1、華中科技大學(xué)畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（論文）外文翻譯文獻(xiàn)畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（論文）題目：某商場裝飾預(yù)算翻譯題目：定額計(jì)價(jià)方法與工程量清單計(jì)價(jià)方法的區(qū)別學(xué)院：土木學(xué)院專業(yè)：工程造價(jià)姓名：郭可瑩班級：0802學(xué)號：V200841263指導(dǎo)老師：杜春燕老師完成日期：2011年4月18日中文:定額計(jì)價(jià)方法與工程量清單計(jì)價(jià)方法的區(qū)別在不同的經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展時(shí)期，建筑產(chǎn)品有不同的價(jià)格形式，不同的定價(jià) 主體，不同的價(jià)格形成機(jī)制；定額計(jì)價(jià)方法和工程量清單計(jì)價(jià)方法是我 國建設(shè)市場發(fā)展過程中不同階段形成的二種計(jì)價(jià)方法。二者的區(qū)別主要體現(xiàn)為：一、價(jià)格的表現(xiàn)形式不同定額計(jì)價(jià)介于國家定價(jià)和國家指導(dǎo)價(jià)之間。在此模式下， 工程價(jià)格 由國家直接確定或者由國家

2、給出一定的指導(dǎo)性標(biāo)準(zhǔn)， 承包商可以在一定 的幅度范圍內(nèi)予以競爭；工程量清單計(jì)價(jià)反應(yīng)的是市場定價(jià)， 在此模式 下，工程價(jià)格在國家有關(guān)部門間接調(diào)控和監(jiān)督下， 由承發(fā)包雙方根據(jù)工 程市場中建筑產(chǎn)品供求關(guān)系變化自主確定工程價(jià)格。二、工程造價(jià)構(gòu)成不同1、單位工程造價(jià)構(gòu)成形式不同按定額計(jì)價(jià)時(shí)單位工程造價(jià)由直接費(fèi)、間接費(fèi)、利潤、稅金構(gòu)成，計(jì)價(jià)時(shí)先計(jì)算直接工程費(fèi)，加上措施費(fèi)共同構(gòu)成直接費(fèi)，再以直接費(fèi)（或 其中的人工費(fèi)）為基數(shù)計(jì)算各項(xiàng)費(fèi)用、利潤、稅金，匯總為單位工程造價(jià)。 工程量清單計(jì)價(jià)時(shí)，造價(jià)由工程量清單費(fèi)用（=工清單工程量X項(xiàng)目綜合 單價(jià)）、措施項(xiàng)目清單費(fèi)用、其他項(xiàng)目清單費(fèi)用、規(guī)費(fèi)、稅金五部分構(gòu) 成，作這種

3、劃分的考慮是將施工過程中的實(shí)體性消耗和措施性消耗分開 對于措施性消耗費(fèi)用只列出項(xiàng)目名稱，由投標(biāo)人根據(jù)招標(biāo)文件要求和施 工現(xiàn)場情況、施工方案自行確定，以體現(xiàn)出以施工方案為基礎(chǔ)的造價(jià)競 爭；對于實(shí)體性消耗費(fèi)用，則列出具體的工程數(shù)量，投標(biāo)人要報(bào)出每個(gè)清 單項(xiàng)目的綜合單價(jià)。2、分項(xiàng)工程單價(jià)構(gòu)成不同按定額計(jì)價(jià)時(shí)分項(xiàng)工程的單價(jià)是工料單價(jià)，即只包括人工、材料、 機(jī)械費(fèi)，工程量清單計(jì)價(jià)分項(xiàng)工程單價(jià)一般為綜合單價(jià) ，除了人工、材 料、機(jī)械費(fèi)，還要包括管理費(fèi)（現(xiàn)場管理費(fèi)和企業(yè)管理費(fèi)）、利潤和必要 的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)費(fèi)。采用綜合單價(jià)更直觀的反映了各計(jì)價(jià)項(xiàng)目 （包括構(gòu)成工程實(shí)體的分 部分項(xiàng)工程項(xiàng)目和措施項(xiàng)目、 其它項(xiàng)目）的實(shí)際價(jià)

4、格，便于工程款支付、 工程造價(jià)的調(diào)整和工程結(jié)算，也避免了因?yàn)椤叭≠M(fèi)”產(chǎn)生的一些無謂糾 紛。綜合單價(jià)中的直接費(fèi)、費(fèi)用、利潤由投標(biāo)人根據(jù)本企業(yè)實(shí)際支出及 利潤預(yù)期、投標(biāo)策略確定，是施工企業(yè)實(shí)際成本費(fèi)用的反映，是工程的個(gè) 別價(jià)格。綜合單價(jià)的報(bào)出是一個(gè)個(gè)別計(jì)價(jià)、市場競爭的過程。三、單位工程項(xiàng)目劃分不同按定額計(jì)價(jià)的工程項(xiàng)目劃分即預(yù)算定額中的項(xiàng)目劃分，以施工工序?yàn)橹?，?nèi)容單一（有一個(gè)工序即有一個(gè)計(jì)價(jià)項(xiàng)目，其劃分原則是按工程的不同部位、不同材料、不同工藝、不同施工機(jī)械、不同施工方法和材 料規(guī)格型號，劃分十分詳細(xì)。工程量清單計(jì)價(jià)的工程項(xiàng)目劃分以工程實(shí) 體為對象，較之定額項(xiàng)目的劃分有較大的綜合性，將形成某實(shí)體部

5、位或 構(gòu)件必須的多項(xiàng)工序或工程內(nèi)容并為一體，能直觀地反映出該實(shí)體的基本價(jià)格，它考慮工程部位、材料、工藝特征，但不考慮具體的施工方法或 措施，如人工或機(jī)械、機(jī)械的不同型號等，同時(shí)對于同一項(xiàng)目不再按階段 或過程分為幾項(xiàng)，而是綜合到一起，如：磚砌化糞池按座綜合了挖土方、 作墊層、池底板、砌磚池、抹灰、回填等。錨桿支護(hù)按爐綜合了鉆孔、 制漿、壓漿、錨桿制作、張拉錨、噴射砂漿等工序或工程內(nèi)容。這樣能 夠減少原來定額對于施工企業(yè)工藝方法選擇的限制，報(bào)價(jià)時(shí)有更多的自主性。工程量清單中的量應(yīng)該是綜合的工程量 ，而不是按定額計(jì)算的“預(yù) 算工程量”。綜合的量有利于企業(yè)自主選擇施工方法并以之為基礎(chǔ)競價(jià) 也能使企業(yè)擺

6、脫對定額的依賴，建立起企業(yè)內(nèi)部報(bào)價(jià)及管理的定額和價(jià) 格體系。定額計(jì)價(jià)模式中計(jì)價(jià)項(xiàng)目的工程實(shí)體與措施合二為一。即該項(xiàng)目既有實(shí)體因素又包含措施因素在內(nèi)。而清單計(jì)價(jià)模式工程量計(jì)算方法是將 實(shí)體部分與措施部分分離，有利于業(yè)主、企業(yè)視工程實(shí)際自主組價(jià)，實(shí) 現(xiàn)了個(gè)別成本控制。定額計(jì)價(jià)模式的項(xiàng)目劃分中著重考慮了施工方法因素， 從而限制了 企業(yè)優(yōu)勢的展現(xiàn)，而清單計(jì)價(jià)模式的項(xiàng)目中不再與施工方法掛鉤， 而是 將施工方法的因素放在組價(jià)中由計(jì)價(jià)人考慮。四、編制工程量的主體不同在定額計(jì)價(jià)方法中，工程量分別由招標(biāo)人和投標(biāo)人分別按圖計(jì)算。而清單計(jì)價(jià)方法中，工程量由招標(biāo)人統(tǒng)一計(jì)算或委托有關(guān)工程造價(jià)咨詢資質(zhì)單位統(tǒng)一計(jì)算，工程量

7、清單是招標(biāo)文件的重要組成部分， 各招標(biāo)人依據(jù)招標(biāo)人提供的工程量清單，根據(jù)自身的技術(shù)裝備、施工經(jīng)驗(yàn)、企業(yè) 成本、企業(yè)定額、管理水平自主填寫單價(jià)和合價(jià)。五、計(jì)價(jià)依據(jù)不同1 .定額計(jì)價(jià)是我們使用了幾十年的一種計(jì)價(jià)模式，其基本特征就是價(jià)格=定額+費(fèi)用+文件規(guī)定， 并作為法定性的依據(jù)強(qiáng)制執(zhí)行， 不論是工 程招標(biāo)編制標(biāo)底還是投標(biāo)報(bào)價(jià)均以此為唯一的依據(jù)，承發(fā)包雙方共用一本定額和費(fèi)用標(biāo)準(zhǔn)確定標(biāo)底價(jià)和投標(biāo)報(bào)價(jià)，一量定額價(jià)與市場價(jià)脫節(jié)就 影響計(jì)價(jià)的準(zhǔn)確性。定額計(jì)價(jià)是建立在以政府定價(jià)為主導(dǎo)的計(jì)劃經(jīng)濟(jì)管 理基礎(chǔ)上的價(jià)格管理模式，它所體現(xiàn)的是政府對工程價(jià)格的直接管理和 調(diào)控。隨著市場經(jīng)濟(jì)的發(fā)展，我們曾提出過“控制量、指

8、導(dǎo)價(jià)，競爭費(fèi)”、“量價(jià)分離”、“以市場競爭形成價(jià)格”等多種改革方案。 但由于沒有 對定額管理方式及計(jì)價(jià)模式進(jìn)行根本的改變，以至于未能真正體現(xiàn)量價(jià)分離，以市場競爭形成價(jià)格。也曾提出過推行工程量清單報(bào)價(jià)，但實(shí)際 上由于目前還未形成熟的的市場環(huán)境，一步實(shí)現(xiàn)完全開放的市場還有困難，有時(shí)明顯的是以量補(bǔ)價(jià)量價(jià)扭曲， 所以仍然是以定額計(jì)價(jià)的形式出 現(xiàn)，擺脫不了定額計(jì)價(jià)模式，不能真正體現(xiàn)企業(yè)根據(jù)市場行情和自身?xiàng)l 件自主報(bào)價(jià)。2 .工程量清單計(jì)價(jià)是屬于全面成本管理的范疇，其思路是“統(tǒng)一計(jì)算 規(guī)則，有效控制水量，徹底放開價(jià)格，正確引導(dǎo)企業(yè)自主報(bào)價(jià)、市場有 序競爭形成價(jià)格”。跳出傳統(tǒng)的定額計(jì)價(jià)模式，建立一種全新的計(jì)

9、價(jià)模 式，依靠市場和企業(yè)的實(shí)力通過競爭形成價(jià)格，使業(yè)主通過企業(yè)報(bào)價(jià)可直觀的了解項(xiàng)目造價(jià)。3. 工程量清單計(jì)價(jià)與定額計(jì)價(jià)不僅僅是在表現(xiàn)形式、計(jì)價(jià)方法上發(fā)生了變化，而是從定額管理方式和計(jì)價(jià)模式上發(fā)生了變化。首先，從思想觀念上對定額管理工作有了新的認(rèn)識和定位。 多年來我們力圖通過對定額的強(qiáng)制貫徹執(zhí)行來達(dá)到對工程造價(jià)的合理確定和有效控制， 這種做法在計(jì)劃經(jīng)濟(jì)時(shí)期和市場經(jīng)濟(jì)初期， 的確是有效的管理手段。 但隨著經(jīng)濟(jì)體制改革的深入和市場機(jī)制的不斷完善， 這種以政府行政行為作為對工程造價(jià)的剛性管理手段所暴露出的弊端越來越突出。 要尋求一種有效的管理辦法和管理手段， 從定額管理轉(zhuǎn)變到為建設(shè)領(lǐng)域各方面提供計(jì)價(jià)依

10、據(jù)指導(dǎo)和服務(wù)。其次，工程量清單計(jì)價(jià)實(shí)現(xiàn)了定額管理方面的轉(zhuǎn)變。工作量清單計(jì)價(jià)模式采用的是綜合單價(jià)形式，并由企業(yè)自行編制。由于工程量清單計(jì)價(jià)提供的是計(jì)價(jià)規(guī)則、 計(jì)價(jià)辦法以及定額消耗量， 擺脫了定額標(biāo)準(zhǔn)價(jià)格的概念，真正實(shí)現(xiàn)了量價(jià)分離、企業(yè)自主報(bào)價(jià)、市場有序競爭形式價(jià)格。 工程量清單報(bào)價(jià)按相同的工程量和統(tǒng)一的計(jì)量規(guī)則， 由企業(yè)根據(jù)自身情況報(bào)出綜合單價(jià)，價(jià)格高低完全由企業(yè)自己確定，充分體現(xiàn)了企業(yè)的實(shí)力，同時(shí)也真正體現(xiàn)出公開、公平、公正。采用行業(yè)統(tǒng)一定額計(jì)價(jià)，投標(biāo)企業(yè)沒有定價(jià)的發(fā)言權(quán)，只能被動接受。而工程量清單投標(biāo)報(bào)價(jià)，可以充分發(fā)揮企業(yè)的能動性，企業(yè)利用自身的特點(diǎn)，使企業(yè)在投標(biāo)中處于優(yōu)勢的位置。 同時(shí)工程

11、量清單報(bào)價(jià)體現(xiàn)了企業(yè)技術(shù)管理水平等綜合實(shí)力，也促進(jìn)企業(yè)在施工中加強(qiáng)管理、鼓勵創(chuàng)新、從技術(shù)中要效率、從管理中要利潤，在激烈的市場競爭中不斷發(fā)展和壯大，企業(yè)的經(jīng)營管理水平高，可以降低管理費(fèi)，自有的機(jī)械設(shè)備齊全，可減少報(bào)價(jià)中的機(jī)械租賃費(fèi)用，對未來要素價(jià)格發(fā)展趨勢預(yù)測準(zhǔn)確，就可以減少承 包風(fēng)險(xiǎn)，增強(qiáng)競爭力，其結(jié)果促進(jìn)了優(yōu)質(zhì)企業(yè)做大做強(qiáng)，使無資金、無 技術(shù)，無管理的小企業(yè)、包工頭退出市場，實(shí)現(xiàn)了優(yōu)勝劣汰，從而形成 管理規(guī)范、競爭有序的建設(shè)市場秩序?？偨Y(jié)：計(jì)價(jià)的不同這是清單計(jì)價(jià)和按定額計(jì)價(jià)的最根本區(qū)別。按定額計(jì)價(jià)的唯一依據(jù)就是國家、省、有關(guān)專業(yè)部門制定的各種定額，其性質(zhì)為指導(dǎo)性；而工程量清單計(jì)價(jià)的主要依據(jù)

12、是“清單計(jì)價(jià)規(guī)范”，其性質(zhì)是含有強(qiáng)制性條文的國家標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，包括企業(yè)生產(chǎn)要素消耗量標(biāo)準(zhǔn)、材料 價(jià)格、施工機(jī)械配備及管理狀況、各項(xiàng)管理費(fèi)支出標(biāo)準(zhǔn)等。目前可能多 數(shù)企業(yè)沒有企業(yè)定額，但隨著工程量清單計(jì)價(jià)形式的推廣和報(bào)價(jià)實(shí)踐的 增加，企業(yè)將逐步建立起自身的定額和相應(yīng)的項(xiàng)目單價(jià)，當(dāng)企業(yè)都能根據(jù)自身狀況和市場供求關(guān)系報(bào)出綜合單價(jià)時(shí) ，企業(yè)自主報(bào)價(jià)、市場競爭 （通過招投標(biāo)）定價(jià)的計(jì)價(jià)格局也將形成，這也正是工程量清單所要促成 的目標(biāo)。工程量清單計(jì)價(jià)的本質(zhì)是要改變政府定價(jià)模式，建立起市場形成造價(jià)機(jī)制，只有計(jì)價(jià)依據(jù)個(gè)別化，這一目標(biāo)才能實(shí)現(xiàn)。六、施工措施性消耗納入位置不同定額計(jì)價(jià)沒有區(qū)分施工實(shí)物性消耗和施工措施性消耗，

13、籠統(tǒng)的置于一起，工程實(shí)體與措施合二為一； 而工程量清單計(jì)價(jià)把施工措施與工程 實(shí)體項(xiàng)目進(jìn)行分離單列，并納入了競爭的范疇。 七、工程量計(jì)算規(guī)則不同定額計(jì)價(jià)模式按分部分項(xiàng)工程的實(shí)際發(fā)生量計(jì)量，而清單計(jì)價(jià)模式則按分部分項(xiàng)實(shí)物工程量凈量計(jì)量，也不包含工程量合理損耗；當(dāng)分部 分項(xiàng)子目綜合多個(gè)工程內(nèi)容時(shí)， 以主體工程內(nèi)容的單位為該項(xiàng)目的計(jì)量 單位。比如：挖10m底面寬為1.8m, I2m的磚基礎(chǔ)土方，定額計(jì)價(jià)的 工程量計(jì)算要考慮增及工作面及放坡因素，為：(1.8+2 X 0.2+2 X 0.33)X2X 10=57.2m3,清單計(jì)價(jià)中工程量的計(jì)算不考慮增加工作面及放坡， 為1.8 X2X10=36m3又如清

14、單計(jì)價(jià)的挖基礎(chǔ)土方中包括破樁頭的工程 內(nèi)容時(shí)，無論破樁頭的工程量多大均以挖基礎(chǔ)土方的工程量m3為單位計(jì)價(jià)，破樁頭不再單列工程量。八、合同價(jià)格的調(diào)整方式不同定額計(jì)價(jià)方法形成的合同，其價(jià)格的主要調(diào)整方式有：變更簽證、 定額解釋、政策性調(diào)整。而工程量清單計(jì)價(jià)方法在一般情況下單價(jià)是相 對固定下來的，減少了在合同實(shí)施過程中的調(diào)整活口，如果清單項(xiàng)目的數(shù)量沒有增減，能夠保證合同價(jià)格基本沒有調(diào)整，保證了其穩(wěn)定性，也 便于業(yè)主進(jìn)行資金準(zhǔn)備和籌劃?？偠灾S著工程量清單計(jì)價(jià)形式的推廣和報(bào)價(jià)實(shí)踐的增加，企業(yè)將逐步建立起自身的定額和相應(yīng)的項(xiàng)目單價(jià)，使企業(yè)根據(jù)自身狀況和市場供求關(guān)系報(bào)出綜合單價(jià)，企業(yè)自主報(bào)價(jià)、市場競爭

15、(通過招投標(biāo))定 價(jià)的計(jì)價(jià)格局必將形成。九、招投標(biāo)形式不同價(jià)格法中規(guī)定了三種定價(jià)方式，即政府定價(jià)、政府指導(dǎo)價(jià)和市場調(diào)節(jié)價(jià)。工程價(jià)格應(yīng)該屬于市場調(diào)節(jié)價(jià)的范疇，因?yàn)槲覈こ虄r(jià)格是以招投標(biāo)方式為核心進(jìn)行競爭定價(jià)，其價(jià)格本應(yīng)是市場調(diào)節(jié)價(jià)。長期以 來，我國的工程造價(jià)管理沿用的是定額模式，由于價(jià)格改革沒有到位， 在招投標(biāo)活動中，還設(shè)有標(biāo)底，投標(biāo)報(bào)價(jià)及標(biāo)底是招投標(biāo)文件中要求的 現(xiàn)行定額標(biāo)準(zhǔn)而計(jì)算的，在沒有失誤的情況下，理論上投標(biāo)報(bào)價(jià)與標(biāo)底 價(jià)應(yīng)該是相同的，在競標(biāo)過程中，標(biāo)底是個(gè)中準(zhǔn)價(jià)，給一定的幅度作為 有效標(biāo)的判定。所以從表面上看，現(xiàn)在的施工承發(fā)包價(jià)格是政府指導(dǎo)價(jià)， 但這只是個(gè)過渡時(shí)期所采用的辦法，最終要走

16、向市場調(diào)節(jié)。招標(biāo)投標(biāo)法中明確規(guī)定標(biāo)底可有可無，強(qiáng)調(diào)無標(biāo)底的低價(jià)法中標(biāo)，實(shí)行工程量 清單就是讓市場調(diào)節(jié)價(jià)格，這樣從根本上改變了定額模式下套定額取費(fèi) 的計(jì)價(jià)辦法，由企業(yè)根據(jù)競爭需要、自身實(shí)力和在某一特定項(xiàng)目上的需 求目標(biāo)自主確定管理費(fèi)和利潤水平，通過招投標(biāo)方式優(yōu)選中標(biāo)單位，用 合同形式確認(rèn)工程造價(jià)。這一價(jià)格本質(zhì)上不同于定額模式下通過層層計(jì) 算算出的價(jià)格，也不同于“一方愿賣一方愿買一拍即成的”簡單的市場 交易行為，它既不是投標(biāo)人任意定價(jià)，也不是招標(biāo)人自由出價(jià)，而是在 一定市場規(guī)則的引導(dǎo)下，通過報(bào)價(jià)競爭，由社會加以確認(rèn)。其關(guān)鍵是必 須進(jìn)入一個(gè)公平競爭的建筑交易市場。 競爭價(jià)的結(jié)果是在保證質(zhì)量的前 提下

17、，節(jié)約招標(biāo)人的投入，提高投標(biāo)人的經(jīng)營管理水平，使資源得到更 合理的配置。在清單模式計(jì)價(jià)的招標(biāo)投標(biāo)活動中，確定價(jià)格應(yīng)遵循兩個(gè)基本原 則，一個(gè)是合理低價(jià)中標(biāo)，另一個(gè)是要不低于個(gè)別成本價(jià)。合理低價(jià)就 是工期合理且最短，施工組織設(shè)計(jì)的方案足以保證工程質(zhì)量， 施工措施 先進(jìn)、合理、可行且最佳，投標(biāo)報(bào)價(jià)在合理的前提下能足以保證工程的 順利完成且最低。成本價(jià)是投標(biāo)人的個(gè)別成本，投標(biāo)人應(yīng)參加評標(biāo)委員 會對投標(biāo)人擬采取實(shí)現(xiàn)低報(bào)價(jià)的措施進(jìn)行評審答辯，評委認(rèn)為是合理 的，是可以實(shí)現(xiàn)的，則可認(rèn)為期低報(bào)價(jià)是不低于其投標(biāo)人的個(gè)別成本， 評標(biāo)時(shí)才認(rèn)為有效。英文:fixed price list of works and t

18、he price differenceIn different periods of economic development, building products have different prices, prices of different subjects, different price formation mechanismfixed price construction methods and inventory valuations of the construction of the market development in different stages of a

19、pricing method two.The main difference between the two:一、Prices in different forms and manifestationsfixed price pricing between countries and between national steering price. In this mode, works directly by the State price set by the State or to be the guiding standards, the contractor to a certain

20、 extent be competition project inventory value of the response of the market price, in this mode, the price of relevant state departments indirect regulation and supervision by the contracts under the construction works in the market demand and supply products independently determine project price c

21、hanges.二、Constitute a different project cost1 .Units constitute a different form of project costAt the fixed price of units, the cost of direct, indirectcosts, fees, profits tax, price calculation, first direct project costs, charges and measures constitute direct costs, the direct costs (or the lab

22、or costs) calculated on the fees, profits tax, and the aggregate for the cost. price list of works, construction works by inventory costs (small list works X project comprehensive price) list of items, list of items costs, and other charges, fees, taxes 5 parts of the Division for the consideration

23、of the construction of physical exertion and consumption, the separation of consumption expenses of the measures listed only project name of the tender bidding documents for the construction site, and construction programme to determine, in order to reflect on the basis for the construction cost com

24、petitive; consumption expenses of the entities, the list of specific projects, bidders to give each list the overall project cost.2 .Constitute different sub-project priceAt the fixed price hours of work of the unit price is expected that only include labour, materials, machinery, Engineering Projec

25、ts in inventory value of the unit price in general, in addition, artificial materials, machinery, also including management fees (site management costs and management fees, profits and risks.An integrated unit more directly reflects the price of the project, including a part of the project works ent

26、ities and other measures, the actual prices paid for works, the cost of adjustment and settlement projects, and to avoid the "fee" of someunnecessary disputes. The direct costs, integrated unit costs and profits by bidders and actual expenditures under the enterprise profits, bidding strat

27、egy is expected that the costs of the actual cost of construction enterprises, the prices of individual projects. A comprehensive report of the unit price of a particular market competition, the process.三、Divided into different units of the projectThe Project Division at the fixed price fixed budget

28、 allocation of items, mainly in the construction process, single (there is a process that is a price, the Division was that the different parts of the project, different materials, technology, construction machinery, construction methods and materials model, divided into 10 in detail. inventory valu

29、e of construction projects in specific projects for entities of the fixed allocation of more comprehensive, will form an entity parts or components must be a number of process or project and to reflectthe entitiesdirectly to the basic price, it will consider parts,constructionmaterials, process feat

30、ures, but without taking into account the specific method of construction or measures, such as artificial or machinery, different types of machinery, and not on the basis of a project or process is divided into several stages, but a comprehensive, such as brick septic tanks by digging out a comprehe

31、nsive, Turkey, as a cushion layer pool plate, bricklaying, pool, not wipe backfilling. Anchor Shank support by M Comprehensive occupies the drilling, pulp, threshed anchor shank, production, Zhang la anchor injection, mortar, process or project. This could reduce the scale of construction enterprise

32、 technology options, offer more autonomy.The volume of work should be integrated in the list of works, rather than by fixed terms of the Budget "works". The overall volume of enterprises to independently choose the method and to bid, will also enable enterprises to extricate themselves fro

33、m dependence on the scale, the establishment and management of enterprises' internal price fixed and price system.fixed price price factored model project entities and measures for the 2. Both entities of the project also includes measures in factors. The list of pricing model project amount is

34、calculated based on the part of the physical separation of part of measures to facilitate business owners, actual project as an independent unit price of the individual cost control.fixed price of the Model Project Division focused on the method of construction, thus limiting the difference in the s

35、how, the price list of the model project will not be linked with the method, but the method of price factors in the Group of the price. 四、Principal amount of the preparation of different projectThe fixed price, works by tendering and bidding were calculated by the plan. list of prices, works by tend

36、er uniform basis or commissioned by the construction costs of the Advisory Unit uniform basis, the project inventory is an important component of the tender documents, the tender bidding basis for the project inventory, based on its own experience, technology and equipment, construction costs of ent

37、erprises, enterprise management autonomy may be fixed, price and price.五、 Pricing according to different1. Weuse the fixed pricing is a pricing model for decades, its basic feature is the price = cost + fixed + documents, and as a basis for legal enforcement of, whether it is the preparation of proj

38、ect bidding, or bidding price for the tender offer are asThe only basis on contract the two sides share a fixed base price and cost criteria to determine prices and tender offer, the amount of fixed price and the market price of a touch on the impact of pricing accuracy.Fixed pricing is based on the

39、 pricing of government-led economic managemenplan based on the price control model, it embodies the Government's direct management of the project and control prices.With the development of market economy, we have raised the "control volume, guide price, competition fee" and "separ

40、ation volume and price," "the formation of market competitive prices" and other reforms.However, the absence of a fixed management and fundamental changes in pricing models that reflect the volume and price can not really separate the formation of market competitive prices.Has been ra

41、ised by the implementation of BOQ, but in fact has not yet been shaped as a mature market environment, a step to achieve a fully open market, there are difficult and sometimes significant amount of price premium is the amount of distortion, so is still athe form of fixed pricing, fixed pricing model

42、 can not escape, can not truly reflect the business conditions under the market conditions and their own self-quotation.2. Bill of Quantities are the scope of a comprehensive cost management, the idea is "unified calculation rules, effective control of water, completely freeing of prices, the r

43、ight to guide enterprises to self-offer, competitive and orderly market, the formation of prices. " Out of the traditional fixed pricing model, to establish a new pricing model, relying on the strength of the market and business formation through competitive prices, so that owners can offer thr

44、ough the intuitive understanding of enterprise project cost.3. Bill of Quantities and not just in the form of fixed pricing, valuation methodology has changed, but from a fixed management and pricing models change.First, the fixed ideas on the management of a new understanding and positioning.Over t

45、he years we are trying to force through the implementation of the quota to meet the reasonable cost of the project identification and effective control, this approach in the planned economy period and the beginning of market economy, is indeed an effective management tool.But with the deepening of e

46、conomic reform and continuous improvement of market mechanisms, such as administrative acts of government project cost means of rigid management shortcomings exposed more and more prominent.To search for an effective managementpractices and management tools, from a fixed area of managing change to a

47、ll aspects of building a basis for guidance and services to provide pricing.Secondly, the Bill of Quantities to achieve the quota management change.Workload of the list price model is used in the form of an integrated unit, prepared by the enterprises themselves.As provided in the Bill of Quantities

48、 is pricing rules, pricing approaches, and the fixed consumption, free from the concept of a fixed standard prices, the real volume and price to achieve the separation of corporate self-quotation, the market price of orderly competition in the form.BOQ quantities and at the same uniform measurement

49、rules, the companies consolidated according to their quoted price, the price level determined entirely by the enterprise itself, and fully reflects the strength of enterprises, but also truly reflects the openness, fairness, justice.Fixed pricing with the industry a unified, bidding companies do not

50、 have the pricing right to speak, can only passively accept.The tender offer quantities, you can give full play to the initiative of enterprises, enterprises use their own characteristics, so that enterprises in the tender in a dominant position.BOQ also reflects the level of enterprise technology m

51、anagementoverall strength, but also encourage enterprises to strengthen managementn the construction, encourage innovation, from the technology to be efficient, from the management to profit, in the fierce competition in the market continue to develop and grow,high level of enterprise management, ca

52、n reduce management fees, own mechanical equipment, purchase of machinery to reduce rental costs, factor prices on the future development trend projections are accurate, we can reduce contracting risk, competitiveness, and the results forhigh-quality enterprises bigger and stronger, so that no capit

53、al, no technology, no management of small businesses, contractors out of the market, to achieve the survival of the fittest, to form the management practices, competitive and orderly construction markets.Summary:This is the list at the fixed price and value of the most fundamental difference. At the

54、 fixed price basis is the only national, provincial and the professional sector of the scale of the nature of guiding the work of the list price is mainly based on price list "norms", containing the nature of the Mandatory Provisions of the national standards, including the business factor

55、s of production, consumption price standard construction materials, machinery, equipment and managementof the management costs. It is expected that most enterprises enterprises are not fixed, but as the project inventory promotional price quotations and practice, enterprises will gradually establish

56、 their own projects and fixed price, when enterprises are based on their own situation and market supply and demanda comprehensive, pricing, corporations, price competition, through public bidding) Price of the Bureau will also form a price, which is to facilitate the work of the list. inventory val

57、ue of construction is to changegovernment pricing model, a market price mechanism, based on individual only price, this goal can be achieved.六、construction and consumption measures in place various fixed prices did not distinguish between consumption and construction works in kind consumption measur

58、es, in general, works for a 2 entities and the measures; and the project inventory value of construction and engineering projects separationseparate entities, and in the context of the competition.七、Engineering calculation rules for differentfixed price model project as part of the actual measuremen

59、tVolume and price list mode as part of physical works net volume measurement, are not included works reasonable depletion, as a part of a comprehensive project, the main works for the units of measurement of the project. For example, digging 10m wide bottom 1.8m, 2m tiles on the basis of the Turkish side, the fixed pricebasis to consider the work and face and in Singapore, and the (1.8 + 2 x 0.2 + 2 x 0.33) =