1、詞義猜測(cè)技巧與訓(xùn)練北京 何國(guó)貴一、根據(jù)事例或解釋推理二、根據(jù)上下文語(yǔ)境三、根據(jù)轉(zhuǎn)折、對(duì)比等邏輯關(guān)系四、利用近義詞或同義詞五、根據(jù)上下文指代關(guān)系例1 （2011全國(guó)卷-II-D) So the first lesson about working in other countries is to learn the language, dress, manners, ideas and so on. The way people do things highlights many of the differences we see between cultures(文化).53. The wor

2、d “highlights” in Paragraph 2 probably means _. A. encourages B. helps to narrow C. increases D. draws attention to在其它國(guó)家工作的第一課就是學(xué)語(yǔ)言，著裝，舉止、觀念等。做事的方式要注意我們看到的許多文化之間的差異。_強(qiáng)調(diào)，注意例2 （2011北京卷-C) The real reason why I ask students to leave technology at the door is that I think there are very few places in wh

3、ich we can have deep conversation and truly engage complex ideas. Interruptions by technology often break concentration and allow for too much dependence on outside information for ideas.64. The underlined word “engage” in Para.4 probably means _. A. explore B. accept C. change D. reject科技手段會(huì)分散學(xué)生注意力

4、，過(guò)多依賴(lài)外部信息，只有在不使用科技手段的地方，學(xué)生們才能真正進(jìn)行探討復(fù)雜的觀點(diǎn)，但這種場(chǎng)合很少。_例3 （2011陜西卷-D） “The promise was that you could use less chemicals and boost production. But neither is true,” said 58. What does the underlined word “boost” in the third paragraph probably mean?Control B. Evaluate C. Obtain D. Increase根據(jù)第2段首句：Despite

5、 what is promises, GM technology actually has not increased the production potential (潛力) of any crop. In fact,盡管有承諾但實(shí)際上轉(zhuǎn)基因技術(shù)并沒(méi)有糧食增產(chǎn)的潛力。_例4 （2011浙江卷-D) I think we were all beside ourselves. Parents forgot their duty and their dignity;children forgot their everyday fights and little jealousies.57. By

6、 “we were all beside ourselves”, the writer means that they all _. A. felt confused B. went wild with joy C. looked on D. forgot their fights父母親忘了責(zé)任和尊嚴(yán)，孩子們忘了每日的爭(zhēng)斗和戒心。大家都開(kāi)心得忘記了一切。go wild with joy 可表現(xiàn)他們那種忘乎所以的樣子。_一、根據(jù)事例或解釋推理例1 （2010北京卷-C尾段） Thats why slight differences in conversational style - tiny l

7、ittle things like microseconds of pause can have a great effect on ones life. The result in this case was a judgment of psychological problems even in the mind of the woman herself, who really wondered what was wrong with her and registered for assertiveness training.67. The underlined word “asserti

8、veness” in the last paragraph probably means _.being willing to speak ones mindbeing able to increase ones powerbeing ready to make ones own judgmentbeing quick to express one ideas confidently_大意：交談方式中很小的區(qū)別，就像幾微秒的停頓，也會(huì)對(duì)一個(gè)人的生活產(chǎn)生很大影響，其結(jié)果就是人們覺(jué)得自己有心理問(wèn)題，于是就會(huì)去參加一些能夠使自己自信地表情達(dá)意的訓(xùn)練。例2 （2010廣東卷-B）You have no

9、 power and could do nothing that helps change the situation. However, you can have great power over what happens to you if you stop focusing on whom to blame and start focusing on how to remedy the situation. This is the winners key to success.47. The underlined word remedy in Paragraph 1 is closest

10、 in meaning to _.A. avoid B. accept C. improve D. consider大意：成功者的秘訣在于不是把注意力集中在誰(shuí)該受責(zé)備，而把精力放在如何改進(jìn)補(bǔ)救局面上。_例3 （2010上海卷-C篇） The 2012 London Olympics had enough problems to worry about. But one more has just been added -a communications blackout caused by solar storms.Q: The phrase “communications blackout”

11、 most probably refers to _ during the 2012 Olympics.the extinguishing of the Olympic torchthe collapse of broadcasting systemsthe transportation breakdown in Londonthe destruction of weather satellitesthe extinguishing of the Olympic torch 奧運(yùn)火炬熄滅B. the collapse of broadcasting systems 廣播系統(tǒng)癱瘓C. the t

12、ransportation breakdown in London 倫敦的交通停運(yùn)D. the destruction of weather satellites 氣象衛(wèi)星毀壞第3段：Now scientists believe that this peak could result in vast solar explosions that could throw billions of tons of charged matter towards the Earth, causing strong solar storms that could jam the telecommunicat

13、ions satellites and internet links sending live Olympic broadcast from London. 科學(xué)家認(rèn)為太陽(yáng)黑洞活動(dòng)周期高峰會(huì)導(dǎo)致太陽(yáng)能爆炸，可能把數(shù)十億噸的帶電物質(zhì)拋向地球，從而引起的太陽(yáng)風(fēng)暴可能會(huì)使直播倫敦奧運(yùn)會(huì)的通訊衛(wèi)星和網(wǎng)絡(luò)連接堵塞。第5段：Such events can expose astronauts to a deadly amount, can disable satellites, cause power failures on Earth and disturb communications, 這樣的事情會(huì)對(duì)

14、航天員致命的傷害，使通訊中斷，造成停電干擾聯(lián)絡(luò)，。communications blackout refers to: B. the collapse of broadcasting systems找相關(guān)聯(lián)的詞語(yǔ)對(duì)應(yīng)： communications （通訊）- broadcast （廣播） collapse （坍塌）- blackout (封鎖) 例3 （09重慶卷-B） “When things are getting hard, a voice inside my head tells me that I cant achieve something. Then there are oth

15、er distractions, such as family or hobbies. The key is to concentrate.Q: What does the underlined word “distractions” probably refer to? A.Ways that help one to focus. B.Words that help one to feel less tense. C.Activities that turn ones attention away. D.Habits that make it hard for one to relax._線

16、索1從劃線詞后面的 such as family or hobbies（如家庭或嗜好）所舉事例，可斷定distractions表“不可分心”。 2。The key is to concentrate. 關(guān)鍵是集中精力。譯文：當(dāng)情況越來(lái)越艱難的時(shí)候，我頭腦中傳來(lái)的聲音說(shuō)我什么都沒(méi)做到。這時(shí)候就有另外一些分心的事，比如家里的事或是好玩的事。關(guān)鍵是精力集中。例4 （2009江蘇卷-D）Water Beneath the soilSurface water collects and flows above the ground in lakes, ponds, and rivers. Once in

17、the soil or rock, it is called groundwater. Gravity pulls groundwater through the soil in a process called percolation (滲透). Eventually the water reaches a layer called the water table. Under this is bedrock through which water cannot percolate.As water percolates downward, it dissolves organic matt

18、er and minerals from the soil and carries them to deeper payers. This causes a serious problem because plants require these nutrients for growth.看題干：organic matter and minerals from soil are mixed with water and become part of it 來(lái)自有機(jī)物質(zhì)和礦物質(zhì)與水混合并成為一部分，等于是dissolve的解釋。dissolve 意為 “溶解”看原文：As water perco

19、lates downward, it dissolves organic matter and minerals from the soil and carries them to deeper payers. This causes a serious problem because plants require these nutrients for growth. 當(dāng)水向下滲透時(shí)，水會(huì)與土壤中的有機(jī)物質(zhì)和礦物質(zhì)溶解，并將它們帶進(jìn)深層。因植物需要這些營(yíng)養(yǎng)生長(zhǎng)，這就導(dǎo)致了一個(gè)嚴(yán)重問(wèn)題。70. The underlined word “dissolve” is used to express

20、the idea that organic matter and minerals from soil are _. A.rushed away into the river B.cleaned and purified by water C.destroyed and carried away by water D. mixed with water and become part of it _二、根據(jù)上下文語(yǔ)境 例1 （09廣東卷-B第1、3段） We once had a poster competition in our fifth grade art class. We studi

21、ed the board critically. Some of us looked with one eye and held up certain colors against the blackboard, rocking the sheets to the right or left while we conjured up our designs. Q: The underlined phrase in paragraph 3 most probably means _.A. formed an idea for B. made an outline forC. made some

22、space for D. chose some colors for_線索： 劃線詞后面的 our design: 我們的設(shè)計(jì)。大意：我們?cè)?jīng)搞了一次五年級(jí)美術(shù)班的海報(bào)競(jìng)賽。我們仔細(xì)研究板面。 當(dāng)我們?cè)跇?gòu)思設(shè)計(jì)時(shí)有人卻用一只眼睛看，舉著某種顏色擋住黑板，拿著紙片左右晃動(dòng)。 form an idea for ：構(gòu)思，構(gòu)想。例2 （09陜西卷-C-尾段） Even though science can tell us that some of our traditional beliefs dont hold water, there is still a lot of truth in the

23、old wives tales. After all, much of this knowledge has been accumulated (積累) from thousands of years of experience in family health care. We should respect this body of knowledge even as we search for clear scientific support to prove it true or false.Q: The phrase “hold water” in the last paragraph

24、 most probably means “_”. A. to be believable B. to be valuable C. to be admirable C. to be suitable_詞義對(duì)比： even though 即便； still 仍然， truth真實(shí)大意了解： Even though science can tell us that some of our traditional beliefs dont hold water, there is still a lot of truth in the old wives tales. 即便科學(xué)家能告訴我們有些傳統(tǒng)

25、的信仰站不住腳（說(shuō)不通），但在老婆婆的傳文里仍有許多真東西。畢竟很多家庭保健知識(shí)是千百年積累下來(lái)的經(jīng)驗(yàn)。即使在尋求科學(xué)的支持來(lái)證明其真?zhèn)螘r(shí)，我們也應(yīng)尊重這種傳承下來(lái)豐厚的知識(shí)。例3 （2009寧夏、海南卷-D篇-第2段） If your child is unwilling to discuss something, dont insist he tell you whats on his mind. The more you insist, the more likely that hell clam up.69. What does the phrase “clam up” in para

26、graph 2 probably mean?become excited B. show respectC. refuse to talk D. seek help_根據(jù)前一句，與下句連貫：假如你的孩子不愿意討論事情，不要堅(jiān)信讓他告訴你他想的什么。你越是堅(jiān)持要孩子說(shuō)，孩子就越拒絕說(shuō)。_例4 （人大附中練習(xí)題） Lions are opportunists. They prefer to eat without having to do too much work. When resting in the shade, they are also watching the sky to see

27、what is flying by, and even in the heat of the day they will suddenly start up and run a mile across the plains to find out what is going on. If another animal has made a kill, they will drive it off and take the kill for themselves. A grown lion can easily eat 60 pounds of meat at a single feeding.

28、 Often they eat until it seems painful for them to lie down.Q: By describing lions as “opportunists” in the first paragraph, the author means to say that lions _.are cruel animals B. are clever animals C. like to take advantage of other animals D. like to take every chance to eat信息詞語(yǔ)： If another ani

29、mal has made a kill, they will drive it off and take the kill for themselves._例5 （2010全國(guó)卷I-E） I had always traveled to Malaysis by plane or car, so this was the first time I was on a train. I did not particularly relish the long train journey and had brought along a dozen magazines to read and rerea

30、d. I looked about the train. There was not one familiar face. I sighed and sat down to read my Economics.73. Which of the following words can best take the place of the word “relish” in the second paragraph?Choose. B. Enjoy. C. Prepare for. D. Carry on._三、根據(jù)轉(zhuǎn)折、因果、對(duì)比等邏輯關(guān)系1.Jane was talking about her

31、family while Elizabeth remained reticent about her private life. reticent: silent緘默的, reserved有保留的 簡(jiǎn)在談她家的事而伊麗莎白卻對(duì)自己的私生活避而不談。2. Steven is homely, not at all as handsome as his brother. （unattractive, plain） homely: unattractive, plain 斯蒂文長(zhǎng)得不英俊，一點(diǎn)也不像他的弟弟那么漂亮。例3 （2009四川卷- B篇） July 21st, 2007 was a typi

32、cal English summers day it rained for 24 hours! As usual, I rushed home from work at midday to check on the house. Nothing was amiss.45. What does the underlined word “amiss” in the first paragraph mean?A. Wrong. B. Missing. C. Right. D. Found.理解常識(shí)邏輯：因雨下了24小時(shí)，我像以往一樣利用中午時(shí)間趕回家中查看一下是否有什么不對(duì)勁的地方。沒(méi)出什么問(wèn)題。_

33、Something is amiss. 出問(wèn)題了。四、利用近義詞或同義詞1.Mike thinks we are being watched, “Really?” I asked “What makes you think we are under surveillance?” 2.The football player was penalized for unnecessary roughness and the punishment was a good lesson for him. 3.He replied quickly. But after he considered the pr

34、oblem more carefully, he regretted having made such a hasty decision. _監(jiān)視_done in a hurry, especially with bad result倉(cāng)促懲罰例4 （2010北京海淀區(qū)1月試題-D） Now that the recession(經(jīng)濟(jì)衰退)is most likely over, its time to start looking at which companies, institutions, and individuals developed well during this unplea

35、sant period. In the downturn that began in December 2007, the recession ruined the wealthiest consumer markets - the United States, Europe, Japan -there were very few safe shelters. But some countries, such as Peru, managed to grow right through the global recession. And some companies arranged thei

36、r business so that they resisted the contraction and benefited from the trends affecting their industry. Some even managed to bring in more business.多半與中文注釋的詞語(yǔ)相關(guān)！69. The underlined word “contraction” in Paragraph 1 means _.formal written agreementinfluence on industrydisappointing managementprocess

37、of reduced tradecontraction： “recession 衰退”、“ reduce 縮減”_文中提到始于2007年降拐的全球經(jīng)濟(jì)衰退大背景：經(jīng)濟(jì)衰退使最大的消費(fèi)市場(chǎng)受到損傷，連美國(guó)、歐洲、日本的市場(chǎng)也不能幸免。有些國(guó)家，如秘魯設(shè)法通過(guò)全球衰退能正常運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)。有些公司計(jì)劃安排他們的經(jīng)營(yíng)業(yè)務(wù)就要抵制蕭條，從影響他們的行業(yè)的傾向中得到好處。有的公司設(shè)法使?fàn)I業(yè)額甚至增長(zhǎng)了許多。行業(yè)萎縮的進(jìn)程例5 （2008廣東卷-A） Music was not the only gulf. From clothing and hairstyles to activities and expecta

38、tions, earlier generations of parents and children often appeared to move in separate orbits.41. The underlined word “gulf” most probably means _. A. interest B. distance C. difference D. separation音樂(lè)不是唯一的不同。從衣著發(fā)型到日常活動(dòng)以及對(duì)生活的期盼，過(guò)去幾代人父母與孩子之間往往表現(xiàn)出各自的不同。_六、根據(jù)指代關(guān)系 例1 （09安徽卷-E） People obviously have a nee

39、d for the resources we gain from cutting trees but we will suffer much more than we will benefit. There are two main reasons for this. Firstly, when people cut down trees, generally they can only use the land for a year or two. Secondly, cutting large sections of rainforests may provide a good suppl

40、y of wood right now, but in the long run it actually reduces the worlds wood supply. this指代上一段最后一句話(huà)： People obviously have a need for the resources we gain from cutting trees but we will suffer much more than we will benefit. 很明顯，人們需要從砍伐樹(shù)木中獲取資源，但是我們?cè)馐艿倪h(yuǎn)比我們得到的要多得多。 this指的是我們得不償失, 在接下來(lái)的第3段里，作者說(shuō)明了兩點(diǎn)：1。

41、人們砍樹(shù)，一般也就是能利用耕地一兩年的時(shí)間。2。大面積地砍伐森林會(huì)提供眼前所需木材，但從長(zhǎng)遠(yuǎn)來(lái)看這種砍伐實(shí)際上是減少了全球樹(shù)木的供應(yīng)。_Q: What does the word “this” underlined in the third paragraph refer to? A.We will lose much more than we can gain. B. Humans have begun destroying rainforests. C.People have a strong desire for resources. D. Much carbon dioxide com

42、es from burning rainforests._例2 （07天津卷D） In meditation (冥想), people sit quietly and focus their attention on their breath. As they breathe in and out, they attend to their feelings. As thoughts go through their minds they let them go. Breathe. Let go. Breathe. Let go.Q: The underlined word “them” in

43、 Paragraph1 refers to _. A. feelings B. minds C. people D. thoughts 從As thoughts go through their minds, they let them go.隨著各種想法在腦海里形成， 他們讓這些想法消失。_猜測(cè)詞義訓(xùn)練Kleptomania is an illness of the mind that gives a person the desire to steal.2. “The bottom part of my face is numb. “ He says evenly. “Its got no

44、 feeling. ”3.Doctors recommended that everyone exercise everyday, particular those who spend many hours doing sedentary activities like reading, typing or sewing. an uncontrollable desire to steal things 盜竊狂incapable of feeling sensations 麻木的showing or requiring a sitting posture: 久坐的4.If he thinks

45、he can invite me out, he is all wet. I dont like to be with him.Q: The phrase “all wet” here means _.A. drunk B. sweating C. happy D. mistaken5.The conflagration was so fierce that with just a few second one could see towering flames where the house had stood and the smoke filled the sky could be fo

46、r miles and miles.Q: What does the word underlined mean ?A. a very large fire B. great fireC. violent situation or war D. a destructive fire over a wide area_6. Sabotage is also an increasing common type of computer crime. This can involve disabling the hardware, but is more likely to affect the software. Typically, the programmer(程序編制員) inserts an instruction that causes the computer to destroy an entire personal data bank. A. act of spoiling B. destroy or attack C. secret damage D. deliberate damage of equipment _蓄意破壞設(shè)施 _7. The experiment was cleverly organized to appe