vi 摘摘 要要 多麗絲萊辛 （1919- ）是當(dāng)代英國文壇上頗負(fù)盛名的小說家。她在半個世紀(jì) 的潛心寫作中， 以她不斷變化的視角和不斷創(chuàng)新的寫作技巧對她所生活的時代進(jìn)行了大 膽地探索性地創(chuàng)作，并引起了全世界讀者的激烈反響。萊辛迄今已有 20 多部長篇小說、 11 部短篇小說集、10 部文集、5 個劇本、1 本詩集問世。她受到了二十世紀(jì)大的文化背 景的影響，深入探究了許多的哲學(xué)流派，如馬克思主義、心理分析和蘇菲主義等，并把 它們應(yīng)用到寫作中。 1962 年，萊辛的代表作金色筆記問世。這部最終獲得諾貝爾文學(xué)獎的作品以 其在結(jié)構(gòu)上的創(chuàng)新和對五十年代英國整個社會的精神和人們的道德狀況的精確描述而 被譽(yù)為一部經(jīng)典之作。 并鞏固了萊辛在當(dāng)代英國文壇的地位。 在 金色筆記 的前言中， 萊辛指出全書的主題是“分裂”和“整合” ，而“整合”比“分裂”更重要（7） 。因此 本文將以弗洛伊德的人格結(jié)構(gòu)模式和防御機(jī)制理論為主要工具， 分析主人公安娜從分裂 到整合的心路歷程,即在分裂的狀態(tài)下認(rèn)識自我、重新建構(gòu)健康的新自我的曲折道路， 揭示其在現(xiàn)代社會的精神世界中自我的迷失和自我的尋找的實質(zhì)。 論文由以下 5 部分構(gòu)成： 導(dǎo)論首先簡要介紹多麗絲萊辛,金色筆記的主要內(nèi)容, 評論界對其所進(jìn)行的 相關(guān)評論以及該論文主要運(yùn)用的研究方法。 第一章主要從三個方面分別論述了導(dǎo)致安娜精神分裂的過程。 安娜生活在二十世紀(jì) 五十年代一個復(fù)雜多變的時代：婦女解放運(yùn)動的興起；戰(zhàn)后人們精神世界的貧乏；政治 信仰的矛盾等，為了給自己創(chuàng)造一個有序的生活方式，保持自己完整的人格，她分別用 四本筆記記錄自己的不同方面。但是隨著各個方面生活的失敗，隨之出現(xiàn)的困惑與挫敗 感導(dǎo)致了她的自我分裂。 第二章主要從三個方面展示了主人公安娜的自我掙扎的階段，正如弗洛伊德的觀 點，當(dāng)一個人陷入自我分裂的狀態(tài)后，只有通過激烈的掙扎才可能重回完整。安娜此時 在不和諧的因素間苦苦掙扎。 第三章主要從三大方面探討了安娜重歸完整人格的歷程：在情感上她成為新的自 由女性；在寫作上她作為“推大石的人” ；在政治上她即將參加工黨，繼續(xù)自己的努力。 總之，她全面接受了自己作為社會中普通人的角色。 vii 結(jié)論部分總結(jié)全文，得出結(jié)論： 金色筆記是一部自我實現(xiàn)的小說，一位職業(yè)女 性面對男女性別的戰(zhàn)爭，世界的其他領(lǐng)域的紛亂復(fù)雜，究竟該如何獨(dú)立面對生活的不完 美，如何獨(dú)立面對政治信仰的危機(jī)，如何獨(dú)立面對職業(yè)上的矛盾等。安娜的心路歷程在 更高層面、更實際生活中、更富有啟迪作用下為當(dāng)代的女性指明了方向，因此具有深遠(yuǎn) 的現(xiàn)實意義和社會意義。 關(guān)鍵詞關(guān)鍵詞：本我，自我，超我，認(rèn)同，夢 iv abstract doris lessing (1919- ) is a british woman writer who is regarded as one of the most excellent novelists in the world. she has gained her fame for her dedicatedly half centurys writing with her courageous exploration perspectives and changeable writing skills about her times. up to now, there have been over 21 novels, 11 short story anthologies, 10 collected literary works, 5 dramas and 1 poetic anthology. she was influenced by her living background in 20th century. she also made deep research about many important philosophical schools of thoughts and applied some in her works, such as marxism, psychoanalysis and sufism. lessings representative novel the golden notebook was published in 1962. this work, which makes anna awarded the nobel prize in literature later, was regarded as a remarkable masterpiece for its intricate structure and exact description about the intellectual and moral climate of the british society of the 1950s. and it solidified lessings position in british literature. in the preface of the golden notebook, lessing points out clearly that the themes of the book are “fragmentation and unity, and the latter is more important than the first” (7). therefore, this dissertation will analyze, with freuds structural model and defense mechanism, annas spiritual process from fragmentation to unity, namely, her self-saving from the self-splitting state through pursuit of healthy self. it aims to explore the process and the significance of the self-discovery and reveal the loss of self in spiritual world and the essence of self-discovery. the thesis is made up of five parts as follows: the introduction contains the general information of the novelist doris lessing , the fiction the golden notebook，the methodology of the research and the critical responses to the novel. chapter one, the thesis analyses the elements which lead the protagonist anna to self-splitting state from three aspects. anna lives in the changeable times of 20th century: the womens movement; the empty of peoples spiritual state after the wars; the conflict of their political beliefs and the like. in order to create an orderly life, and keep herself whole, she keeps four dairies with different aspects of her life. with the failures of her life in all the v aspects, her frustration and confusion lead anna to self-splitting. chapter two, the thesis discusses the process of annas self-struggling. just like freud says, when a person falls into self-splitting, the unbalanced id, ego and superego will not become balancing without strong fight. here anna struggles between the incompatible factors. chapter three discusses annas unity from three parts: a free woman in emotion; a “boulder-pusher” in writing and going to be a laborite in politics. in a word, she comes to accept her role as a common people in the society. part five is the conclusion. it reaches the conclusion: the golden notebook is a novel of self-discovery, which typically unfolds a womans process from self-splitting to self-saving when facing the men-women war, and other ambivalent aspects. it shows us how to deal with the imperfect life. through the exploration of the self-discovery process of a typical woman, lessing guides the direction in the self-quest and psychological maturity for modern women, thus it has profound social and realistic significance. key words: id, ego, superego, identification, dreams iii 學(xué)位論文原創(chuàng)性聲明 學(xué)位論文原創(chuàng)性聲明 本人所提交的學(xué)位論文 on the individuation of kate brown in the summer before the dark ，是在導(dǎo)師的指導(dǎo)下，獨(dú)立進(jìn)行研究工作所取得的原創(chuàng)性成果。除文中已經(jīng)注明 引用的內(nèi)容外，本論文不包含任何其他個人或集體已經(jīng)發(fā)表或撰寫過的研究成果。對本 文的研究做出重要貢獻(xiàn)的個人和集體，均已在文中標(biāo)明。 本聲明的法律后果由本人承擔(dān)。 論文作者（簽名） ： 指導(dǎo)教師確認(rèn)（簽名） ： 年 月 日 年 月 日 學(xué)位論文版權(quán)使用授權(quán)書 學(xué)位論文版權(quán)使用授權(quán)書 本學(xué)位論文作者完全了解河北師范大學(xué)有權(quán)保留并向國家有關(guān)部門或機(jī)構(gòu)送交學(xué) 位論文的復(fù)印件和磁盤，允許論文被查閱和借閱。本人授權(quán)河北師范大學(xué)可以將學(xué)位論 文的全部或部分內(nèi)容編入有關(guān)數(shù)據(jù)庫進(jìn)行檢索，可以采用影印、縮印或其它復(fù)制手段保 存、匯編學(xué)位論文。 （保密的學(xué)位論文在 年解密后適用本授權(quán)書） 論文作者（簽名） ： 指導(dǎo)教師（簽名） ： 年 月 日 年 月 日 1 introduction doris lessing (1919- ) is a british woman writer who is regarded as one of the most excellent post-war english novelists. she is described as the “most fearless woman novelist in the world, unabashed ex-communist and uncompromising feminist” 1. lessings fiction is deeply autobiographical, “much of it emerging out of her experience in africa.”2 focusing on the memories in her childhood and her serious engagements with politics and social concerns, doris lessing has profoundly reflected on the gross injustices of racial inequality, the clashes of different cultures, the struggling among opposing components in personality of women. not only her lots of works but also her experiences are worthy to read. doris lessing was born in persia (now iran) on october 22, 1919. her family moved to the southern africa when she was only five years old. then she grew up on an isolated farm where her father made a poor living. she went to a boarding school but ended her formal education at the age of 14, just like most of other famous women writers. from then on, she has educated herself by reading widely. once she worked as a legal secretary, and a handsard secretary in the rhodesian parliament. she married two times and lessing is the surname of her second husband. throughout her life, lessing challenged her belief that people cannot counter the currents of their time, as she fought vehemently against the biological and cultural imperatives that fated and demanded her to sink without any complaints into marriage and motherhood. but later she argues that she was freer than most other people because she became a writer. after ending her second marriage, doris lessing moved to london with her son and the manuscript of her first novel, the grass is singing. it was this work that set lessing as a gifted young novelist. from then on, she has created 20 novels and 11 short story anthologies, 10 collected literary works, 5 dramas and 1 poetic anthology. she firstly created her works mentioning womens condition; later science and then sufism and so on. due to the great contribution she got an honorary degree from harvard university in june 1995, and she was on the list of nominees for the nobel prize for literature in 1996. as a matter of fact, she has won considerable prizes and awards. her works are presently researched by numerable advanced students and many others who are interested in literature 2 all over the world. her eminent novels include the glass is singing, the golden notebook (1962), the summer before the dark (1973), memoirs of a survivor and the five-volume children of violence series (1951-1959): martha quest, a proper marriage, a ripple from the storm, landlocked, and the four-gated city. after the five-volume, lessing turned to explore the evolutionary development of ones inner-world and published three “inner space” novels: briefing for a descent into hell (1971); the summer before the dark (1973), memoirs of a survivor. her short stories, including to room nineteen (1977) and the temptation of jack orkney (1978), etc, have been collected in a number of volumes. two largely autobiographical volumes which she wrote most recently include under my skin, and walking in the shade. the thematic concerns in her works cover a wide range, from the social and political issues of communism and colonialism to psychological abyss and mystical zenith, which is like ruth whittaker remarks: “critics attempts to pin her down and label her as marxist, feminist, or, more recently, a mystic, have been superseded by the evolution of her ideas. it is almost as if by the time she comes to write a novel she has already moved on from the ideological force which motivated it.” as a female writer, she has made brave and shrewd insight into the subtle texture of womens inner world. the golden notebook absolutely is one of her such significant masterpieces. it is the publication of this book that marks a significant turning-point in doris lessings literary career. it is one of the outstanding masterpieces and it states a whole generation of women, a rather complex text about the intellectual woman, especially its complicated and peculiar form and contents are intertwined in a highly structured book. it breaks the traditional way, as she later stressed, “my major aim was to shape a book which would make its own comment, a wordless statement: to talk through the way it was shaped.”3 the golden notebook tells a womans process of psychology. anna wulf, the protagonist of the book, is a divorced woman, brings her little daughter up alone. she was a mans mistress to whom she devoted, but was abandoned at last. being sensitive and intelligent, anna gradually falls into split with various roles: woman, writer, social activist and so on. she struggles in finding a way from self-splitting to self-saving. besides the successful contents of the book, it is famous for its particular structure. in a sense, it was 3 lessings boldly experiment that makes the golden notebook famous, in which anna uses a particular form and extremely exact and deep description to portray an intellectual womans psychological journey. the golden notebook consists of two main parts: a conventional novel which is entitled free women, divided into five segments by four fragmented notebooks and an integrated one(named the golden notebook) coming up immediately after those four (the black notebook, the red notebook, the yellow notebook, and the blue notebook): the black one covers annas early years in british colonial africa; the red one is about her years as a communist; a yellow one is with the fictional story of her alter ego, ella; a blue one is her daily life in detail. it is just like a fiction-in-fiction dealing with the process of annas psychology. the theme includes colonialism, politics, the roles of women in relation to men and to each other, dreams and prophecy, the nature of art and the natural response to everything. it is just like doris lessings words “thoughts and themes i had been holding in my mind for years came together.”4 it is the novels variety in content and the experimentation in structure that attract lots of critics. after the golden notebooks publication in 1962, it was not at once acclaimed in england or in america. in fact, it was just opposite; it caught the attention of sharp negative critics and immediately became the focus of their criticism. all of the criticism fall into two points: one is the complicated structure, various themes and her holding artistic value; the other is the portrayal of the female model which was excluded from the circle of mainstream literature. because of its accurate description of the historical events of the 1950s in the book, many critics of early time denied its artistic value as a novel and even excluded it from the circle of literature. robert taubman concludes subjectively that the golden notebook is a “document” and not a “creative experience.”5 james gindin similarly remarks its artistic values like this “miss lessing produces an enormously lucid sociologically journalism, honest and committed”6 anthony burgess comments that “there has been too much diversion of aim, too little digestion of deeply held beliefs into something acceptable as a work of art.”7 p.w. frederick mcdowell dismisses the golden notebook as “disorganized” and its orientation as “subjective”8. at meantime mcdowell thinks that the golden notebook is just not manly enough, because it fails to show the masculine qualities of inevitability, strength, 4 single-mindedness, and good judgment. while being denied by male critics, lessing was criticized by many women reviewers. some women reviewers denounced the golden notebook for being “unfeminine” in lessings description of “female emotions of aggression, hostility and resentment” even it “alienated from the authentic female perspective.”9 ellen mogan remarks: “reading the golden notebook carefully forces one to realize how women writers can be, and have been, alienated from their own authentic, sensitive, and accurate perceptions of sexual politics ”10 some women readers reproached lessing for not establishing a perfect heroine, annoyed by lessings unreserved depiction of female physical experience without thinking of victorian tradition. as we know, victorian women accepted to keep these experiences to themselves, to record them in their private diaries. they just shared them with their close women friends seldom. there were strong taboos against sharing them with men. so it was excluded from the circle of mainstream literature easily by almost all of the critics and readers. however, with the developing of the womens movement, much to lessings surprise; the golden notebook was acclaimed as a key weapon in the “sex war” and as “the bible of the womens movement.”11 thus lessing was labeled as a feminist; however, she does not permit herself as a feminist. she once said “for the last thing i have wanted to do was to refuse to support women” in the preface of the golden notebook. in fact, she is just a novelist who is concerned with the life of women, (including the women career, family and even their inner world,) and the survival and the development of the whole human beings. so “this novel was not a trumpet for womens liberation” as lessing said in the preface of the golden notebook. but there are still some critics insist their view. sage considers that the golden notebook is “a potent of a new era of feminist consciousness”12 while huang mei thinks the golden notebook gives great inspiration to the new generation of western women. then influenced by their opinions, critical comments mainly center on the dilemmas of modern women, especially in china now, many criticisms still follow this feminist point of view. such as li xiangfu who launches a discussion on the political and feminist themes and general features of the different stages of lessings novels. angry with the evaluation made by so many critics, doris lessing claims that the main themes of the book are “break down” and more importantly the “unity”; and when she talks about the fictional structure, she said, 5 “my major aim was to shape a book which would make its own comment, a wordless statement: to talk through the way it was shaped” in her preface of the golden notebook. after lessings preface of the golden notebook, people came to know her ingenious examination of an era, her far-reaching social implications. more and more critics admit that the novel is lessings most ambitious and most profound novel. irving howe once comments that “the golden notebook is the most absorbing and exciting piece of new fiction i have read in decades; it moves with the beat of our time, and it is true.”13 even elizabeth hardwick remarks, “the golden notebook is doris lessings most important work and has left its mark upon the ideas and feelings of a whole generation of women.”14 and doris lessings words about her book in the preface set the basic tune for mainstream critical discussions. there are about three categories from then on: centering on the feminism; centering on the formal study, including the fictional structure, genre, symbols, language and images; and centering on the protagonists breakdown and unity from psychological, socio-historical, ideological and mythic perspectives. category one: centering on the feminism: some critiques argue that although lessing resists the idea of the golden notebook being called a feminist novel, a feminist way is accepted, because as we know it is a “woman writing about women”. xiaqiong: on feminism of the golden notebook; zhang guizhen: on feminine consciousness in doris lessings the golden notebook. joannou, maroula: contemporary womens writing; geoff haselhurst, history of feminism; patricia meyer spacks, “free women,” the female imagination. they mainly think the book tells a womans story, from a traditional one to a “new” woman through fighting with men and the society. category two: centering on the formal study: critics think the golden notebook breaks the traditional chronological order, and it unites the protagonists splitting psychology and the disordered world. fuoroli, caryn. doris lessings game: referential language and fictional form; jianghong, the special structure in foreign literature; franko, carol. authority, truthtelling and parody: papers on language and literature; cheng qian, a wordless statement: a narrative study of the golden notebook; zhang ermin introduces the thematic tendency of lessing. category three: centering on the protagonists breakdown and unity: since lessing