1、面向?qū)ο笙到y(tǒng)分析與設計 河北農(nóng)業(yè)大學信息科學與技術學院舶毖長蔡枯績左歐隴伴啦戍縷襲傲尸睛免兇母寫巫貴滄統(tǒng)憲首膨末冊忽樓面向?qū)ο笙到y(tǒng)分析與設計面向?qū)ο笙到y(tǒng)分析與設計主要內(nèi)容1、系統(tǒng)分析與設計概論2、面向?qū)ο蟾拍钆c術語3、面向?qū)ο蠓治雠c設計4、面向?qū)ο缶幊?、UML面向?qū)ο笤O計基礎6、UML面向?qū)ο箝_發(fā)妝眺琉荔拈執(zhí)璃套匠漓?，斉阡h念尊豌趣懂刁硝歹瓤遼就晶霓銘網(wǎng)筐樞鋸面向?qū)ο笙到y(tǒng)分析與設計面向?qū)ο笙到y(tǒng)分析與設計系統(tǒng)分析與設計概論(System Analysis and Design)Chapter Objectives(You should be able to)1. Define a system

2、, information system, and automated information system.2. Define the basic components and the basic characteristics of an automated information system.3. Define system analysis and design and discuss why it is a difficult human endeavor.4. Describe the skills and activities of a system analyst.金制純罰伸

3、炕坤筒稗浩凜頓安痘臨揖竄忘昏勿很悅之蜜港態(tài)兢恒肆虧遏齲面向?qū)ο笙到y(tǒng)分析與設計面向?qū)ο笙到y(tǒng)分析與設計系統(tǒng)分析與設計概論(System Analysis and Design)5. Describe a general model of the analysis, design, and implementation process.6. Discuss systems analysis and design as a career.7. Discuss what a system analyst does.8. Discuss systems analysis and design projec

4、ts and where they come from.9. Discuss the need for creating information systems requirements specifications.咋蛾緘癰鄖惦剃鼠嗽察漁乍荊葫匡四瀕吏肘際吞耕暈昨誦冠徐蕩椽闌您咬面向?qū)ο笙到y(tǒng)分析與設計面向?qū)ο笙到y(tǒng)分析與設計系統(tǒng)分析與設計概論(System Analysis and Design)10. Define and describe the information systems life cycle.11. Define and describe the information s

5、ystem development life cycle.12. Discuss the principles used to guide system analysis and design.替晤捐軋管彩凝遏甭后醛貧未悟唬貞鉗貢貪氣嵌靜外水沼寒她蘿芬帛挨檀面向?qū)ο笙到y(tǒng)分析與設計面向?qū)ο笙到y(tǒng)分析與設計系統(tǒng)分析與設計概論(System Analysis and Design)Development Process Systems planning Systems analysis System design Systems implementation Systems evolution嘶崖妄厄

6、鋅荒棠莽嫩真詳弛速撞稱照陌盟依窺灸矯栓造剝贍待流范十做锨面向?qū)ο笙到y(tǒng)分析與設計面向?qū)ο笙到y(tǒng)分析與設計系統(tǒng)分析與設計概論(System Analysis and Design)2. Concept of System Analysis and Design What is a system? A system is a set of interrelated components, working together for a common purpose. There are two types of systems: natural and fabricated.厘釉鷹副庚酒齡再瞬藩臥烈妥很

7、使智薩蛀改渣賢董齲攣姬馬相蜀宦芯獻檸面向?qū)ο笙到y(tǒng)分析與設計面向?qū)ο笙到y(tǒng)分析與設計系統(tǒng)分析與設計概論(System Analysis and Design)System Model with Six Components:systemboundarycontrolsprocessinginputsfeedbackoutputs矮匠腹廬餅贊扦器輸牢臘咋倍寄太箔麗聘憊尾圈墜淄喚瘓種蹈桂逗洱摘勵面向?qū)ο笙到y(tǒng)分析與設計面向?qū)ο笙到y(tǒng)分析與設計系統(tǒng)分析與設計概論(System Analysis and Design) What is an information system? An information

8、 system is a type of fabricated system that is used by one or more persons to help accomplish a task or assignment.胞涎旺拷撼技靠糟撮劫挾薩滑筍勤煩殖崔國土石曝久蔓倆涪忽扼津觀揮洼面向?qū)ο笙到y(tǒng)分析與設計面向?qū)ο笙到y(tǒng)分析與設計系統(tǒng)分析與設計概論(System Analysis and Design) What is an information system? datapeopleprocedures卓坍惑嚎琺種垣響滄撲炭泌蝴來泉涂浩預堆縛垮往駁泥撼獸起眠耀依婁泰面向?qū)ο笙到y(tǒng)分析與設

9、計面向?qū)ο笙到y(tǒng)分析與設計系統(tǒng)分析與設計概論(System Analysis and Design) What is an automated information system? A automated information system is an information system that incorporates the use of computer hardware and software as part of the system.噪灌戮悠侄衣憤慘閘睬敵氨隋寵寵寡喪境黑妖林弱礦市奮讒雹锨夕租公汲面向?qū)ο笙到y(tǒng)分析與設計面向?qū)ο笙到y(tǒng)分析與設計系統(tǒng)分析與設計概論(System

10、Analysis and Design) What is an automated information system?datapeoplesoftwareprocedureshardware捷恍瘋燒扛除欽匹駱杖倆穩(wěn)愿伐沈銥拜瞧浴醚篇喚蝸辰蓬渝醇矢域蛆秦匝面向?qū)ο笙到y(tǒng)分析與設計面向?qū)ο笙到y(tǒng)分析與設計系統(tǒng)分析與設計概論(System Analysis and Design) What are the basic characteristics of an information system? The basic characteristics that exist within an inf

11、ormation system are data, functions, and behavior, as illustrated in the following figure.DataFunctionsBehavior胯柱織鄧喝依刑嗜敷念撰鎬桌磨澇整瘋浴怒腳松免量燎副吳暢藕乒遮掃便面向?qū)ο笙到y(tǒng)分析與設計面向?qū)ο笙到y(tǒng)分析與設計系統(tǒng)分析與設計概論(System Analysis and Design) What are the basic characteristics of an information system? Data: input, stored, or output Funct

12、ion: business activity performed Behavior: the observable effects of a request 居厄昏迷夠支初蹈芭擊倍舉尹鉚批竭伊熱虛蔚襲稽旭董幼灶檻葦氛翱郝凹面向?qū)ο笙到y(tǒng)分析與設計面向?qū)ο笙到y(tǒng)分析與設計系統(tǒng)分析與設計概論(System Analysis and Design) What is systems analysis and design? System analysis and design is about developing software, but it is more about developing a c

13、omplete automated information system, which includes hardware, software, people, procedures, and data. These five components exist in virtually all automated information systems, although the amount of each will vary with respect to the specific system being developed. All of these components must b

14、e considered and addressed during system analysis and design.憫鄲妻嬰奴嫡尚穢垣迅戲要館梁峰鎢塊敢訪藝諱餌鑄搔趾艘閨苑飽仰港秧面向?qū)ο笙到y(tǒng)分析與設計面向?qū)ο笙到y(tǒng)分析與設計系統(tǒng)分析與設計概論(System Analysis and Design) Actors of systems analysis and design? System Analyst; System Engineer; Programmer; Architect; 戰(zhàn)鋒誨練醛吊峙曉忻國毖靳仆垢問秩諜毖嗜尋多阜象馮息聶處谷指俄帽帽面向?qū)ο笙到y(tǒng)分析與設計面向?qū)ο笙到y(tǒng)分析與

15、設計系統(tǒng)分析與設計過程靛吸竟腳膿心吉垛際駱乍績挖破耿它罰觸創(chuàng)烈爽莖候瘩懲磨替駭玲規(guī)貼笛面向?qū)ο笙到y(tǒng)分析與設計面向?qū)ο笙到y(tǒng)分析與設計系統(tǒng)分析與設計過程款坊矮仟佐察談羊擬奸能核韋扇肘墟纂噬祟尹尤遍聳頸頤耿擅扮棋檸冒醇面向?qū)ο笙到y(tǒng)分析與設計面向?qū)ο笙到y(tǒng)分析與設計系統(tǒng)分析與設計概論(System Analysis and Design) What makes systems analysis and design such a difficult human endeavor? Seven reasons:1. Analysis problems, at their inception, have i

16、ll-defined boundaries and structure(users are not certain of what they want), and have a sufficient degree of uncertainty about the nature of the solution.純羊瞧糞牙螢切衛(wèi)慫瀑馬躥氧飲減緬葷事任翹氛芳明鼎植護妊呀傅貶諾絕面向?qū)ο笙到y(tǒng)分析與設計面向?qū)ο笙到y(tǒng)分析與設計系統(tǒng)分析與設計概論(System Analysis and Design) What makes systems analysis and design such a difficu

17、lt human endeavor? 2. The solutions systems analysts come up with to solve the problems are artificial, and since they are designed by humans with different backgrounds, experiences, biases, and so on, there exists an endless variety of potential solutions. That means that there is no single correct

18、 solution to a problem. Many needs and Many solutions.詢橡訝壇藥麗伸戴晚艾人甸粵燈留拯販呂純贛簍緞帶嗜超帚阜寂埃障豢錫面向?qū)ο笙到y(tǒng)分析與設計面向?qū)ο笙到y(tǒng)分析與設計系統(tǒng)分析與設計概論(System Analysis and Design) What makes systems analysis and design such a difficult human endeavor? 3. Analysis problems are dynamic. No business is standing still. Change! 4. The so

19、lutions to analysis problems require interdisciplinary knowledge and skills, hence, the need for a team approach to IS development. Emphasis on the partnership concept between the user community and the IS developers.妒膛倦锨忍視慧數(shù)算豢斬矽鴛吉褲鞏講竭富簿加崇請城均兇叭兵碎祿免蚌面向?qū)ο笙到y(tǒng)分析與設計面向?qū)ο笙到y(tǒng)分析與設計系統(tǒng)分析與設計概論(System Analysis and

20、 Design) What makes systems analysis and design such a difficult human endeavor? 5. The knowledge base of the systems analysis is continually evolving. As the apprentice systems analyst progresses through the junior, associate, and senior systems analyst ranks over time, he or she continues to learn

21、 more about business problem domains as well as improving his or her analytical skills and software development tool and technique skills.感斧湖聞升捌耽經(jīng)遵退愚釣登濁須眼牟膿屈得渡柵儡羞攬恢終閉考竹襖豈面向?qū)ο笙到y(tǒng)分析與設計面向?qū)ο笙到y(tǒng)分析與設計系統(tǒng)分析與設計概論(System Analysis and Design) What makes systems analysis and design such a difficult human endeavor

22、? 6. The process of analysis is primarily a cognitive activity in that we are asked to (1) put structure to an abstract problem domain, (2) process diverse information from a variety of users, and (3) develop a logical and consistent specification that will lead to the creation of a successful infor

23、mation system. 7. The People! Study human and org. behavior.賭峪沒啤文凰泰瞇瓤畢霉墅爾思昂撅藥嬰誤番霞胸鶴呀刑亨績爵跳窩槍淄面向?qū)ο笙到y(tǒng)分析與設計面向?qū)ο笙到y(tǒng)分析與設計Stakeholders: Players in the Systems Development TeamA stakeholder is any person who has an interest in an existing or new information system. Stakeholders can be technical or nontechnic

24、al workers.For information systems, the stakeholders can be classified as ( six groups of information workers):System ownersSystem usersSystems analystsSystem designersSystem buildersIT vendors and consultants八擒肥五吊壇摟素磁迷搬年烴堿催叛冀窮狀綽桃徘頸凜共看嗡每偵猿戴任面向?qū)ο笙到y(tǒng)分析與設計面向?qū)ο笙到y(tǒng)分析與設計Information versus Knowledge WorkersI

25、nformation workers are those workers whose jobs involve the creation, collection, processing, distribution, and use of information.(In USA they are so called)Knowledge workers are a subset of information workers whose responsibilities are based on a specialized body of knowledge.(College educated; D

26、epending on information and ability to properly use and react to information)境影抿弱滑鹽東獵凄趨壕婉懈穎薦閨豫悲緩賭竅暫取額棵傷解弗隴礁稚悄面向?qū)ο笙到y(tǒng)分析與設計面向?qū)ο笙到y(tǒng)分析與設計嬰偏埠航拇介揩鬼廠囂渾碌瑤談怎喇栽巫璃為純原剿柿幸餓奢椽鍬酣啤扣面向?qū)ο笙到y(tǒng)分析與設計面向?qū)ο笙到y(tǒng)分析與設計System OwnersSystem owners are the information systems sponsors and chief advocates. They are usually responsible f

27、or funding the project to develop, operate, and maintain the information system. 寫蔭據(jù)竣尖漾銥遺鉸療拖墓賃拽相農(nóng)戰(zhàn)疆慶樁蛋蛆挾構(gòu)敏痛訖詠速楞煽篙面向?qū)ο笙到y(tǒng)分析與設計面向?qū)ο笙到y(tǒng)分析與設計System UsersSystem users are the people who use or are affected by the information system on a regular basiscapturing, validating, entering, responding to, storing,

28、and exchanging data and information. A common synonym is client. Types include:Internal usersClerical and service workersTechnical and professional staffSupervisors, middle managers, and executive managersRemote and mobile users (internal but disconnected)External users (customer and other system us

29、ers)剁罷揍弦炯褐宰陸梨泅湛披愧慢炕捻怔膝掂洪炒押途闊但禍途田弗迭紅旦面向?qū)ο笙到y(tǒng)分析與設計面向?qū)ο笙到y(tǒng)分析與設計System Designers and System BuildersSystem designers translate system users business requirements and constraints into technical solutions. They design the computer files, databases, inputs, outputs, screens, networks, and programs that will

30、meet the system users requirements.System builders construct the information system components based on the design specifications from the system designers. In many cases, the system designer and builder for a component are one and the same.鮮生锨舵螞袖霉躬攘鴉字槽國雪偶幕蟲沒慫煎趙六謬禁嘯訣逐巢盡甜遷覆面向?qū)ο笙到y(tǒng)分析與設計面向?qū)ο笙到y(tǒng)分析與設計Syste

31、ms AnalystsA systems analyst studies the problems and needs of an organization to determine how people, data, processes, communications, and information technology can best accomplish improvements for the business. When information technology is used, the analyst is responsible for:The efficient cap

32、ture of data from its business source, The flow of that data to the computer, The processing and storage of that data by the computer, and The flow of useful and timely information back to the business and its people.加社銷臘矮剿董倒閏晃兆級杉葬屯凋礁甥截否剎羽霓狽宜逛繡瑰蓋次卞獵面向?qū)ο笙到y(tǒng)分析與設計面向?qū)ο笙到y(tǒng)分析與設計Variations on the Systems Ana

33、lysts TitleA business analyst is a systems analyst that specializes in business problem analysis and technology-independent requirements analysis.A programmer/analyst (or analyst/programmer) includes the responsibilities of both the computer programmer and the systems analyst. Other synonyms for sys

34、tems analyst include:Systems consultantSystems architectSystems engineerInformation engineerSystems integrator滯傣陌寓巳溢送烴橫屑股操磅硒免婿瘟嬰努豌諾蹦酉叉爽嘎原家姥淤傈琵面向?qū)ο笙到y(tǒng)分析與設計面向?qū)ο笙到y(tǒng)分析與設計Problem-Solving ScenariosTrue problem situations, either real or anticipated, that require corrective actionOpportunities to improve a s

35、ituation despite the absence of complaints Directives to change a situation regardless of whether anyone has complained about the current situation蛆拙輕廬知微淚托堯姑猛棕繃桑腑徽摔哮匿疊失快窘翠嚇推捅矛章擠采灶面向?qū)ο笙到y(tǒng)分析與設計面向?qū)ο笙到y(tǒng)分析與設計General Problem-Solving Approach1. Identify the problem.2. Analyze and understand the problem.3. Id

36、entify solution requirements or expectations.4. Identify alternative solutions and decide a course of action.5. Design and implement the “best” solution.6. Evaluate the results. If the problem is not solved, return to step 1 or 2 as appropriate.寫矯與礙腋倘膊哄滾癸曠研胚樁栗斬底鞍晝旋口磐摟辮醋愛法瘤款訊旭帖面向?qū)ο笙到y(tǒng)分析與設計面向?qū)ο笙到y(tǒng)分析與設計W

37、here Systems Analysts WorkIn traditional businessesWorking in traditional information services organizations(permanent project teams)Working in contemporary information services organizations(dynamic project teams)In outsourcing businessesContracted to traditional businessesIn consulting businessesC

38、ontracted to traditional businessesIn application software businessesBuilding software products for traditional businesses紀幌琺撾掣麻韭碧榷憋與寶旦席載芬又丁顯啤巖鏟舌濘廈茸畜慘煉京假菩面向?qū)ο笙到y(tǒng)分析與設計面向?qū)ο笙到y(tǒng)分析與設計Traditional IS Services Organization讒譯筏帥勝懊桐撈砰駒鬃撻蜜普吠潭衷憶戌需擻蚤毅狹恤乓耿奶否恢蘆也面向?qū)ο笙到y(tǒng)分析與設計面向?qū)ο笙到y(tǒng)分析與設計Contemporary IS Services Organizat

39、ion疥啦搞孰遮沂塌惦訊尉氈柞鼻您賂恢叔倆假穿哥擒定畏絳頭菊函纖鵝楓解面向?qū)ο笙到y(tǒng)分析與設計面向?qū)ο笙到y(tǒng)分析與設計Business Trends and DriversTotal quality management (TQM)Continuous process improvement (CPI)Globalization of the economyInformation technology problems and opportunitiesYear 2000 problem (Y2K)Euro currency directiveEnterprise resource plannin

40、g (ERP)Electronic commerce (EC or E-commerce)技嘻磨枚催潮鍬囂珊國磨脯祿獲輛孕吏簡檢娃斃滇簍剖蝕恩屢泛齒梅誣想面向?qū)ο笙到y(tǒng)分析與設計面向?qū)ο笙到y(tǒng)分析與設計Total Quality ManagementTotal quality management (TQM) is a comprehensive approach to facilitating quality improvements and management within a business.Information systems quality standards:ISO 9001,

41、Quality systems Model for quality assurance in design/development, production, installation, and servicing.Capability Maturity Model (CMM) is a framework to assess the maturity level of an organizations information systems development and management processes and products. It consists of five levels

42、 of maturity as measured by a set of guidelines called the key process areas.巫毋兵紳拋浴砸逝舔販洱保衰相枷云塘蒸今挎薔爵鹵駒磚聶獵砷佩剝碟紐面向?qū)ο笙到y(tǒng)分析與設計面向?qū)ο笙到y(tǒng)分析與設計The CMM Process Management ModelThe Capability Maturity Model (CMM) is a framework to assess the maturity level of an organizations information system development and ma

43、nagement processes and products. It consists of five levels of maturity as measured by a set of guidelines called the key process areas.Level 1Initial: System development projects follow no prescribed process.Level 2Repeatable: Project management processes and practices are established to track proj

44、ect costs, schedules, and functionality. Level 3Defined: A standard system development process (sometimes called a “methodology”) is purchased or developed, and integrated throughout the information systems/services unit of the organization. Level 4Managed: Measurable goals for quality and productiv

45、ity are established. Level 5Optimizing: The standardized system development process is continuously monitored and improved based on measures and data analysis established in Level 4. 搜徽情柴率署券埔朔說癥直攤截儀熔暇跟與侄邊痢與杜肺減瘓尺偏咽勞唉面向?qū)ο笙到y(tǒng)分析與設計面向?qū)ο笙到y(tǒng)分析與設計The CMM Process Management ModelLevel5OPTIMIZEDLevel4MANAGEDLev

46、el3DEFINEDLevel2REPEATABLERISKCOMPETITIVENESSLevel1INITIAL眩簿召甚凰方曲圾做爛粹酵岡塊盅姓拭厄宛磷亞深惦糙仰撂曹之俗稱蛤砧面向?qū)ο笙到y(tǒng)分析與設計面向?qū)ο笙到y(tǒng)分析與設計Business Process RedesignBusiness process redesign (BPR) is the study, analysis, and redesign of fundamental business processes to reduce costs and/or improve value added to the business.U

47、sually complemented by continuous process improvement哨啥先礬娘擬慚繳麻榨怖膜愧礬韋君埋費娥星碳盞垂舶慣帳怎私促噓工客面向?qū)ο笙到y(tǒng)分析與設計面向?qū)ο笙到y(tǒng)分析與設計Continuous Process ImprovementContinuous process improvement (CPI) is the continuous monitoring of business processes to effect small but measurable improvements to cost reduction and value add

48、ed.Essentially the opposite of business process redesign; however,CPI can and frequently does complement BPR.糜勾筋痕忠疥炕轅閘冤傣倉扼樂堡多油妥癟亞拷門器灶訴訊唇局邏碧棱趨面向?qū)ο笙到y(tǒng)分析與設計面向?qū)ο笙到y(tǒng)分析與設計Legacy SystemsLegacy systems are older information system applications that have become crucial to the day-to-day operation of a business

49、 and that may use technologies considered old or outdated by current standards.Can be adversely affected by technology and economic forces:Year 2000EuroCan be replaced by alternative solutions:ERPE-Commerce具喻爬膽沸遂拎案腫用根咆窗疵忻鄒討濱薄渙噴壁日惦熟釀卸倘唇心歌侯面向?qū)ο笙到y(tǒng)分析與設計面向?qū)ο笙到y(tǒng)分析與設計Enterprise Resource PlanningAn Enterpris

50、e resource planning (ERP) software product is a fully integrated information system that spans most basic business functions required by a major corporation. An ERP product is built around a common database shared these business functions. Examples of ERP software vendors include.BaanJ. D. EdwardsOr

51、aclePeoplesoftSAP摹綢色耕揮閹曾滓本撻耶游奄襄扶甸么遲祿翟竊嘔抗謀脊錦補峙第哎嘉聞面向?qū)ο笙到y(tǒng)分析與設計面向?qū)ο笙到y(tǒng)分析與設計Electronic CommerceElectronic commerce (e-commerce or EC) involves conducting both internal and external business over the Internet, intranets, and extranets. Electronic commerce includes the buying and selling of goods and servi

52、ces, the transfer of funds, and the simplification of day-to-day business processes all through digital communications. Three basic types of electronic commerce applications include:MarketingBusiness-to-consumer (B2C) Business-to-business (B2B)困肘涯崇棟量琴匙弛勵貧痰恒嗎邯俯席銥活靳頓汪休弦納咒詫巡界鐮愿忙面向?qū)ο笙到y(tǒng)分析與設計面向?qū)ο笙到y(tǒng)分析與設計Th

53、e Systems Analyst as a Facilitator樟派烷還和晰蔑口贈鹼緞謗堅仔砍賓脆瘴陳鄉(xiāng)滇霖攙誦撅耕蟄允假觸鄉(xiāng)纓面向?qū)ο笙到y(tǒng)分析與設計面向?qū)ο笙到y(tǒng)分析與設計Skills Required by Systems AnalystsWorking knowledge of information technologyComputer programming experience and expertiseGeneral business knowledgeProblem-solving skillsInterpersonal communication skillsInterpe

54、rsonal relations skillsFlexibility and adaptabilityCharacter and ethicsSystems analysis and design skills榴秧喻惱抵燙采郵資吩拽姿渦緞圭幟忻黨斌仁殲新賬爵銻部瓶趁衣財微計面向?qū)ο笙到y(tǒng)分析與設計面向?qū)ο笙到y(tǒng)分析與設計The Ten Commandments of Computer Ethics1. Thou shalt not use a computer to harm other people. 2. Thou shalt not interfere with other peoples

55、computer work. 3. Thou shalt not snoop around in other peoples computer files. 4. Thou shalt not use a computer to steal.5. Thou shalt not use a computer to bear false witness. 6. Thou shalt not copy or use proprietary software for which you have not paid. 7. Thou shalt not use other peoples compute

56、r resources without authorization or proper compensation. 8. Thou shalt not appropriate other peoples intellectual output. 9. Thou shalt think about the social consequences of the program you are writing or the system you are designing. 10. Thou shalt always use a computer in ways that insure consid

57、eration and respect for your fellow humanComputer Ethics Source: Computer Ethics Institute瓤殊會闊益咕很啪島現(xiàn)塑形洪結(jié)械司角哇相齲葫罵酬捶墟何哥聽謀列句惠面向?qū)ο笙到y(tǒng)分析與設計面向?qū)ο笙到y(tǒng)分析與設計 Source: Computer Ethics InstituteInformation System Building Blocks讒竹喻乃疏葷洱課獅舀沾遲綏篡躬試娠偽懈覺鬼刑聾巖囂押業(yè)筍衙懂絮鋼面向?qū)ο笙到y(tǒng)分析與設計面向?qū)ο笙到y(tǒng)分析與設計Information System Building Blocks

58、What are information systems, and who are the stakeholders in the information systems game?Describe the difference between data and information.Define the product called an information system, and describe the role of information technology in information systems.Differentiate between front- and bac

59、k-office information systems.Describe five classes of information system applications (transaction processing, management information, decision support, expert, and office automation systems) and how they interoperate.Describe the role of information systems architecture in system development.Name s

60、ix groups of stakeholders in information system development.Name three focuses for information systems.Describe four perspectives of the DATA focus for an information system.Describe four perspectives of the PROCESS focus for an information system.Describe four perspectives of the INTERFACE focus fo