語分句漢譯應(yīng)多注意其位置；狀語化的定語分句漢譯時(shí)則應(yīng)注意其意義的傳達(dá)：,example,John liked my sister, who was warm and pleasant. 他喜歡我那熱

7、情歡快的妹妹。（定語分句-前置定語）,example,There are many people who want to see the film. 許多人要看這部電影。(定語分句-獨(dú)立句子),定語從句的轉(zhuǎn)換,1.轉(zhuǎn)換成原因狀語,example,Their basic fear is of the slack up of protectionism , and above all, American capital outflow which to them means job outflows.,example,令他們最為恐慌的是放松貿(mào)易保護(hù)主義的做法， 尤其害怕美國資本外流，因?yàn)閷?duì)他們來說

8、， 資本外流就等于工作機(jī)會(huì)外流。（定語從句條件原因從句）,example,We know that a cat, whose eyes can take in many more rays of light than our eyes, can see clearly in the night. 我們知道，由于貓的眼睛比我們?nèi)说难劬δ芪崭嗟墓饩€，所以貓?jiān)诤谝挂材芸吹煤芮宄?。（定語分句-原因）,定語從句的轉(zhuǎn)換,2.轉(zhuǎn)換成條件狀語,example,They felt that it was much easier and safer to rob their own people, for t

9、hey knew that white policemen never really searched diligently for Negroes who committed crimes against other Negroes.,覺得搶劫他們的同種人要安全得多, 如果黑人侵犯的是黑, 因?yàn)樗麄冎? 白人警察便從來不認(rèn)真搜捕. 定語從句- 條件狀語從句,定語從句的轉(zhuǎn)換,3.轉(zhuǎn)換成目的狀語,example,Chinese trade delegations have been sent to African countries , who will negotiate trade agr

10、eements with the respective governments.,example,中國派出一些貿(mào)易代表團(tuán)出訪非洲各國，以便同有關(guān)政府洽談貿(mào)易協(xié)議。 定語從句目的狀語）,定語從句的轉(zhuǎn)換,4.轉(zhuǎn)換成結(jié)果狀語,example,There was something original ,independent, and heroic about the plan that pleased all of them. 這個(gè)方案有創(chuàng)見，有特色，而且有魄力，因而博得了他們所有人的歡心。（ 定語從句結(jié)果狀語從句）,定語從句的轉(zhuǎn)換,5.轉(zhuǎn)換成讓步狀語,example,Her great grief

11、 in this relation was that her only child, on whose education no expense had been and would be spared, was now old enough to perceive these deficiencies in his mother.,example,這一方面給她造成了極大的苦悶，也就是有關(guān)她的獨(dú)生子的問題。雖然過去和今后在兒子的教育費(fèi)用上既不曾也不會(huì)省掉什么錢，然而如今他的年紀(jì)已經(jīng)不小，能注意他母親的這些缺點(diǎn)了。（定語從句讓步狀語從句）,定語從句的轉(zhuǎn)換,6.轉(zhuǎn)換成并列句,example,It

12、seems to me that there are two causes, of which one goes much deeper than the other. 我認(rèn)為原因有二，而兩者之間又有明顯的深淺之分。（定語分句-并列分句）,example,All the while, George Bush , who was ultimately to benefit from the try that failed, sat silently by, a nearly forgotten spectator. 在此期間，喬治。布什坐在一旁，一言不發(fā)，幾乎成了一個(gè)被人遺忘的旁觀者，他卻最終從

13、這場失敗的試探中獲得了好處。（ 定語從句并列句）,狀語從句的轉(zhuǎn)換,1.時(shí)間狀語從句的轉(zhuǎn)換 When ,before, after, as soon as ,example,When a representative exceeds his allotted time, the President shall call him to order without delay. 如果哪位代表發(fā)言超過了規(guī)定時(shí)間，主席應(yīng)立即敦促他遵守規(guī)定。（時(shí)間狀語從句-條件句）,example,He will starve before he will steal. 他寧可餓死也決不偷東西。,example,Most

14、 forecasters believe that unemployment will rise to about 9 percent before it eases next year. 大多數(shù)觀察家認(rèn)為，失業(yè)率將上升到大約9%，到明年才會(huì)有所緩和。,狀語從句的轉(zhuǎn)換,英語中含有狀語從句的復(fù)合句，譯成漢語時(shí)，有些成了偏正復(fù)句，有些成了聯(lián)合復(fù)句，還有一些成了單句。此外，有些句序調(diào)整是強(qiáng)制性的（required），有些是選擇性的（selective / optional），翻譯時(shí)必須加以注意。,狀語從句的轉(zhuǎn)換,條件狀語從句的轉(zhuǎn)換,example,If he actually did commit

15、the crime, he wouldnt be punished. 他即便真的犯了罪，也不會(huì)受到懲罰。 （條件狀語從句-讓步狀語）,比較句的轉(zhuǎn)譯,既B又A,German production lines turned out 60 percent of the 160 million cars now zooming along the highways of Europe. That has long been a source of pride as well as income in Germany. 歐洲高速公路上行駛著1.6億輛轎車，其中60%由德國汽車制造廠生產(chǎn)。這一直是德國收入

16、的來源，也一直讓德國人引以為豪。,是A也是B,Lifes transition from the sea to the land was perhaps as much of an evolutionary challenge as was the genesis of life. 生命由海洋轉(zhuǎn)移到陸地，這和生命的產(chǎn)生一樣，是進(jìn)化史上的巨大突破。,是A不是B,A rather than B During its history, American society has usually given priority to an individuals ability and hard work

17、 rather than to class background or family connections. 在社會(huì)發(fā)展進(jìn)程中，美國人首先看重的是個(gè)人才能和勤奮肯干，階級(jí)背景和家庭關(guān)系倒在其次。,是A不是B,more A than B Charles is more cautious than decisive. 查爾斯謹(jǐn)慎有余，果敢不足。 He is an expert more in name than in reality. 他是個(gè)有名無實(shí)的專家。 他這個(gè)專家有名無實(shí)。 他是個(gè)名不副實(shí)的專家。,是B不是A,not A as much as B/not so much A as B It

18、 is not advice as much as approval that he seeks. 與其說他在征求意見，不如說他在等著大家的肯定。 他哪是在征求什么意見，分明是在等著大家點(diǎn)頭。,是B不是A,less A than B American presidents tend to be judged less by the good deeds they set in motion than by how well they respond to crises. 美國人看總統(tǒng)一般先看他能是否臨危不亂、力挽狂瀾，治國之道還在其次。,不只，不僅僅，豈止是,More than After a

19、ll these years working together, he is more than a friend to me. 他和我共事這么多年，豈止是一般朋友/泛泛之交。 No one would accuse you of looking less than a gentleman if you wore a shirt like this. 你穿這樣的襯衫，誰敢說你不紳士。,既不是A也不是B/A和B都不是,It is no easy to impart knowledge any more than it is to acquire knowledge. 獲取知識(shí)不易，傳授知識(shí)也不易

20、。,同位語的轉(zhuǎn)譯,壓縮成簡單句，或同位結(jié)構(gòu)或分譯,example,It does not alert the fact that he is the man responsible for the loss. 1.它改變不了損失是他造成這一事實(shí)。 2.它改變不了這一事實(shí),即損失是他造成的。,Assignments:改譯,1.They bought newspapers to read about the lives of their favorite stars. 原譯：他們買報(bào)紙來看有關(guān)他們的喜愛的明星的生活的報(bào)道.,2.The movie business started about 19

21、11 and grew fast. 原譯 ; 電影業(yè)大約開始于 1911年并且以迅猛的發(fā)展速度.,3.The dirty old house is an offense to everyone who lives in the street.原譯：那座很臟的老房子是對(duì)所有的住在那條街上的人們的冒犯。,4.Over the years， tools and technology themselves as a source of fundamental innovation have largely been ignored by historians and philosophers of s

22、cience. （1994年第73 題 ）原譯：本身作為根本創(chuàng)新源泉的工具和技術(shù)多年以來很大程度上被歷史學(xué)家和科學(xué)思想家們忽視了。 。,5.Galileos greatest glory was that in 1609 he was the first person to turn the newly invented telescope on the heavens to prove that the planets revolve around the sun rather than around the Earth.（1994年第74題）,原譯：伽利略的最偉大的光輝是1609年的時(shí)候他

23、成了用新發(fā)明的望遠(yuǎn)鏡來觀察天空以便證實(shí)行星是圍繞太陽轉(zhuǎn)的而不是圍繞地球轉(zhuǎn)的第一人。,Answers to assignments,1.They bought newspapers to read about the lives of their favorite stars.,2.The movie business started about 1911 and grew fast.,3.The dirty old house is an offense to everyone who lives in the street.,4.Over the years， tools and technology