精品文檔初中英語語法名 詞：在中考單項(xiàng)選擇試題中，除了時(shí)態(tài)，名詞的考查頻率也較高。一般考查以下幾點(diǎn)：一、 可數(shù)名詞與不可數(shù)名詞在可數(shù)名詞與不可數(shù)名詞上一般出現(xiàn)這樣幾類，（1）分辨是哪一類名詞，并根據(jù)結(jié)論做選擇。（2）可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)的不規(guī)則變化。（3）不可數(shù)名詞的量化表達(dá)。所以，考生首先要能夠明確哪些是可數(shù)名詞，哪些是不可數(shù)名詞。其次，還要知道可數(shù)名詞的復(fù)數(shù)的變化規(guī)則。可數(shù)名詞的變化規(guī)則一般是在單詞后面加-s 或-es，如：1：desk-desks bed-beds piano-pianos hat-hats bag-bags photo-photos2：bus-buses box-boxes watch-watches brush-brushes3：tomato-tomatoes potato-potatoes hero-heroes Negro-Negroes4 ：leaf-leaves knife-knives5：baby-babies family-families另外，還要記住一些特殊的名詞的變化形式，如：Chinese-Chinese Japanese-Japanese Englishman-Englishmen Frenchman-FrenchmenRussian-Russians American-Americans German - Germans child-children foot-feet man-men woman-women tooth-teeth goose - geese deer-deer sheep-sheep還要掌握不可數(shù)名詞的量化表達(dá)有： a piece of、a bag of、a bottle of、a cup of、a glass of 另外，大家應(yīng)注意：單數(shù)集合名詞作主語時(shí)謂語動(dòng)詞“數(shù)的”變化：單數(shù)集合名詞如class, police, family, school, group, team等。盡管形式上是單數(shù)，意義上都是復(fù)數(shù)，因此，一般要與復(fù)數(shù)謂語動(dòng)詞連用，例如：Class Five have a foreign friend. 五班有一位外國朋友。（這里的五班指五班的同學(xué)的。）His family are good to me. 他的家人對我很好。（很顯然，這里的family指家庭成員。）當(dāng)上述集合名詞著重指“整體”時(shí)， 意義上則是單數(shù)，因此，要與單數(shù)謂語動(dòng)詞連用。例如，Our school team often plays well in our city. 我們的校隊(duì)經(jīng)常在我們市踢得很好。（這里的team 指整個(gè)隊(duì)，但意義上仍為單數(shù)，故謂語動(dòng)詞用plays.二、 名詞所有格名詞所有格有兩種形式：一是加s，一種是用of來表示。一般情況下，指某人的某物用s表示，而指某物的什么用of 短語來表示。另外，要注意凡是以s結(jié)尾的名詞或規(guī)則名詞的復(fù)數(shù)，不能直接加s，而應(yīng)該加-即可。例如，boys clothes girls dresses。 不過，注意例外情況，例如， the bosss handwriting，其中the bosss 的-s不可省略。因?yàn)樵谟⒄Z中，如果以-s 或-ss 結(jié)尾的名詞不是復(fù)數(shù)復(fù)數(shù)形式，那么其名詞所有格仍加-s。那么你會(huì)說“瓊斯的小汽車”嗎？對，Joness car。下面我們來做一部分習(xí)題。1. June 1st is _ Day.A. Childs B. Childs C. Childrens D. Childrens2. I need _ paper, Mum. I want to write _ letter to my English teacher.A. any, some B. some, a C. a, some D. some,any3. There are two _ and three _ on the table.A. knifes, forks B. knifes, fork C. knives, forkes D. knives, forks4. We have got a lot of_ today.A. newspaper to read B. homework to do C. homeworks to do D. book to read5. We could see _ children and hear _ noise in the park.A. many, many B. much, much C. many, much D. much, many6. Will you pass me _?A. a few pieces of chalk B. a few chalks C. a few of chalks D. some chalks7. _ has been invited to the dancing party.A. A friend of her B. A friend of hers C. Friends of hers D. Friends of her1234567DBDBCAB下面請大家自己練習(xí)一下。1. September 10th is _ Day.A. the Teacher B. Teachers C. Teacher D. Teachers2. -Can I help you, sir?-Id like to have 100_. I want the students to draw pictures on them.A. piece of paper B. pieces of paper C. papers D. paper3. -Would you like _ milk, please?-No, thank you. I still have some.A. some more B. an C. a little of D. all4. _ the old woman is in!A. What good health B. How a good health C. What a good health D. How good health5. Im going to help _ with _ English.A. a friend of Nancy, hers B. a friend of Nancys, her C. a friend of Nancys, hers D. a friend of Nancy, her6. The two desks here are _. You may use the desk over there.A. Mary and Jane B. Marys and Janes C. Mary and JanesD. Marys and Janes123456BBAABD What + a(n) + 形容詞 + 單數(shù)名詞 + 主語 + 謂語！ What + 形容詞 + 復(fù)數(shù)名詞 + 主語 + 謂語！ What + 形容詞 + 不可數(shù)名詞 + 主語 + 謂語！ How + 形容詞/副詞 + 主語 + 謂語！ How + 形容詞 + a(n) + 名詞 + 主語 + 謂語！ How + 主語 + 謂語！ 形容詞和副詞在中考單項(xiàng)選擇中形容詞也占一定比例，一般考查有關(guān)形容詞或副詞的一些搭配，但絕大部分考查形容詞與副詞的比較級(jí)和最高級(jí)。一、 形容詞和副詞的比較級(jí)和最高級(jí)一般的比較級(jí)和最高級(jí)在形容詞或副詞后加-er或-est，如：small - smaller - smallest 以不發(fā)音-e結(jié)尾的形容詞或副詞直接加 r或 st，如large - largest - largest 重讀閉音節(jié)詞尾是一個(gè)輔音字母的，需雙寫該輔音字母，再加-er或-est。 以輔音字母加 y 結(jié)尾的形容詞和副詞，把“y”變“i”，再加 er或-est.busy-busier-busiest happy-happier-happiest但一些雙音節(jié)及多音節(jié)形容詞或副詞前要加more和most，如：slowly - more slowly - most slowlydifficult-more difficult-most difficultbeautiful-more beautiful-most beautiful但還有一些不規(guī)則的變化：good / well-better-best many-more-mostbad / ill / badly -worse-worst little-less-leastfar - farther / further - farther / furthest二、 形容詞和副詞的等比句型asas 和一樣 Im as tall as you. not as(so)as 不和 一樣（在否定句中常用so 來代替as）如，I cant run so fast as you. 另外asas possible 為固定結(jié)構(gòu)，如，as soon as possible, as quickly as possible 等。在以上兩個(gè)句型中形容詞或副詞一定要用原級(jí)。三、形容詞和副詞的其它句型還有： 形容詞/ 副詞 比較級(jí) + than 句型 ，在than 后面的人稱代詞 用主語和賓語均可。 He is older than I / me. 但是如果人稱代詞后有動(dòng)詞時(shí)，則只能用主格形式。如， Tom found more red leaves than I did. “the + 比較級(jí)， the + 比較級(jí)” 結(jié)構(gòu)表示兩個(gè)變化一起發(fā)生。如， The more you learn, the more youll know. “more and more”結(jié)構(gòu)（指兩個(gè)形容詞比較級(jí)用and 連接）表示持續(xù)不斷的變化。 如： Im getting thinner and thinner.四、修飾形容詞和副詞的比較級(jí)的副詞要用much, a lot, a little, a bit, far等，very不能和比較級(jí)連用。如：The blouse I bought yesterday is a little less expensive. 昨天我買的襯衣比較便宜。To play basketball is far more enjoyable to the boy. 打籃球?qū)τ谀泻⒆觼碚f要有趣得多。五、形容詞的一些搭配，如：be glad / happy/ pleased to do 很高興做某事be sorry to do 很抱歉，很遺憾做某事be sure to do 一定/相信會(huì)做某事be ready to do 準(zhǔn)備好做某事，樂于做某事get ready to do 為做好準(zhǔn)備 等等。下面我們來看一些例題。1 The Yellow River is one of _ in China.A. the longest rivers B. the longer river C. the longest riverD. the long river2. Does he speak Chinese _ his brother? A. as better as B. as good as C. as well as D. best than3. Which shirt do you like _, the white one or the blue one? A. better B. good C. best D. much4. I dont feel _ to go to work today. Im ill. A. good enough B. well enough C. enough well D. enough good5. Mary would like to spend _ days on her research.A. a little more B. a little C. a few more D. much more6. Be quiet, class! I have _ to tell you.A. important anything B. important something C. anything important D. something important7. This picture book is not _ that one.A. so interesting as B. so interesting than C. as interesting than D. interesting as8. This article is _ than that one.A. much easier B. more easier c. much more easier D. more easy9. The Changjiang River is _ river in China.A. long B. longest C. the longest D. longer10. You must keep your room _ and tidy.A. to clean B. cleaning C. clean D. cleaned12345678910ACABCDAACC中考中當(dāng)然也會(huì)涉及到其他諸如代詞、數(shù)詞、介詞、和連詞等的用法。下面我就簡單提醒大家每類詞需注意的地方。1. 代詞:同學(xué)們需掌握以下不定代詞：all, each, both, either, neither, one, none, little, few, many, much, other, another, some, any, no以及由some, any, no, every構(gòu)成的合成詞如 nobody等，并注意不定代詞的定語后置，如something English2. 數(shù)詞:同學(xué)們需要記住一些特殊拼寫的序數(shù)詞。如：第1- first 第2- second 第3- third 第5- fifth 第9- ninth 第12- twelfth 第20- twentieth 另外需要記住以下短語：hundreds of 數(shù)以百計(jì) thousands of 數(shù)以千計(jì)tens of thousands of 數(shù)以萬計(jì) several millions of好幾百萬 但表示確切的百或千時(shí)不能用復(fù)數(shù)形式，如：ten thousand three million3. 介詞的考察內(nèi)容主要是介詞短語，特別是那些有固定搭配和固定用法的介詞短語。這類短語比較多，這里我不再一一贅述，大家可以看初中英語復(fù)習(xí)指導(dǎo)第204頁至208頁上的詞組。但我要特別提幾個(gè)以前舊教材所沒有的短語，請大家注意。如， speak highly of高度贊揚(yáng) regard as 視為，把看做make a contribution to doing sth 為做貢獻(xiàn)4. 連詞同學(xué)們需要特別記憶以下連詞或連詞短語：neithernor eitheror not onlybut also bothand前三個(gè)短語引導(dǎo)主語時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞需遵循就近原則。如， Neither you nor I am right. 你和我都不正確。Either Lucy or Lily is going there. 不是Lucy就是Lily要去那兒。那么bothand連接主語時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞要用復(fù)數(shù)形式。如， Both Lucy and Lily are going there.句子的種類1應(yīng)特別注意掌握的簡單句 有介詞的特殊疑問句 在特殊問句中，作為介詞賓語的疑問代詞可以與介詞分離，放在句首，而把介詞放在句尾。如， Whom do you travel with? 當(dāng)然，也可以把介詞放在句首。總之，不要把介詞丟掉。有插入語的特殊疑問句在特殊問句中，經(jīng)?？梢钥吹竭@樣的句子：Where do you think they may go? 其中，do you think 是疑問式插入語，其余部分是think的賓語從句。注意，疑問式插入語同句子的其余部分不用逗號(hào)分開。疑問式插入語還有do you hope, do you guess 等。在肯定句中也有插入語。如：That man, I guess, is neither a policeman nor a soldier. 在肯定句的插入語要用逗號(hào)與句子的其他部分分開。去掉插入語，該句子仍然是個(gè)完整的句子。 Youd better (not) (do sth.) 這個(gè)說法常用于提出“勸告，建議，告戒”。 比較委婉的有禮貌的說法是 Would you like ? 或 What about (doing)?。 如，Its too dark. Youd better leave at once. Im afraid (that) Im afraid (that) I cant go with you today. 常用來委婉地表示自己的看法或預(yù)料一件令人不悅的事情。2并列句: 并列句的考查重點(diǎn)是并列連詞。并列連詞有and, or, but, both and, neither nor, either or, not only but also等。3復(fù)合句:復(fù)合句考查的主要內(nèi)容是賓語從句、狀語從句和定語從句。 賓語從句:賓語從句的考查要點(diǎn)是：時(shí)態(tài)的呼應(yīng)、人稱的一致、詞序等。A.賓語從句的連接詞：賓語從句本身是敘述句是，用that 引導(dǎo)。He said (that) he would leave on March 12 next weeek.賓語從句本身是特殊疑問句時(shí)，用疑問詞引導(dǎo)。 Do you know where we can find our teacher?賓語從句本身是一般疑問句時(shí)，用if 或whether引導(dǎo)。I dont know if / whether he has done that.B. 賓語從句與主句時(shí)態(tài)的呼應(yīng)。主句謂語是現(xiàn)在時(shí)和將來時(shí)的時(shí)候，賓語從句的動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)不受影響。如，It is said that the panda was sent to America last month.主句是過去時(shí)態(tài)，從句謂語要做適當(dāng)調(diào)整：a) 由現(xiàn)在時(shí)調(diào)整為過去時(shí)。I didnt know you were also here.b) 由將來時(shí)調(diào)整為過去將來時(shí)He said that he would go to Beijing the next week.c) 過去時(shí)態(tài)多數(shù)不受影響，但“一般過去時(shí)”常調(diào)整為“過去完成時(shí)”，尤其是從句中有before, since 一類的時(shí)間狀語時(shí)，多調(diào)整為“過去完成時(shí)”如：She said she had worked at this school before her father came to this city. 狀語從句。狀語從句有時(shí)間狀語從句（常由when, while, before, after, until, as soon as等詞引導(dǎo)）、地點(diǎn)狀語從句（常有where 引導(dǎo)）、原因狀語從句（常有because, since, as 引導(dǎo)，這三詞所表達(dá)的語氣由because到as逐漸減弱，由why提出的問題必須用because 來回答）， 條件狀語從句（常由if引導(dǎo)）、結(jié)果狀語從句（常由such that, sothat, so that等引導(dǎo) ）、讓步狀語從句（常由though， although引導(dǎo)）。另外，今年新加了一個(gè)定語從句，其考查內(nèi)容主要是正確使用關(guān)系代詞who（指人）、that（指人或物）、which（指物） , etc. 定語從句一般緊跟在修飾詞的后面，如：She is the person who I want to see. 她就是我想見到的人。有時(shí)，為了使句子平衡，也可把定語從句與所修飾詞分開。同學(xué)們還記得這樣一句話嗎？Then a screen came up that read, “Congratulations!” 這是第三冊第54課中的一個(gè)句子