1、,動(dòng)詞不定式,一、不定式結(jié)構(gòu)作主語(yǔ),To see one time is better than to hear a hundred times. To persevere means victory! 注：在很多情況下，特別是在口語(yǔ)中，常采用先行it代替主語(yǔ)，而把不定式后置： Its a great pleasure to be here. It is not an easy thing to master a language. 注：這種后置不定式的結(jié)構(gòu)也適用于某些謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞不是系動(dòng)詞的句子，如： It took us five hours to get there. It made us

2、very angry to hear him talk like that.,注：不定式結(jié)構(gòu)的邏輯主語(yǔ)通常可在特定的上下文或情景中看出，也可以由“ for + 名詞詞組” 來(lái)表示，如： It is not hard for one to do a bit of good. It was difficult for me to do the work. 注：某些形容詞在上述結(jié)構(gòu)中作表語(yǔ)時(shí)，常在不定式之前加上 “of + 名詞詞組” 來(lái)說(shuō)明不定式所指的是誰(shuí)的情況，如： Its kind of you to think so much of us. Its very nice of you to b

3、e so considerate. Its unwise of them to turn down the proposal. It was careless of her to make such a mistake.,二、不定式結(jié)構(gòu)作表語(yǔ),1主語(yǔ)和表語(yǔ)都是不定式（其含義往往一是條件，一是結(jié)果），如： To be kind to the enemy is to be cruel to the people. To do that would be to cut the foot to fit the shoe. 2主語(yǔ)是以aim, duty, hope, idea, intention, m

4、istake, plan, proposal, job, suggestion 等為中心詞的名詞詞組，或以 what 引導(dǎo)的名詞性從句表示，后面的不定式說(shuō)明其內(nèi)容，如： My idea is to climb the mountain from the north. Your mistake was not to write that letter. My suggestion is to start work at once. What I would suggest is to start work at once. 注：在某些句型中，當(dāng)主語(yǔ)部分有動(dòng)作動(dòng)詞do 時(shí)，作表語(yǔ)的不定式可以省略符

5、號(hào) “to”，如： All we have to do is push the button. The only thing I can do now is go on by myself. All I could do was send him a telegram.,三、不定式結(jié)構(gòu)作動(dòng)詞賓語(yǔ),1“動(dòng)詞 + 帶 to 的不定式結(jié)構(gòu)”。這類動(dòng)詞常見(jiàn)的有：afford, agree, arrange, ask, choose, decide, demand, desire, expect, hope, learn, manage, offer, pretend, promise, refuse,

6、 want, wish, like, hate, prefer, continue, try, start, forget, mean, intend, begin, 等，例如： Ive arranged to meet him at ten oclock. I didnt expect to find you here. 2“動(dòng)詞 + 疑問(wèn)詞 + 帶 to 的不定式結(jié)構(gòu)”。（這種不定式結(jié)構(gòu)接近一個(gè)名詞從句）。這類動(dòng)詞常見(jiàn)的有：tell, advise, show, teach, find out, decide, discuss, learn, forget, inquire, know,

7、explain, remember, see, understand, wonder 等。 疑問(wèn)詞（也稱連接代/副詞）有：what, where, who(m), when, how, whether, which（why 除外），如： I dont know what to do / where to go / who(m) to ask / when to stop / how to get there. I havent decided whether to sell it or not. We must find out what to do next / where to put i

8、t.,注 ：如果作賓語(yǔ)的不定式結(jié)構(gòu)有自己的補(bǔ)語(yǔ)，則應(yīng)使用先行 it，把不定式后置，例如： I find it difficult to understand him. We thought it wrong not to help her. They found it impossible to get everything ready in time. 注 ：不定式結(jié)構(gòu)一般不可作介詞賓語(yǔ), 只有在個(gè)別場(chǎng)合, 即在含有否定意義的帶有介詞 except 或 but (=except) 的結(jié)構(gòu)中才能這樣用，例如： He seldom comes except to look at my pictu

9、res. The child did nothing except weep. She can do anything but sing. He will do anything for you except lend you money. They could do nothing but wait for the doctors to arrive. 注意不定式符號(hào)的省略問(wèn)題！,四、不定式結(jié)構(gòu)作定語(yǔ),1不定式作定語(yǔ)通常只能放在被修飾的名詞之后，如： Its time to go to bed. He is not a man to bow before difficulties. Have

10、 you anything to declare? She usually has a lot of meetings to attend in the evening. I want to get something to read during the vocation. 2能帶不定式結(jié)構(gòu)作賓語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞，轉(zhuǎn)化成名詞時(shí)往往也能帶不定式結(jié)構(gòu)作定語(yǔ)，如： I dont wish to quarrel with you. I have no wish to quarrel with you. They will attempt to cross the river tonight. They wil

11、l make another attempt to cross the river tonight. She promised not to do that again. She made a promise not to do that again.,3某些能帶不定式結(jié)構(gòu)作狀語(yǔ)的形容詞，轉(zhuǎn)化成名詞時(shí)，也能帶不定式結(jié)構(gòu)作定語(yǔ)，如： He was obviously anxious to go. His anxiety to go was obvious. 4不定式結(jié)構(gòu)與所修飾的名詞，有時(shí)意義上有著主謂關(guān)系或動(dòng)賓關(guān)系，如： He has a large family to support (=

12、that he must support). 注：處于動(dòng)賓關(guān)系的情況下，如果不定式是不及物動(dòng)詞，它后面應(yīng)加上必要的介詞，如： She has a lot of things to attend to. The nurse has five children to look after. Lets first find a room to put the things in. 5有時(shí)為了明確不定式結(jié)構(gòu)的邏輯關(guān)系，可以在不定式之前加上for + 名詞詞組，如： Heres a book for you to read. He gave orders for the visitors to be s

13、hown in.,五、不定式結(jié)構(gòu)作狀語(yǔ),不定式結(jié)構(gòu)可以作狀語(yǔ)，修飾動(dòng)詞、形容詞、副詞等，表示目的、原因、結(jié)果、條件等。,1表示目的： They ran over to welcome the delegates. He bought a bicycle to go to town more quickly. He went home to see his mother. 注：不定式結(jié)構(gòu)表示目的時(shí)，通常句子的主語(yǔ)就是它的邏輯主語(yǔ)(參見(jiàn)以上三句)，但也有例外的情況，例如： I stopped for him to speak to me. He opened the door for the ch

14、ildren to come in. He brought a porter to carry the boxes / bags. They sent a man to mend the window. He stood up to be seen better.,注：為了強(qiáng)調(diào)表示目的的不定式結(jié)構(gòu)，特別是在不定式結(jié)構(gòu)前有否定詞 not 時(shí)，通常可以在不定式符號(hào) to 之前加上 in order 或 so as，如： He came here in order to see Charlie. He shouted and waved so as to be noticed. He went ea

15、rly in order not to miss the train. I turned the radio down so as not to disturb him. 注：表示目的的不定式可以置于句首，這也是區(qū)別于其他功能的標(biāo)志之一。但是，置于句首表示目的的不定式之前可以加上in order，但卻不可以加上so as ，如： To draw maps properly, you need a special pen. (In order to draw maps properly, you need a special pen.) To get the best results, use

16、clean water.,2. 表示結(jié)果： What have I said to make you so angry? He came round to find himself in hospital. 不定式結(jié)構(gòu)表示結(jié)果更常見(jiàn)于下列句型： so as to Would you be so kind as to lend me your bicycle / tell me the time? such () as to Im not such a fool as to believe that. enough to The boy is old enough to go to school

17、. too to His eyesight is too poor to read such small letters. 注意：下列句子中的不表示結(jié)果，也無(wú)否定含義： Im only too glad to go. (= Im very glad to go.) I shall be only too pleased to get home. (= I shall be very pleased to get home.) only too (adv.) 極; 非常; 太;很 ,有時(shí)，不定式結(jié)構(gòu)還能表示一個(gè)隨后發(fā)生的動(dòng)作，相當(dāng)于一個(gè)并列限定動(dòng)詞詞組，這種不定式結(jié)構(gòu)也表示結(jié)果，如： She w

18、oke early to find it was raining. He got home to learn that his father was ill. 這種表示結(jié)果的不定式結(jié)構(gòu)具有下列幾個(gè)特點(diǎn)： 不定式所表示的動(dòng)作是隨后發(fā)生的，相當(dāng)于一個(gè)限定動(dòng)詞詞組，如： He arrived late to find the others had gone home. He arrived late and found the others had gone home. 不定式根據(jù)是否需要停頓而決定與主句是否用逗號(hào)隔開(kāi)。 He left his native country (,) never to

19、 return. He returned home (,) to find his father lying sick in bed. 不定式所表示的結(jié)果往往含有“令人意想不到”的意味，其中以“使人不愉快的結(jié)果”較為常見(jiàn)。（有時(shí)也可以表示令人愉快、驚喜的結(jié)果），如： He went home to find his old friend George waiting for him., 不定式之前有時(shí)可以加上only或but only，以加強(qiáng)語(yǔ)氣，如： He got to the station only to be told the train had gone. They lifted a

20、 rock only to drop it on their own feet. 注：不定式結(jié)構(gòu)表示結(jié)果或表示目的，往往形式相似，這時(shí)，須根據(jù)詞匯意義認(rèn)真加以區(qū)別，試比較： He arrived late to find the others had gone home. ( = He arrived late and found the others had gone home.) He arrived late to avoid meeting Robert. ( = He arrived late in order to avoid meeting Robert.) He got to

21、the station only to be told the train had gone. He went to the station to inquire about the times of trains. ( = He went to the station in order to inquire about the times of trains.),3. 表示原因：（不定式所表示的動(dòng)作先于謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的動(dòng)作） She wept to hear the news. I pretend to be happy to know him. He laughed to see such fu

22、n. She seemed surprised to meet us.,六、不定式結(jié)構(gòu)作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ),Dont force yourself to write when you have nothing to say. He believed the earth to be a globe. Did you see a young man enter the house? 1只能用不定式結(jié)構(gòu)作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞： 表示“希望”“愿望”等心理狀態(tài)的動(dòng)詞，如：wish, desire, expect, love, prefer, encourage, trust 等。 What do you desi

23、re me to do? The director preferred her to act the old lady. 含有“讓”“允許”“促使”“致使”等祈使意義的動(dòng)詞，如：let, allow, permit, decide, mean, lead, bring, put, hurry, cause, 等。 We mustnt let this happen again. His father put him to mind the sheep. 帶有“請(qǐng)求”“懇求”等感情色彩的動(dòng)詞，如：ask, desire, invite, beg, request, worry 等。 He beg

24、ged me not to tell his father about it. She was always worrying her father to take her to Paris.,含有“建議”“勸告”等意義的動(dòng)詞，如：advise, persuade, call on, urge 等。 He urged us to accept the compromise. The dentist advised me to have the bad tooth pulled out. 含有“命令”“強(qiáng)迫”“禁止”等意義的動(dòng)詞，如：order, command, require, charge

25、, tell, make, oblige, force, drive, forbid, warn 等。 He required us to keep it a secret. The doctor ordered him to stay in bed for a few days. I warn you not to do that again. 其他還有：help, teach, show, assist, report, bear, wait for, train, depend on 等。 He promised to teach me to swim. We should train

26、them to make use of reference books. We are waiting for the train to stop.,2既能用不定式結(jié)構(gòu)又能用現(xiàn)在分詞作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞： see, watch, notice, look at, hear, listen to, observe, feel, have; imagine, find, discover, like, want, understand, hate, bring, get, leave, set Did you see anyone enter the house? Dont imagine your

27、self to be always correct. We find him to be dishonest. He set the boys to carry water. Ill leave him to solve the problem for himself.,注：有些動(dòng)詞用不定式與用現(xiàn)在分詞作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)，所表達(dá)的意義是有差別的。一般說(shuō)來(lái)，用不定式表示一次性動(dòng)作或動(dòng)作的完成（即全過(guò)程）；而用現(xiàn)在分詞則表示動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行，即：謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)作發(fā)生時(shí)，現(xiàn)在分詞所表示的動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行，如： Did you see anyone enter the house? He saw his fat

28、her talking with his teacher. I once heard him sing this song. She heard Mr. White singing in the next room.,注：使用不定式作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)時(shí)，在有些動(dòng)詞后面，不定式符號(hào)to 應(yīng)當(dāng)省略。 下列動(dòng)詞用不定式作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)時(shí)，必須省去不定式符號(hào)to： let, make, have, see, watch, notice, look at, observe, hear, listen to He observed someone open the door. I watched them get

29、into the car. Did you notice him leave the room? feel 一詞在使用 to do 型不定式作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)時(shí)，不帶 to；在使用 to be 型不定式時(shí)，要帶 to，如： He felt them to be right. Did you feel the earth shake? help 一詞在使用不定式作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)時(shí)，可以帶 to，也可以不帶 to，如： Do you often help your mother (to) do the housework? 使用不定式作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)的句子，改為被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)以后，賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)就成了主語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)，這時(shí)，“

30、to”不可以省略，如： The boss made them work from morning till night. They were made to work from morning till night.,不定式的一般式所表示的動(dòng)作，通常與主要謂語(yǔ)所表示的動(dòng)作（或狀態(tài)）同時(shí)（或幾乎同時(shí)）發(fā)生，或者是在它之后發(fā)生,例如：Who heard him say that? They invited us to go there this summer. 如果不定式所表示的動(dòng)作在謂語(yǔ)所表示的動(dòng)作之前發(fā)生，這個(gè)不定式就要用完成式，如： Im glad to have seen your mot

31、her. (cf. Im glad to see you. ),七、不定式的完成式有下列用法,1構(gòu)成復(fù)合謂語(yǔ)，如： He is said to have written a new book about workers. (It is said that he has written a new book about workers.) The enemy was reported to have surrendered. (It was reported that the enemy had surrendered.) She seemed to have heard about it al

32、ready. (It seemed that she had already heard about it.),2在某些作表語(yǔ)用的形容詞后作狀語(yǔ)，如： You are lucky to have got tickets to the concert. (=You are lucky that you have got tickets to the concert.) Im sorry to have given you so much trouble. (=Im sorry I have given you so much trouble.) She was very glad to have

33、 done something for the people. 3在某些動(dòng)詞后作賓語(yǔ)，如： He pretended not to have seen me. I meant to have told you about it, but I forgot to do so. 4有時(shí)還可以作主語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)或構(gòu)成復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)，如： It was a great satisfaction to have revisited our native village.（主語(yǔ)） So you are the one to have cleaned all these rooms.（定語(yǔ)） They thought

34、it a pity not to have invited her.（復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)） She felt it an honour to have taken part in the work. （復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)）,如果主要謂語(yǔ)所表示的動(dòng)作（或情況）發(fā)生時(shí)，不定式所表示的動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行，這時(shí)，不定式就要用進(jìn)行式。,八、不定式的進(jìn)行式主要有下列幾種用法,1構(gòu)成復(fù)合謂語(yǔ)，如： They are said to be building another bridge across the river. They seem to be getting along quite well. I happened to be going that way too. 2在某些動(dòng)詞后構(gòu)成復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)，如： We didnt expect you to be waiting for us here. 3在某些動(dòng)詞后作賓語(yǔ)，如： He pretended t