1、.初二上冊英語語法總結(jié)動詞不定式一. 定義：動詞不定式是非謂語動詞的一種，它沒有人稱和數(shù)的變化，在句子中不能獨立作謂語，但它仍保持動詞的特點，既可以有自己的賓語和狀語。同時動詞不定式又具有名詞、形容詞、副詞的特征，在句中可以作主語、表語、賓語、賓語補足語、定語和狀語。二. 動詞不定式的構(gòu)成：to+動詞原形 三. 動詞不定式作賓語 后面能接不定式作賓語的動詞有：agree, ask, choose, decide, forget, hope, learn, want, wish, would like等。 We hope to get there before dark. 我們希望天黑以前到那兒

2、。 The girl decided to do it herself. 那個姑娘決定自己做那件事。動詞不定式作賓語的注意事項（2點）1. 有些動詞既可跟不定式作賓語，也可跟動名詞作賓語，但含義不同： remember to do 記住要做某事 remember doing 記得曾經(jīng)做過某事 forget to do忘記要做某事 forget doing 忘記曾經(jīng)做過某事 stop to do 停下來去做某事 stop doing 停止做某事 go on to do 繼續(xù)做另一件事 go on doing 繼續(xù)做原來在做的事 I remember seeing you somewhere be

3、fore. 我記得以前在哪兒見過你。 Please remember to turn off the light when you leave.離開時請記得關(guān)好燈。 2. 不定式作賓語時，如帶有賓語補足語，則要把不定式放到后面，用it作形式賓語，構(gòu)成“主語+動詞+it+賓補（形容詞、名詞）+不定式”結(jié)構(gòu)。如：He found it very difficult to get to sleep. 他發(fā)現(xiàn)很難入睡。四. 動詞不定式作賓語補足語 1. 后面能接to不定式作賓語補足語的動詞有：ask, order, teach, tell, want, wish, help等。 The teacher

4、 told us to do Exercise 1. 老師要我們做練習(xí)一。 I want both of you to go. 我要你們倆去。We helped her (to) repair her bike. 我們幫助她修理自行車。2. 使役動詞let, have, make及感官動詞see, watch, notice, hear, feel等要以不帶to的不定式作賓補。 Lets have a rest. 我們休息一會吧。 I saw him come in. 我看見他進(jìn)來了。 感官動詞后既可跟不帶to的不定式作賓補，也可跟v-ing作賓補，前者表示動作的全部過程已結(jié)束；后者表示動作正

5、在進(jìn)行。 I saw him come downstairs.我看見他下了樓。（說明他下樓了這件事） I saw him coming downstairs.我看見他在下樓。（說明他下樓時的情景）五. 動詞不定式作狀語Later he left home to work in different cities. 不久他離開家到不同的城市工作。He went to see a football match. 他去看足球比賽了。In order to catch the other students, I must work hard. 為了趕上其他同學(xué)，我必須努力學(xué)習(xí)。六. 動詞不定式作定語不定

6、式作定語一般放在所修飾的詞的后面。I need something to eat. Do you have something to read"Tom was so excited that he had no word to say.He is really a fool only to eat.The man to stand here just now is our English teacher.The doctor had no way to save the patient.注意：（1）作定語的不定式是由及物動詞組成，被修飾的名詞或代詞與不定式之間存在方位或方式關(guān)系需要有

7、介詞。I am looking for a room to live in. 我正在找一間住房。（方位關(guān)系）We have many things to do experiments with. 我們有許多做實驗的東西（方式關(guān)系）（2）作定語的不定式是由“be + adj + prep”構(gòu)成的動詞短語。Here there isnt any book for me to be interested in.We have done many things to proud of. 我們做了許多引以自豪的事。七. 動詞不定式作主語To give is better than to receive.

8、 To reach there on foot is impossible.動詞不定式作主語時，可以用it 代替，把實際主語不定式放在后面。Its better to give than to receive.Its impossible to reach there on foot.Its + adj + for sb. to do sth.Its not difficult for me to study English well.Its easy for him to work out this math problem.在這個句型中，如果形容詞與不定式的邏輯主語關(guān)系密切，并且形容詞用來

9、說明邏輯主語的性質(zhì)、品質(zhì)、特點等，由of引出邏輯主語。這類形容詞主要有nice, kind, good, wrong, right等。 八. 動詞不定式和疑問詞連用動詞不定式可以和疑問詞what, which, how, where, when連用，構(gòu)成不定式短語，可以作主語、賓語、表語、賓語補足語等。How to do is still a question. Have you decided when to leave" 九. 動詞不定式的否定形式 動詞不定式的否定式是在to前加not；不帶to的不定式則在動詞前加not. 如： Zhang Ming asked me not t

10、o stay at home all day. 張明要我不要整天呆在家里。 My mother let me not do it by myself. 媽媽讓我不要獨自做這件事。被動語態(tài)英語有兩種語態(tài)：主動語態(tài)和被動語態(tài)主動語態(tài)（The Active Voice）表示主語是動作的執(zhí)行者。被動語態(tài)（The Passive Voice）表示主語是動作的承受者。構(gòu)成：承受者+助動詞be+及物動詞的過去分詞+by+執(zhí)行者一般現(xiàn)在時：承受者+助動詞am / is/are +及物動詞的過去分詞+by+執(zhí)行者一般過去時：承受者+助動詞was / were +及物動詞的過去分詞+by+執(zhí)行者承受者+助動詞sh

11、all / will be+及物動詞的過去分詞+by+執(zhí)行者承受者+助動詞 have/ has been+及物動詞的過去分詞+by+執(zhí)行者承受者+ can /may/must/should +be+及物動詞的過去分詞+by+執(zhí)行者被動語態(tài)用法：1）當(dāng)我們不知道動作的執(zhí)行者是誰，或者沒有必要指出動作的執(zhí)行者時，需用被動語態(tài)。2）當(dāng)我們需要強(qiáng)調(diào)動作的承受者時,常用被動語態(tài)。3）如果需要說出動作的執(zhí)行者, 用by引導(dǎo)出動作的執(zhí)行者。 主動語態(tài)變?yōu)楸粍诱Z態(tài)時，其謂語動詞的時態(tài)要與原句時態(tài)保持一致，其謂語動詞的數(shù)要與新主語保持一致。主動語態(tài)變?yōu)楸粍诱Z態(tài)時有以下幾種情況：1）主語謂語動詞賓語將主動語態(tài)的賓

12、語變?yōu)楸粍诱Z態(tài)的主語。（主動）We bought a book yesterday.（被動）The book was bought yesterday.2）主語謂語動詞間接賓語直接賓語將主動語態(tài)中一個賓語變?yōu)楸粍诱Z態(tài)的主語。多數(shù)情況下將間接賓語變?yōu)橹髡Z。如果直接賓語變?yōu)橹髡Z時，間接賓語前要加介詞to / for。（主動）He showed me a book yesterday.（被動）I was showed a book yesterday.（被動）The book was showed to me yesterday.3）主語謂語動詞復(fù)合賓語含有一個由賓語加賓語補足語構(gòu)成的復(fù)合賓語，變?yōu)?/p>

13、被動語態(tài)時，將主動語態(tài)的賓語變?yōu)楸粍诱Z態(tài)的主語，賓語補足語保留不變，成為主語補足語。（主動）I found him a good pupil. （賓語補足語）（被動）He was found a good pupil. （主語補足語）4）短語動詞變?yōu)楸粍诱Z態(tài)有些短語動詞相當(dāng)于一個及物動詞，其后可以接賓語，因此它們也有被動語態(tài)，但短語動詞是不可分割的整體，變?yōu)楸粍诱Z態(tài)時不可去掉其后面的介詞或副詞。（主動）We should look after the patients very well.（被動）The patients should be looked after very well by

14、us.5）賓語從句變?yōu)楸粍诱Z態(tài)若主動語態(tài)中是賓語從句，變?yōu)楸粍诱Z態(tài)時常用it作形式主語，而把真正的主語放在后面。Its said that he passed the exam.被動語態(tài)應(yīng)注意的幾個特殊問題：（1）不及物動詞帶介詞和介詞賓語，在變?yōu)楸粍诱Z態(tài)時，仍然要帶上介詞。（主動）The students in class listen to the teacher carefully. （被動）The teacher is listened to carefully by the students in class.（2）當(dāng)動詞帶有復(fù)合賓語時，并且賓補是省去“to”的動詞不定式時，在被動語

15、態(tài)中應(yīng)加上“to”。（主動）They make do all the work. （被動）We were made to do all the work.（主動）We often hear her sing English songs.（被動）She is often heard to sing English songs.（主動）I see him walk to school.（被動）He is seen to walk to school.新目標(biāo)八年級上冊 英語語法知識點精講+練習(xí)（一）一般將來時一般將來時表示將來某個時間要發(fā)生的動作或者存在的狀態(tài)。通常與表示將來的時間狀語連用，如tom

16、orrow, the day after tomorrow, next year, next month, next week, in 100 years等。 be going to do（動詞原形）結(jié)構(gòu)：表示打算、準(zhǔn)備做的事情或者肯定要發(fā)生的事情。如：It is going to rain. will do結(jié)構(gòu)表示將來的用法： 1. 表示預(yù)見 Do you think it will rain" You will feel better after a good rest. 2. 表示意圖 I will borrow a book from our school library t

17、omorrow. What will she do tomorrow" 基本構(gòu)成如下：一般疑問句構(gòu)成：（1）will+主語+do" Will Sarah come to visit me next Sunday" （2）there be 結(jié)構(gòu)的一般疑問句：Will there + be " Will there be fewer trees" Yes, there will. / No, there wont否定句構(gòu)成：will + not （wont）+do Sarah wont come to visit me next Sunday. 特

18、殊疑問句構(gòu)成：特殊疑問詞will主語.What will Sarah do next Sunday" 練一練根據(jù)例句，用will改寫下列各句例：I dont feel well today. （be better tomorrow）Ill be better tomorrow. 1. Gina has six classes today. （have a lot of homework tonight） _ 2. Im tired now. （sleep later） _ 3. My parents need a new car. （buy one soon） _ 4. We can

19、t leave right now. （leave a little later） _ 5. The weather is awful today. （be better tomorrow） _答案：1. Shell have a lot of homework tonight. 2. Ill sleep later. 3. Theyll buy one soon. 4. Well leave a little later. 5. Maybe itll be better tomorrow. （二）should的用法： should用來提出建議和忠告，后邊加動詞原形，否定句直接在should后

20、邊加not. 例如：I think you should eat less junk food. 我認(rèn)為你應(yīng)該少吃垃圾食品。 She drives a lot and she seldom walks. So I think she should walk a lot. 她經(jīng)常開車，很少走路。所以我認(rèn)為她應(yīng)該多走路。 Students shouldnt spend too much time playing computer games. 學(xué)生們不應(yīng)當(dāng)花太多的時間玩計算機(jī)游戲。學(xué)習(xí)向別人提建議的幾種句式：（1）I think you should（2）Well, you could（3）May

21、be you should （4）Why dont you" （5）What about doing sth." （6）Youd better do sth. 練一練用should或shouldnt填空 1. I cant sleep the night before exams. You _ take a warm shower before you go to bed. 2. Good friends _ argue each other. 3. There is little milk in the glass. We _ buy some. 4. They didn

22、t invite you" Maybe you _ be friendlier. 5. I am a little bit overweight. So I think I _ do exercises every day. 答案：1. should2. shouldnt3. should4. should5. should（三）過去進(jìn)行時過去進(jìn)行時表示過去某一點時間正在進(jìn)行的動作或者過去某一段時間內(nèi)一直進(jìn)行的動作。 1. 構(gòu)成 was /were + doing，例如： I was watching TV at 9 oclock last night. at 9 oclock la

23、st night是時間點 They were playing football all afternoon. all afternoon是時間段 2. 過去進(jìn)行時的標(biāo)志詞 at 8 oclock last night, this time yesterday等。例如： I was having lunch at home this time yesterday. 昨天的這個時候我正在吃午飯。 At that time she was writing a book. 那陣子她在寫一本書。（表示她在那段時間里一直在做那件事情。）練一練用括號中所給動詞的適當(dāng)形式填空。 1. This time ye

24、sterday I _ _（read）books. 2. At 9 oclock last Sunday they _ _（have）a party. 3. When I _（come）into the classroom, she _ _（read）a storybook. 4. She _ _（play）computer games while her mother _ _（cook）yesterday afternoon. 5. I _ _（have）a shower when you _（call）me yesterday. 答案：1. was reading2. were havin

25、g3. came; was reading 4. was playing; was cooking5. was having; called（四）間接引語形成步驟：（1）不要逗號，冒號，引號（2）要考慮到人稱的變化（人稱的變化與漢語是一致的）（3）要考慮時態(tài)的變化（4）要考慮時間狀語、地點狀語和語示代詞的變化。 1. 直接引語變成間接引語時，幾個主要時態(tài)的變化規(guī)律直接引語間接引語一般現(xiàn)在時一般過去時一般將來時過去將來時現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時過去進(jìn)行時 2. 直接引語變成間接引語時，一些詞匯的變化規(guī)律直接引語 1. am / is 2. are 3. have / has4. will5. can6. may間接引語1. was2. were 3. had4. would5. could6. might練一練用括號中所給動詞的適當(dāng)形式填空。 1. She said I _（be）hard-workin