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1、1. Abbreviations,A: Symbols helpful in math - these are commonly used in texts and references. S = sum f = frequency B: Leave out periods in standard abbreviations. cf = compare e.g. = example C: Use only the first syllable of a word. pol = politics dem = democracy lib = liberal cap = capitalism D:

2、Use entire first syllable and only 1st letter of 2nd syllable. pres = presentation subj = subject ind = individual cons = conservative,E: Eliminate final letters. Use just enough of the word to form a recognizable abbreviation. assoc = associate biol = biology info = information ach = achievement ch

3、em = chemistry max = maximum intro= introduction conc = concentration min = minimum,F: Omit vowels, retain only enough consonants to give a recognizable skeleton of the word. ppd = prepared prblm = problem estmt = estimate bkgd = background gvt = government G:Use an apostrophe in place of letters. a

4、mt = amount contd = continued govt = government educatl = educational,H: Form the plural of a symbol or abbreviated word by adding s. chpts = chapters egs = examples fs = frequencies intros = introductions I: Use g to represent ing endings. ckg = checking estg = establishing decrg = decreasing exptg

5、 = experimenting,J: If a term, phrase, or name is written out in full during the lecture, substitute initials whenever the term, phrase, or name is used again. For example, Center for Aerospace Sciences becomes CAS thereafter. K: Use symbols for commonly recurring connective or transitional words. &

6、 = and w/ = with w/o = without vs = against,L: Use technical symbols where applicable. zb = German, for example ibid = Latin, the same work o = degrees H2O = water M: Use g to represent ing endings. Examples: decrg decreasing ckg checking estblg establishing,2. Letters and images,Z 表示“人”people/perso

7、n,因?yàn)椤癦”看上去像個(gè)人頭,它通常被寫(xiě)在一個(gè)詞或符號(hào)的右上角。例如:日本人:JZ。 E 表示總數(shù):total, totally, entire, entirely, on the whole, all in all, to sum up, ect.E 數(shù)學(xué)符號(hào)表示總值。 Q 表示通貨膨脹:inflation因?yàn)檫@個(gè)符號(hào)酷似一個(gè)上升的氣球。,i 表示工業(yè): industry, industrial 字母i 像只煙囪,所以用來(lái)可以用來(lái)表示工業(yè)。 U U 看酷似一個(gè)酒杯,在筆記中表示合同、協(xié)議(treaty, agreement)一般只有在談判成功、協(xié)議成交后才會(huì)表示舉杯祝賀。如果在U內(nèi)填入2,就

8、可以表示為bilateral(雙邊的), 填入3表示為trilateral(三邊的)。填入在U中填入1表示: Unilateralism(單邊主義),填入m (multiple) 表示多邊主義。如果在U上加一個(gè)/表示談判破裂。, 圓圈表示一個(gè)圓桌,中間一點(diǎn)表示一盆花,這個(gè)符號(hào)就可以表示會(huì)議、開(kāi)會(huì)等:meeting,conference, negotiation,seminar,discussion,symposium O 圓圈代表地球,橫線表示赤道,所以這個(gè)符號(hào)就可以表示國(guó)際的、世界的、全球的等: international, worldwide, global, universal, etc

9、. T 表示領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人:leader, head那么head of government, head of company 便可以表示為 CT C 表示沖突,矛盾:conflict, confrontation C中的表示反對(duì),字母C將反對(duì)的概念縮小為conflict 和 confrontation。,3. Arrows,表示到達(dá)、傳達(dá):go into,arrive at,give to,send to,present to etc. 表示導(dǎo)致、引導(dǎo):lead to, result in, in the direction of, etc. 表示屈服:submit to 表示來(lái)自于:be/come

10、 from,return,receive from, etc. 表示追溯到:come/go back to,originate,表示上升:up/upward/rise,increase,arise,ascend, etc.表示發(fā)射、投放市場(chǎng)、發(fā)行:launch,open, start, etc.表示發(fā)展、加強(qiáng)、推進(jìn):develop,strengthen, promote, etc 表示增長(zhǎng),進(jìn)步等,如: increase , soar , mushroom , rocket , make progress 下降,退步,惡化等,如 decrease , sink , slide , subsid

11、e , plump , plunge , drop , degrade ,deteriorate 表示波折:ups and downs, twists and turns, etc. 高興,男性,同意,增加等,如 happy , male , agree , many , +2=more , +3=most , beneficial , good , beautiful , great , gorgeous,悲傷,女性,不同意,減少等,如 sad , female , disagree , little , few , -2=less , -3=least , lack of , short

12、of 同意,正確等,如: agree , correct , right 表示好的狀態(tài),right/good,famous/well-known,etc. 不同意,錯(cuò)誤等,如: disagree , incorrect,多于,超過(guò),比 低一級(jí)等,如: more than , greater than , bigger than , better than , superior to , surpass , transcend , overtake 少于,比 低級(jí)等,如: less than , lower than , smaller than , inferior to 大約,如: appr

13、oximately , about , around , some , nearly , almost , similar to 否定,清除,如: clear , settle , solve , tackle , conquer , eliminate , extinct,與 不同,如: differ from , different from , distinct , unique $ 金錢(qián),利益,如: interest , benefit , money , fund , capital,4. Punctuations,: 表示各種各樣“說(shuō)”的動(dòng)詞:say, speak, talk, m

14、arks, announce, declare, etc. 例: repeat 或 reaffirm 可以用 :2 來(lái)替代,聲明支持可以用 + :來(lái)替代,譴責(zé)用 - : ? 表示問(wèn)題:question,issue,例如:臺(tái)灣問(wèn)題:tw? . (dot) 這個(gè).點(diǎn)的位置不同表示的概念也不一樣.d表示yesterday, .y表示last year, .2m表示two month ago。y表示this year, y2. two year laternext week, 可以表示為wk.“ 表示轉(zhuǎn)折, 表示重要的狀態(tài):important,exemplary(模范的) best,outstanding,brilliant,etc. n 表示交流狀態(tài):exchange,mutual, etc.&表示和,與:and,together with,along with, accompany,along with,further more,etc. 表示結(jié)束:end,stop,halt,bring sth to a standstill/stop, etc.,5. How to abbreviate long words,-ism 簡(jiǎn)寫(xiě)為m 例如:socialism Sm -tion簡(jiǎn) 簡(jiǎn)寫(xiě)為n 例如:standardiza

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