1、Chapter 7 Tariffs,After studying this chapter, you should be able to: Understand ad valorem tariff從價(jià)稅 Describe the difference in various types of import duties, especially anti-dumping duties and counter-vailling duties in China Describe the stipulations of GSP普惠制and its escape clauses Describe MFT最

2、惠國(guó)待遇 and NTR正常貿(mào)易關(guān)系 Discuss the effects of decreasing tariff on our countrys economy,1 Tariff Overview,1.1 Definition and Characters： The tariff has been the most important type of trade restriction historically. A tariff is a tax or duty levied on the traded commodity as it crosses a national bounda

3、ry. Tariffs have been sharply reduced since the end of WWII. CASE STUDY 5-1, 5-2 Characters: compulsory強(qiáng)制性, gratuitous無(wú)償性, preordained預(yù)訂性. Property: indirect tax,1.2 Functions of Tariff,a. Fiscal revenue: Developing nations rely heavily on export tariffs to raise revenues because of their ease of co

4、llection (Ghana on its cocoa and Brazil on its coffee). b. Protecting the manufacturing and the market of domestic industrial and agricultural products. Industrial countries invariably impose tariffs or other trade restrictions to protect some (usually labor-intensive) industry. c. Adjusting the str

5、ucture of import and export goods.,1.3 Ways to charge tariff,(1) Specific tariff: A fixed sum tax per physical unit of the traded commodity. (2) Ad valorem tariff: A fixed percentage of the value of the traded commodity. (3) A compound (or Mixed) tariff: A combination of an ad valorem and specific t

6、ariff. (4) Alternative Duties U.S. uses the as valorem and the specific tariff with about equal frequency, whereas European countries rely mainly on the ad valorem.,1.4 Types of tariffs,(1)An import tariff This is the most common form of tariff. Import tariffs are more important than export tariffs,

7、 and most of our discussion will deal with import tariffs. (2)An export tariff Export tariffs are prohibited by the U.S. Constitution but are often applied by developing countries on their traditional exports to get better prices and raise revenues. (3)Transit tariff過(guò)境稅,2 Types of Import Tariffs,1.1

8、 General import tariff 1.2 The Most Favored Nation Duty (normal tariff): an import preferential tariff is applicable to the countries which have the bilateral or multilateral agreements. Note: Normal Trade Relations (NTR) is formerly known as the Most Favored Nation (MFN),1.3 Variable levies差價(jià)稅,Vari

9、able levy = threshold price閘門(mén)價(jià) - import price. It is also a sliding duty because it varies from the difference between the prices at home and abroad. The import duties levied by the EU on imports of agricultural commodities are equal to the difference between the high farm prices established by the

10、EU and the lower world prices. The high farm support price level has also led to huge agricultural surpluses within the EU, high storage costs, and subsidized exports, and was responsible for some of the sharpest trade disputes with U.S. and at the Uruguay Round.,1.4 Preferential duties特惠稅,At the Lo

11、me Convention洛美協(xié)定 in 1975, the EU eliminated most trade barriers on imports from 46 developing nations in Africa, the Caribbean, and the Pacific region that were former colonies of EU countries. The treaty was renewed every five years (1980, 1985, 1990, and 1995), and the number of associate states

12、rose to 71. The EU granted generalized tariff preferences to imports of manufactured and semi-manufactured products from developing nations. But textiles, steel, consumer electronics, shoes, and many other products of great importance to developing nations were excluded. In February 2000, Lome IV ex

13、pired and was replaced by the Cotonou Agreement.,1.5 Generalized System of Preferences,GSP is gained after the set-up GSP resolution in 1968, which is the long efforts of the developing countries in the UNCTD. In the resolution, the products exported from the developing countries or districts to the

14、 developed countries are gained the general, nondiscriminative and irreciprocal普遍的，非歧視的，非互惠的 preferential tariff , especially finished products and semi-manufactures.,The restrictions of the GSP in the action,（1）The restriction to the preferential countries and districts (eg. USA); （2）The restrictio

15、n of the range of the preferential goods; （3）The formulation of the range to the tariff reduction. （4）The protection of the Preference-giving countries Escape clause 例外條款 Prior limitation 預(yù)定限額 Competitive need criterion競(jìng)爭(zhēng)需要標(biāo)準(zhǔn) Graduation clause畢業(yè)條款 (product graduation, country graduation),（5） The reg

16、ulation to the place origin 原產(chǎn)地規(guī)則 Origin criterion Process criterion Value-added criterion direct consignment Documentary evidence,1.6 Import surcharge,The tariff is imposed temporarily because of some specific reasons, such as: completion of trade deficit; trade retaliation; implementation of anti-

17、dumping or countervailing.,Dumping refers to the export of a commodity at below cost or at least the sale of a commodity at a lower price abroad than domestically. On average, about one-half of antidumping investigations are terminated without any measure being imposed and the rest end with the impo

18、sition of a duty or with the exporter increasing the price of the export commodity. CASE STUDY 6-2,（1） Anti-dumping,Main basis to recognize whether dumping exists or not 1）Whether the export price is lower than the fair value. 2）Whether the dumping brings a serious injury or threat to the similar in

19、dustrys build of import country and its market . 3）The above two exist a causal relationship,What is normal (fair) value ?,a. Domestic sales price in export or original country; b. The export price to the third country c. The value of structure d. Surrogate countrys price替代國(guó)價(jià)格,(2) Countervailing Duties,Countervailing duty is a kind of additional tax imposed on foreign imports that directly or indirectly accept any subsidies. Purpose: improve the price of imports, offset the amount of subsidy, weaken its competition, make it impossible to dump or co