1、The Analysis of Angel Clares Tragedy in Tess of The Durb中文摘要：文學(xué)作品是現(xiàn)實生活的一面鏡子，反映了生活的方方面面。越來越多的學(xué)者開始從文學(xué)的角度研究一個國家的經(jīng)濟，政治和文化根源。悲劇是小說創(chuàng)作的手法之一。西方早在古希臘時期就有了悲劇創(chuàng)作。悲劇不是簡單的藝術(shù)形式或藝術(shù)技巧，而是對現(xiàn)實社會的特征的再現(xiàn)，它可以通過鋒利、劇烈的事件展示令人憐憫、悲哀、同情、哭泣等的情節(jié)。英國著名作家托馬斯哈代是維多利亞時期著名的小說家之一。他塑造了許多悲劇人物，展現(xiàn)出各種人物魅力。小說除了給人以命運悲劇莊嚴(yán)凝重以外，還蘊涵了作者深沉的理性主義，蘊涵了對人類

2、歷史邏輯矛盾深邃反思的社會悲劇。哈代的悲劇小說?德伯家的苔絲?真實地反映了其當(dāng)時的社會現(xiàn)實。小說成功地塑造了女主人苔絲的形象，無情地揭露了資產(chǎn)階級社會虛偽的倫理道德。本文試從男主人公安琪兒克萊爾的社會背景和人物心理兩個方面，討論導(dǎo)致其悲劇的成因。關(guān)鍵詞：托馬斯哈代悲劇安琪爾克萊爾abstrat:literatureisairrrfreallifehihanrefletallaspetsfpepleslives.reandreshlarshavebeguntstudyauntryfrthertsfeny,plitisandulture.asearlyasanientgreee,thereeres

3、ereatinsftragedy.tragedyisakindfliteraryreatin,hihisntasipleartistifrrtehniquebuttherepeatfrealsiety.itandepitthepiteus,sad,distressingandsentientalpltsbydesribingsetrtuusrpliatedevents.thebritishfausriterthashardyasneftheexellentnvelistsfthevitrianage.hedelineatedaltfharatersftragedies,shingvariusp

4、ersnsenhantent.besidesprvidingthedignityflifetragedytthereaders,thenvelsntainstheprfundratinalisftheriterandthashardystessfthedurbervillesrefletedhisrealsiety.hardysueededinprtrayingtheiagefherinetessandrevealingthehypritialethisandralsfburgeissiety.thispaperilldisusstheausesflarestragedyfrtheherang

5、ellaressialbakgrundandpsyhlgy.keyrds:thashardy,tragedy,angellarehapter1intrdutinliteratureisntnlyanartbutalsairrrfreallife.henstudyingaliteraryrk,shlarsatuallystudyhistry.nadaysaninreasingnuberfshlarshavebeguntstudythehistryfauntryseni,plitialandulturalfrsfrtheperspetivefliteraturebeausethrughdiffer

6、entkindsfliteraryrks,eanseeallsrtsffeelingssuhasjy,anger,srrandvariustruths.theanifestatinfliteratureisanifld,nefhihistragedy.theritersftenanttshthepiteus,sad,hetragedy,itisinevitablethattheheresrherinesshuldsufferasetbakrdisadvantage,

7、vertheselvesindishnr,experienetribulatinrevenfailrdiethughtheyhavereasnabletivatin,ishes,ideal,rpassinhihayindiateavitryrsuess.butfinallytheyilleitherdiergetad.ithabadending,tragedyftenntainsaertainphilsphyflife.thereareltsftragediesinesternliteraturesuhasedipus,pretheusbund,reandjuliet,abeth,halet,

8、faust,et.andthefaustragediansarealsleginlikeaeshylus,sphles,shakespeare,etthashardyfrne.heasaprlifiandexellentriter,publishingfurteennvelsandfurvluesfshrtstries.hisrkserentedfrtheintensetragispiritandsenseffrtune,frhiheanfeeltheatsphereftragedybrughtbyfrtunedeeply.“tessfthedurbervillesisnefthehardys

9、tragedies,aasterpieehihbrughthiintanuberfliteraryritisntie.itrefletedtheritersrealsietyanditssialsysteandrals;therefrestudyingthisnvelanhelpustknabutthehistryfhisage.butanypapersshedthatstfritisusedtresearhtheritingbakgrundfrthetragedyftess.anyshlarshavealaysputephasisnthetragedyftessfralngtie.nlyaf

10、eshlarsaderesearhesfrthetragedyfitsherangellare.heasantraditryunityheasbldinstrugglingiththetraditinalviebutintheeantieheuldntbreaktheshaklesffeudalideas.thispaperillseethesietyfrthisperspetiveangellare,theherstragedyanddisusstheausesflarestragedyfrhissialbakgrundandpsyhlgy.hapter2abriefauntftessfth

11、edurbervillesitseesthatthefitinalrksdntnerniththerealrld.buteknthatbefretheritersbegintreatetheirrks,itanbesaidthattheirsialexperieneaybetheirpriaryaterialfrreatin.seritersreatedtherlesandenvirnentsinrdertrevltagainsttherldlyprejudieftheirages.thesekindsfrdsareexpetedttellpeplethetruthfasiety.inanya

12、ses,thesialbakgrundfthenvelistheritersbakgrund.befreanalyzingthertsflarestragedy,thispaperilldisusstaspetsfthisnvel,naely“theritingbakgrundand“theriterandhisrksfrhiheanseethebakgrundfthisnvel.2.1theritingbakgrundthashardyasthelastiprtantnvelistfthevitriaages.thevitrianageasanagefrealisratherthanfran

13、tiisarealishihstrivesttellthehletruthshingralandphysialdiseasesastheyare.vitrianliterature,ingeneral,truthfullyrepresentedtherealityandspiritfthisagehihasthegreatageftheenglishnvelrealisti,thiklypltted,rdedithharaters,andlng.hardy,halsshnthetruthfthisagehadahighplaeinesternliteraturehihaefrtheagitat

14、inflifeandfatalisfhuanbeing.histragediesinthehistryfesternliteratureerenanaidentfrthetragedynsiusness.hardystraginvelshassprungfranddevelpedthistragiideainfrandnntatin.thetragedynsiusnessinhardysnvelsriginatedfresterntraditinaltragispirithihasfullfratinalisandprfundrefletinnthentraditinsfhuansiety.a

15、nditalsrevealedaninelutableandinevitablenditinalityffate.thatistsay,theheresrherinesuldslipintthetragipathflifeintheendinesternliteraturenatterhethertheylikedrnt,rheretheyhided.tragedyastheirfinalarrangeent.thashardystudiedgreektragediesandshakespeareantragediesallhislife.andheasdeeplyinfluenedbyshp

16、enhauerstragedynsiusness.shpenhauerasafausphilspherhbelievedthatlifeasatragedylifeasfilledithdesire.ifapersnhadadesirebutuldntgainhisdesires,heuldfeelpainful;hever,henheuldgainhisdesires,heuldbeeinsipid.thisasanthertrent.shpenhauergrupedtragedyintthreetypes:thetragedyausedbythsehittedheinusries,thet

17、ragedyledbytheirnyffateandthetragedyausedbyisunderstandinganddistrustbeteenpersnsineverydaylife.inhispinin,helate1890s,heturnedtritepetry.thebritaininthisperidasundergingatransitinperidfrlaisser-faireapi

18、talistiperialis.theapitalisthughtthatthesialsystefthisperiduldntbehanged.buthardysrksexatlylashedithit,hihrefletedthetreendushangesfsietyduettheinvasinfindustrialapitaltthevillage.ithnerearkhehadrippedaaytheaskfbritishsiety.2.2theriterthashardyandhisrkliteratureisrefletinflife.alstallritersreatedthe

19、irnvelsardingthissialbakgrund.eanseeanyliteraryrksrittennthebasisftheirages.theyantedtbringutthesialfatsbytheirrks.itshuldbesuhafreeaythattheyuldrebukethedarksiety.pepleanfeelthesietyftheritersfrtheirrksandthenidentifiediththeriters.theritershpedthattheyuldletthepepleknthedarkaspetsfthegvernentandth

20、enfineanehfrthebytheirrks.tseextent,anvelshuldbeahistry.frtheintrdutinfthashardyandtheainntentftessfthedurbervillesustbehelpfultshusthebakgrundflarestragedy.2.1.1abuttheriterthashardythashardy(18401928,brnin1840neardrhester,asafausbritishpetandnvelist.hearriedfrardanddevelpedtheliterarytraditinsfthe

21、vitrianage.hevividlyandtruthfullydesribedthetragipltsinhisrks.theritisfliteraturealledhi“shakespearefbritishnvels.hardyasbrnintanarhitetsfailyandasexpetedtbeeanarhitet.hetrainedasanarhitetandrkedinlndnanddrsetfrtenyears.hardybeganhisritingareerasanvelist,publishingdesperatereediesin1871,andassnsuess

22、fulenughtleavethefieldfarhiteturefrriting.hardyaspessiistiinhisvieflife.thedinanttheefhisnvelsisthefutilityfanseffrttstruggleagainstruelandunintelligiblefate,hane,andirustanes,hihareallpredestinedbytheianentill.hebravelyhallengedanyfthesexualandreligiusnventinsfthevitrianage.andheexpsedthehypritialr

23、als,lasandreliginsfapital.hardysrksrefletedthetreendushangesandpeplesiserablelivesespeiallytheenslivesinsialeni,plitis,rals,ust,etaftertheinvasinfindustrialapitaltthebritishvillages.rever,hereeseehardysrealasteryisthediffereneinthelanguagefpeplefrthesiallasses(e.g.thelaresinntrastiththefarrkers).hea

24、sgdatvieinglifeithatragilight.“hisnvel,hardyreahestheheightfhisahieveentasanvelist.likesttherhardynvels,rurallifeisaprinentissueinthestry.andt

25、heissueffateversusfreedfatinisantheriprtantaspetfthisnvel.ittellsfthatavillagegirlalledtesshasabeautiful,pure,plain,hnest,assiduusandleverentthrughaiserablelife.sheasbrninaprfailyandlivedinapeuliarsiety.thesnfthedurbervillesalerapedherandsheaspregnant.shefellinlveithangellarebefrelng.larelvedhervery

26、uhandlngedtarryherbutshedelayedtanserthisfferfarriagejustbeauseshedidntknhttellthetruthfbeingraped.despitethis,atlastthiskindheartedandsineregirldeidedttellhithisbadthing.hever,hentesstldhithetruththatsheasrapedbyaknaveale,heuldntfrgiveherfrhavingantheranshildeventhughshefrgavehieverything.angellare

27、beaeveryangryandabandnstess.nedayshefundalebeaeainister.afterherfathersdeathunexpetedly,tesshadtheburdenfthefailyelfarenhershulders,andtheyereshrtlythereafterevitedfrtheirttage.shebelievesdeepdnthatangelhadabandnedher,andalesaiditasell,andtesskneherfailyulddellbyalesealthandprperty.butthersurprised,

28、angelreturnsfrbrazil,repentinghisharshness,butfundherlivingithale.tesskillsaleindesperatin,sheasarrestedandhanged.sheakeshiprisetarryhersister,lizalu,afterherdeath,essfthedurbervilles,thashardyhasdiretlysatirizednature.thisnvelrevealedthetragedyfnpeplesdestinyandflayedhypritialgentl

29、hisnvel,hardydenstratedhisdeepsensefralsypathyfrenglandslerlasses,partiularlyfren.hesueededinprtrayinganartistiiageavillagegirlithkindness,tendernessandarusness.thenvel,hihindiatedthetendenyfanti-religiussentients,againstfeudalralityandthelasfapitalists,asarlyreeivedbythereadingpublith

30、ughbritishupperlassasbitteragainstit.hapter3theriginsfangellarestragedytragedyanalsbeavisinflife,hihissharedbystesternulturesandhavingitsrts.theesseneftragedyisalstthesaethughtdifferentritersreatethestriesfrdifferentpintsfvieandithdifferenttehniques.anuberfritishadanykindsfinterpretatinsfrangellares

31、tragedyintessfthedurbervilles.theyanalyzedhispliatedharaterfrdifferentperspetives.thispaperillexplainhistragedyasthefllingaspets:3.1sialrtsheresialrtsreferainlytthesialnventinsandralstandardshihledtlarestragedy.larelivedinsuhnditinshihtheasulineauthrityplayedaniprtantrleintraditinalsiety.angellareas

32、nefthevitisfthissiety.atthatage,enereregardedasbeingsubrdinateinthehusehld.thehastityfrtheisthestiprtantthing.thetraditinalvienhastitynsideredaanshastityastheprergativefherhusband.iftheenlsthervirtue,sheustbeiral.nthenehandthealeadetheralstandardsfrthefeale,deandingfthefealetbepureandvirginal;ntheth

33、erhand,thealeindulgedhiselfinsexualatters.theydeandedthatthestagnaniusatthefealehadshuldbehastity;nevertheless,thsehbrketheenshastityerethealestheselves.thatistsay,nlythealesinthatsietyereright.thefealeuldsaynthingfrhisrng.stessaskinglare“frgiveeasyuarefrgiven!ifrgiveyu.angel(hardy,1993)uldbeetheips

34、sibility.undersuhirustanes,aftertesslsthervirginity,sheshuldbealesnubineraketheirrelatinshiplegalizedardingtthesialbadhabitsfthetie.buttess,hpursuedherinnentlve,hadratherbe“heliterature,thereasasetfrfrtheiagesfen,naely,enshuldbebeautifulandvirtuus,gentleandbiddable,andshuldleavet

35、hishusbandandfailies.allthesesetsarerelatedttherealsiety.traditinally,aanustbeyherhusbandlikehisrethedslave.thedesriptinabutthisagegivenbyhardyasjustthesietyhse“sialralshadanifestedainlyin“hastitythatenterednen.evenifaanfthatageasbldinhallengingtheldsyste,itasipssiblefrhitabandnthesialrals.inadditin

36、,alargepartfpeplearundhierestillntrlledbyfeudalideas,sthesialrtsshuldbethediretauseflarestragedy.3.2psyhlgialrtsapersnsayfseeingthingsplaysaniprtantrleallhislife.hardynainghisher“angelighthavehisnintent.eknthatangelshuldbepure;hever,frthedevelpentftheplt,eanntsee“purefrangellare.angellareasbrninarih

37、pastralfaily,butheasunillingtbeyhisfatherandbrthers.hedidntabidebytheldustandetiquette,andgaveadanfrthesuperirfaterialthingssuhasealthandpsitin.heasbrnandbredthereligin.buthethughtthatheuldnthnestlyberdainedainisterashisbrthersere.hetkupadisdainfulpsitinnthesialustsandfundthevaluefrkingpeple.heaband

38、nedthehanefstudyinginuniversityandentttheuntrysideandtstudytheagriulturalskills.thisissuffiienttshthatheasbldinstrugglingiththetraditinalvieandtriedtshfftheshaklesfthelass.atthenely-arriednight,tessdeidedttellhiher“guiltindetail.angelfellutithtessandthenenttbrazilalnethughhehadlivedalselifeithaanhas

39、ntaquaintedithhi.heuldntfrgivetessher“guilt.thes-alled“pureinhisindassingrainedthatheuldntaepttessspast.hensidersherasafallenen.lareasalssuhaanitharidiuluspintthataanuldhaveaffairithanygirlsbutagirlustkeeptbeavirginbefreshebeeabride.itshedhisardieinhisharater.tesstrustedhiandadeadeisintnfideherseret

40、thi.butnthenightftheiredding,henlarelearnedthattessasntavirginandhadhadabastard,theriginalperfetiageassuddenlybrkenbythesadfats.apparentlyhesaidheasdeeplyattahedttess,butatuallyheuldntfaethetruthithurage.hejustlvedtessspleasingappearaneratherthananytherthingsfher.angellareasrerlessanpen-indedburgeis

41、intelletual.inlve,althughheasntasdespiableasale,heasdevidfselflessandsinerefeelingastessdid.larelvedtessjustbeausefherbeauty.andsheuldbeehisrighthandinthefuture.hetldtess:“irepeat,theanihavebeenlvingisntyu.antheraninyurshape.(hardy,1993)heuldntbelievethisbadtrutheandsaid“tess!sayitisnttrue!n,itisntt

42、rue!itislearthathetkadeadlyknkpsyhlgially.laresharaterdeterinedhistragedyheuldntaeptherpast.itislearthattheseedsftragedyaresnhenalltherigidrulefhisfrebearandtheunfairsialsystesfirlylaidhldfangellare,hhadpreahedtheliberatinfankindnlngerexists.henlarefinallyrealizedtheiensityftessslveandthepiteuspligh

43、tithadbrughtupnher,everythingastlate.heuldntpletelygetridfsialnventinsandralstandards.tessuldgaayfrever.itaslarestragedythesialsysteandralityandhisharaterdeidedthatituldbeinevitable.hapter4nlusinliteraturehaseverylsetdailylife,refletingitspratialprblesandinterestsandisusedasaperfulinstruentfhuanprgr

44、ess.literatureriginatesfrlifeandthenrefrslife.theyanakeyusubnsiuslyanddeeplybelievethatallthethingstheydesribedreallyhappened.afteryufinishreading,theharatersthatitdepitedillappearvividlyinfrntfyu.theyaretruetlifeyuanseetheirfaesandfeeltheirsund,paeandthughts.iththeexellentliteraryrks,eanfeelthehistryvividly.asaniprtantpartfliterature,tragedyhassheditsartistiattratin.thereasnhyagreatnuberfreaderstendtbeaffetedbythepltsftragediesisthatsefthehadthesaersiilarexperieneiththeharatersinthenvels.theesterntragediesputephasisnthesul-stirringspiritfrthefear.thestrngtragediesantuhtheheartfther