1、PAGE 名師學(xué)案非常閱讀 閱讀理解專練第PAGE 24面中考閱讀理解題命題特點(diǎn)與解題策略閱讀理解題作為考查學(xué)生綜合語(yǔ)言閱讀能力的手段，它分值高，難度大，在中考試題中有著舉足輕重的地位。因此，學(xué)生只有了解了閱讀理解題的設(shè)計(jì)規(guī)律，掌握了正確的解題技巧，才能做到“知己知彼，百戰(zhàn)不殆”。一、命題特點(diǎn)中考閱讀能力測(cè)試要求學(xué)生要：1、掌握所讀材料的主旨大意，以及用以說(shuō)明主旨大意的細(xì)節(jié)和事實(shí)；2、既要理解具體事實(shí)，也要理解較為抽象的概念；3、既要理解字面意思，也要理解較深層的含義，包括作者的態(tài)度、意圖等；4、既要理解某句某段的意思，也要理解全篇的邏輯關(guān)系，并據(jù)此進(jìn)行推理和判斷；5、既要根據(jù)材料所提供的信息

2、去理解，也要結(jié)合初中生應(yīng)有的常識(shí)去理解。從以上要求中，我們可以得出這樣的啟示：閱讀理解不僅僅是考查學(xué)生的理解能力，還側(cè)重考查學(xué)生的邏輯思維能力。從試題所考查的角度和側(cè)重點(diǎn)來(lái)看，閱讀理解題的命題特點(diǎn)有：1、直接信息題：這類試題往往是針對(duì)語(yǔ)言材料中的某一段落或某一具體細(xì)節(jié)和事實(shí)而設(shè)置的，考查學(xué)生是否真正理解了短文中的事實(shí)和細(xì)節(jié)。其題目的設(shè)計(jì)方式一般為：以who ,what ,when ,where ,how等疑問(wèn)詞開(kāi)頭的疑問(wèn)句，提問(wèn)短文相關(guān)內(nèi)容；就文中具體內(nèi)容進(jìn)行簡(jiǎn)單的計(jì)算、排序、識(shí)圖等；以According to the passage ,From the passage開(kāi)頭，考查某一細(xì)節(jié)。2、

3、推理判斷題：這類考題要求學(xué)生透過(guò)文字的表層理解，抓住其內(nèi)在含義，做出合乎邏輯的推理和判斷。此類題目難度大、設(shè)計(jì)面廣，如考查人物的性格、心理，故事的結(jié)局、寓意，文章的出處，作者的態(tài)度等。其題目的設(shè)計(jì)方式一般為：We can infer(推斷)from the passage that .The story suggests(暗示) that .Which of the following might happen later?The passage is probably taken from a .3、主旨大意題：這類題目要求學(xué)生通過(guò)對(duì)短文或某一段落的主題或大意的理解作出判斷，要求說(shuō)出短文或該

4、段落的主要大意或給短文選擇合適的標(biāo)題。其題目的設(shè)計(jì)方式一般為：What is the whole passage mainly about?What is the best title/topic of the passage?That is the main idea of the passage/paragraph?The main purpose of this article is .4、猜測(cè)詞義題：有時(shí)題目會(huì)選出短文中的某一個(gè)生詞，要求學(xué)生選擇其正確的意思。遇到這類題，學(xué)生可在正確理解上下文的基礎(chǔ)上，通過(guò)詞語(yǔ)的同義法，近義法及它的構(gòu)詞法來(lái)猜測(cè)詞義。其題目的設(shè)計(jì)方式一般為：The wo

5、rd “freeze” in this passage means .Whats the meaning of the underlined word “puzzle” in this passage?5、經(jīng)驗(yàn)常識(shí)題：此類題目主要是考查多項(xiàng)綜合知識(shí)，包括社會(huì)、文化、史地、科普及生活知識(shí)的掌握程度。這要求學(xué)生平時(shí)多加觀察、多積累。二、解題策略1、審核標(biāo)題。有的閱讀材料有標(biāo)題。標(biāo)題是材料主題的高度凝聚，從標(biāo)題我們可以想象材料的內(nèi)容和走向。這樣做有助于對(duì)材料的理解，提高做題效率。2、通讀全文，掌握全貌。瀏覽全文，目的在于初步了解材料的主要內(nèi)容，以及所涉及的主要方面。同時(shí)要學(xué)會(huì)掃描式快速閱讀法。一般情

6、況下，閱讀速度要掌握在每分鐘80100個(gè)詞，對(duì)那些無(wú)關(guān)緊要的地方可一掃而過(guò)，在關(guān)鍵之處要適當(dāng)放慢速度加以思考。最后，把標(biāo)題和材料內(nèi)容結(jié)合起來(lái)想一想，全文的梗概就會(huì)一清二楚。3、細(xì)讀材料后面的題目。快速通讀全文之后，細(xì)讀后面的題目，明確要求，做到心中有數(shù)、有的放矢。然后復(fù)讀全文。由于帶著問(wèn)題去讀，便可格外留意與問(wèn)題有關(guān)的信息點(diǎn)，這樣能加深理解要點(diǎn)，有利于捕捉有效信息，從而提高答題速度和準(zhǔn)確率。4、復(fù)讀全文，著手答題。再次復(fù)讀全文時(shí)要精讀，可邊讀邊做標(biāo)記，把有關(guān)的人物、事件、時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、起因（即who ,what ,when ,where ,why）劃出來(lái)。經(jīng)過(guò)這樣的處理，會(huì)對(duì)材料內(nèi)容細(xì)節(jié)更加清楚

7、、一目了然。5、分析推理，精選答案。有些理解題的答案很明顯，可以直接從材料中找到，學(xué)生可斷然選定，不必浪費(fèi)時(shí)間。有的題較難，要經(jīng)過(guò)分析整理，從已有的信息鏈中判斷閱讀材料的內(nèi)涵意思，然后選出答案。6、復(fù)讀全文，核對(duì)答案。答完題后，要回過(guò)頭來(lái)對(duì)與答題有關(guān)的內(nèi)容再加以研讀，或?qū)€(gè)別理解模糊的關(guān)鍵詞再次審核，以加深理解，澄清疑點(diǎn)，提高答題的準(zhǔn)確性。另外，學(xué)生在解題時(shí)還要注意以下幾點(diǎn)：1、綜合理解所給的意義，切忌將只言片語(yǔ)作為選擇的依據(jù)。2、要注意排除材料中與考題無(wú)關(guān)的信息。為了迷惑學(xué)生，命題者往往將材料中一些與題目無(wú)關(guān)的信息編入理解題的干擾項(xiàng)。所以在解題時(shí)，要認(rèn)真審題，注意什么是對(duì)解題真正有用的信息，

8、什么是無(wú)用信息。3、要注意推理的邏輯性。有些理解題不能從文章本身找答案，學(xué)生必須根據(jù)短文中已有的信息進(jìn)行合乎邏輯和常識(shí)的推理。有些涉及人物心情的問(wèn)題，學(xué)生不妨置身于故事情節(jié)之中，親身感受，得出結(jié)論。三、示例分析A79 Mayfair RoadPlumton , Kent October 10th Dear Rosemary,I was very glad to get your letter this morning. I really ought to have written to you it was my turn , I know but I have been terribly b

9、usy. The children seem to take up all my time. Im thinking of sending Ann to a nursery school. Shell be four next month. Baby has just started to walk and doesnt give me a moments peace. But you know what it is like! How are all your children? Im sure they love living in the country.Im afraid we can

10、t come over to see you next Sunday, as you suggest. Toms mother is coming to spend the day with us. What about the Sunday after thatthe twenty second? We are free that day and should love to come. We are longing to see your house.Let me know, then, if the Sunday after next suits you. May I come for

11、lunch? Wed like to leave fairly early in the evening to avoid the heavy traffic on the roads.Love from us allEdna1.Edna can not go to see Rosemary the following Sunday because.A. She is afraid of the traffic B. Toms mother is coming to see them that day C. She prefers to come on the twenty secondD.

12、She is terribly busy with the children 2. What doesnt give Edna a moments peace?A. That she has been thinking of sending Ann to a nursery school.B. That Toms mother will come soon.C. That she has been thinking of going to see Rosemarys new house.D. That her baby has just started to walk.3. We can in

13、fer from the letter that Tom is .A. Ednas husband B. Ednas sonC. Ednas neighbour D. Ednas father【答案解析】：1、選答案B。這是一道直接信息題。信的第二段有說(shuō)明：Edna下星期天不能去看Rosemary因?yàn)槟翘霻om的媽媽要來(lái)。2、選答案D。這是一道直接信息題。見(jiàn)信的第一段，孩子剛剛會(huì)走路，讓母親整日忙亂不堪。3、選答案A。這是一道邏輯推理題。從信的倒數(shù)第二段Tom的母親要來(lái)呆一天可知A項(xiàng)符合邏輯。BVisit the forest zooCome and see the Indian elepha

14、nts and the new tigers from Northeast of China. The beautiful birds from England are ready to sing songs for you, and the monkeys from Mount Emei will be happy to talk to you. The lovely dogs from Australia want to laugh at you. Sichuan pandas will play balls for you. The giraffes from Africa are wa

15、iting to look down on you.TicketsGrown ups(成年人): 3Children :Over 1.4m 2 Under 1.4m FreeOpening time 9:00 a . m.4:00 p.m.Except Friday 10:00 a . m.3:00 p.m.Keep the zoo cleanDo not touch, give food or go near to the animals1.Why does the writer introduce so many animals from different places to us?A.

16、 To frighten us in the zoo. B. To make us lovely in the zoo.C. To attract us to the zoo.D. To show animals can do everything.2.How much does Mr Smith have to pay if he visits the zoo with his son of three?A. 3 B. 4 C. 5 D. 63.At which of the following time can we visit the zoo?A. 8:30 a.m. Wednesday

17、. B. 9:30 a.m. Friday.C. 3:00 p.m. Sunday. D. 5:00 p.m. Tuesday.4.What should we do in the zoo?A. To spit() everywhere.B. To throw things everywhere.C. To keep the zoo clean.D. To keep the zoo full.5.From the passage we can infer() a giraffe must be a very animal.A. fat B. short C. strong D. tall6.W

18、hich of the following can we do in the zoo?A. To touch the monkeys.B. To give some food to the animals.C. To go near to the tigers. D. To watch the animals carefully.【答案解析】：1、選答案C。這是一道主旨?xì)w納題。從語(yǔ)言的運(yùn)用上我們可以看出它帶有廣告的意味，其目的是吸引我們?nèi)⒂^動(dòng)物園。2、選答案A。這是一道直接信息題。此題涉及到計(jì)算，關(guān)鍵是讀懂Grown ups: 3和他三歲的兒子不可能高于1.4m，故Mr Smith無(wú)需給他兒

19、子買(mǎi)票。3、選答案C。這是一道直接信息題。“9:00 a . m.4:00 p.m. except Friday 10:00 a . m.3:00 p.m.”從這里可知?jiǎng)游飯@的開(kāi)放時(shí)間。4、選答案C。這是一道直接信息題。從下面的Keep the zoo clean 可知答案。5、選答案D。這是一道經(jīng)驗(yàn)常識(shí)題。生活中我們知道長(zhǎng)頸鹿個(gè)子高。也可從look downon you得出答案。6、選答案D。這是一道邏輯推斷題。從Do not touch, give food or go near to the animals 可推斷出正確答案應(yīng)是。CThe Winter Olympics is also

20、called the White Olympics. At this time, many colorful stamps are published to mark the great Games. The first stamps marking the opening came out on January 25,1932 in the United States for the 3 rd White Olympics. From then on, publishing stamps during the White Olympics became a rule.During the 4

21、th Winter Olympic Games a group of stamps were published in Germany in November 1936. The five rings of Olympic were drawn on the front of the sportswear. It was the first time that the rings appeared on the stamps of the White Olympics. In the 1950s, the stamps of this kind became more colorful. Wh

22、en the White Olympics came, the host countries(東道國(guó)) as well as the non host countries published stamps to mark those Games. China also published four stamps in February 1980, when the Chinese sportsmen began to take part in the White Olympics.Japan is only country that he never held the White Olympi

23、cs. Altogether 14,500 million stamps were sold to raise(籌集) money for this sports meeting.Different kinds of sports were drawn on these small stamps. People can enjoy the beauty of the wonderful movements of some sportsmen.1. The White Olympics and the Winter Olympics .A. are the same thing B. are d

24、ifferent gamesC. are not held in winter D. are held in summer2. The world made it a rule to publish stamps to mark the great world Games .A. after the year 1939B. after the 3 rd White OlympicsC. before the 3 rd White OlympicsD. before the year 19323. The White Olympics is held once .A. every two yea

25、rs B. every three years C. every four years D. every five years4. Which of the following is True ?A. Only the host countries can publish stamps to mark those Games.B. Only the non host countries can publish stamps to mark those Games.C. All the counties can publish stamps to mark those Games.D. Japa

26、n hasnt published stamps to mark those Games. 5. What may appear on the stamps of the White Olympics ?A. One ring B. Two rings C. Three rings D. Five rings【答案解析】：1、選答案A。這是一道直接信息題。從文章的第一句話可知冬奧會(huì)也叫白色奧運(yùn)會(huì)。2、選答案B。這是一道直接信息題。從From then on ,一句中可知then是指1932年，也就是the 3 rd White Olympics。3、選答案C。這是一道直接信息題。由第一段的19

27、32年的第3屆冬奧會(huì)到第二段的1936年的第4屆冬奧會(huì)，可知冬奧會(huì)是每4年舉行一次。4、選答案C。這是一道推理判斷題。從the host countries as well as the non host countries published stamps to mark those Games可知所有的國(guó)家都可以發(fā)行郵票紀(jì)念?yuàn)W運(yùn)會(huì)。5、選答案D。這是一道經(jīng)驗(yàn)常識(shí)題。從第二段的最后一句和奧運(yùn)會(huì)常識(shí)可知五環(huán)代表五大洲，是奧運(yùn)會(huì)的標(biāo)志。閱讀理解實(shí)戰(zhàn)演練（一）根據(jù)短文內(nèi)容，選擇最佳答案Passage 1In England, three foreigners came to a bus stop

28、and waited. About five minutes later, a bus came along. They were just going to get on when suddenly there was a noise behind them. Someone shouted at them and pushed them out of the way. The bus conductor went down the stairs to see what happened. The three foreigners seemed all at sea(茫然). No one

29、had told them the British custom of lining up for a bus that the first person arrives at the bus stop is the first person to get on the bus.Learning the language of a country isnt enough. If you want to have a pleasant visit, find out as much as possible the manners and customs of the country. You w

30、ill be surprised how different they can be from your own. A visit to India could make you remember that it is impolite to use the left hand to pass food at table. And in many parts of India, shaking your head means agreement. So does in Bulgaria. In that country, nodding means “No”.When you take a p

31、arty in countries on the Arabic Peninsula(阿拉伯半島), you will find that glass is repeatedly filled as soon as you drink up. If you think that you have had enough, you should take the glass in one hand and place the other hand over the top.In Europe, it is usual to cross your legs when talking to someon

32、e even at an important meeting. Doing this in Thailand(泰國(guó)), however, could bring trouble. Also, you should try to avoid(避免) touching a persons head, which is very impolite for Thai people.（ ）1. What were the three foreigners going to do when suddenly someone shouted at them and pushed them out of th

33、e way ? A. They were going to get off the bus.B. They were going to get on the bus.C. They were going to fight against him.D. They were going to talk to the bus conductor.（ ）2. Who should be the first person to get on the bus according to the British custom of lining up for a bus ?The person who com

34、es to the bus stop first. B. The person who arrives at the bus stoop last.C. The person who stands nearest to the bus.D. The person who knows the bus conductor.( ) 3. Which hand can you use to pass food at table if you are in India ?A. The right hand. B. The left hand. C. Both hands. D. Either the r

35、ight hand or the left hand.( ) 4. How do you let others know that youve had enough drink and dont want any when you take a party in Arabic Peninsula ? A. Take the glass in both handsB. Give the glass to your friendC. Ask someone to take the glass awayD. Take the glass in one hand and place the other

36、 hand over the top( ) 5.In which country can you cross your legs when talking to someone ?A. In Thailand. B. In England. C. In Africa. D. In Japan.Passage 2Have you ever heard of Maria Mitchell? She was an American astronomer. She was born in 1818.She liked to watch stars. When she was a little girl

37、, her father gave her a telescope.She liked it very much because she could see stars better. A few years passed, she became more and more interested in the stars. She heard people talk about comets. “I want to find one, a new one,” she thought. So night after night she searched the sky. She went to

38、school in the daytime, did all the homework after school, and searched for a new comet at night. She never went to parties. She never went to the theatre. People thought it was strange that a young girl spent so much time looking into the sky. But Maria didnt care what people said. She liked to look

39、 at the sky. She wanted to find a new comet. Then one night her wish true. The date was October 1st,1847,Maria looked through her telescope. At 10:30 pm, she saw something in the sky. It looked like a star, but it was moving slowly. It had a long tail. It was a new comet! Maria had found a new comet

40、 at last.( ) 1. Astronomer means person who . A. dirves a plane B. studies the universe C. only watches stars D. only uses telescopes( ) 2. What does the world telescope mean in the passage ? . A.眼鏡 B.望遠(yuǎn)鏡 C.顯微鏡 D.照相機(jī) ( ) 3. Night and night she looked at the sky . A. to see the stars B. to see the mo

41、on C. to find a new comet D. to see the sky( ) 4. Which of the following is Not true ? A. She did all her homework. B. She never went to the theatre. C. She searched for a new comet day and night. D. Her dream came true at last.( ) 5. Whats the best title for the article ? A. A Telescope. B. A New C

42、omet. C. Maria and Her New Comet. D. A Comet Has a Long Tail.Passage 3Canada geese are large blue and white birds. When autumn arrives, they have to fly south where the weather is warmer. The winters are so cold in Canada that the birds die if they stay there.Last spring, Bill Lishman found sixteen

43、young Canada geese on his farm. They had lost their parents. Bill thought, “These young birds wont know what to do in the autumn.”Bill had a small plane and he decided to teach the birds to follow him. All through the summer, he went on short trips in his plane and the young geese flew after him.Whe

44、n the cold weather arrived in autumn, Bill flew to Virginia in the United States, 600 miles south of his home in Canada. The geese followed him all the way. Bill left the geese in Virginia and he returned home.This spring, Bill was waiting for the birds to come back. They didnt arrive, so Bill flew

45、to Virginia to get them. He looked for them for two weeks but couldnt find them.When he arrived back home, Bill found the geese waiting for him. They had found their way home without him!( ) 1. Canada geese have to fly south after . A. spring B. summer C. autumn D. winter( ) 2. After Bill found the

46、sixteen geese on his farm, he . A. taught the birds to fly after him B. gave the birds much food and drink C. left the birds on his farm D. ate them all( ) 3. Bill took the birds to Virginia because . A. there was enough food there B. they could found their mother there C. its colder there D. its wa

47、rmer there( ) 4. The birds returned to Bills home . A. in the winter B. in the summer C. in the spring D. with their parents( ) 5. From this passage we can know that . A. The birds are clever B. Bill likes birds very much C. The birds are Bills D. Bill found the birds in Virginia againPassage 4It is

48、 known that Friday is an unlucky day and the 13th is an unlucky number. The reason came from a story of the Bible(圣經(jīng)). According to the Bible, the Lord God created(創(chuàng)造) the first man, Adam. Then he took a rib (肋骨) from Adams body and out of it created the first woman, Eve. It was said that Adam was c

49、reated on a Friday and it was on Friday that Adam and Eve ate the forbidden fruit(禁果), and on a Friday they died. Another story from the Bible tells us that Christ sat down with his 12 disciples(信徒), which made up the number 13, and at the last supper Judas(猶太), one of the 12 disciples, betrayed(背叛)

50、 Christ. Christ was killed by nailing(釘) on the cross the following day on a Friday. So people got the idea that 13 people sitting at a table to have dinner was unlucky.( ) 1. People know that is an unlucky day and the is an unlucky number. A. Monday, thirteen B. Friday, thirteenth C. Sunday, thirti

51、eth D. Tuesday, third( ) 2. Adam and Eve. A. were friends B. were the first man and woman created by the Lord God C. liked eating the forbidden fruit D. had a boy and a girl( ) 3. On a Friday. A. Adam was created B. Adam and Eve ate the forbidden fruit C. Adam and Eve died D. A, B and C( ) 4. Judas

52、. A. died on Friday. B. was one of Christs disciples and betrayed Christ at the last supper C. was a bad boy D. loved Christ very much( ) 5. was killed by nailing on the cross on a Friday. A. Adam B. Eve C. Judas D. ChristPassage 5Every people has its own way of saying things, its own special expres

53、sions. Some of these expressions are easy to understand. The words create a picture in your mind. “As Easy as Falling off a Log(圓木)” is one such expression. It describes a job that does not take much effort(努力). If you ever tried to walk on falling tree log, you understand what the expression means.

54、 It is easier to fall off the log than to stay on it. The expression is often used today. For example, you might hear a student say to her friend that her spelling test was as easy as falling off a log.There are several other expressions that mean the same thing. And their meaning is as easy to unde

55、rstand as falling off a log. One is “Easy as Pie”. Nothing is easier than eating a piece of sweet pie, unless it is a piece of cake. “A Piece of Cake” is another expression that means something is very easy to do. A friend might tell you that his new job was a piece of cake.Another expression is “As

56、 Easy as Shooting Fish in a Barrel(桶)”. It is hard to imagine why anyone would want to shoot fish in a barrel. But clearly, fish in a barrel will be much easier to shoot than fish in a stream(河流). In fact, it would be as easy as falling off a log.Sometimes, things that come too as easily also leave

57、us just as easily. In fact, there is as expression “Easy Come Easy Go”. That recognizes this. You may win a lot of money in lottery then spend it all in a few days. Easy come easy go.( ) 1. The word “people” in the first sentence means in Chinese. A. 人們 B. 居民 C. 民族 D. 人類( ) 2. If a student says his

58、math test is as easy as falling off a log, . A. he doesnt like math B. he is good at math C. the test is very difficult D. he cant pass the test( ) 3. Which of following hasnt the meaning of “As Easy as Falling off a log”? A. Easy Come Easy Go. B. A Piece of Cake. C. As Easy as Shooting in a barrel.

59、 D. Easy as Pie.( ) 4. The job must be if it doesnt take your much effort. A. difficult to do B. a bad job C. like walking on a falling tree log D. a good job( ) 5. People often use the phrase “As Easy as Shooting Fish in Barrel” because . A. they want to say they can do something easily. B. shootin

60、g fish in a barrel is very interesting. C. it is hard to shoot fish in the stream D. they like to go fishingPassage 6Young people can have problems with their minds. Some students become worried because they have to study very hard. Others have trouble getting on well with people like their parents