1、The Four Great Inventions of ancient ChinaPapermaking Printing GunpowderCompass 1、PapermakingWhen the paper appeared? What is to be made of? First paper appeared at Xian in the Western Han Dynasty, and it made by oakum . In 1986, a tomb in Tianshui of Gansu Province unearthed a paper map. According

2、to appraisal of some experts ，this piece of paper is a plant fiber paper. 最早的紙出現(xiàn)在西漢時(shí)期的西安，是用麻絮來(lái)制成的。 1986年，在甘肅省天水的一座古墓中 出土了一幅紙地圖。經(jīng)專(zhuān)家鑒定， 認(rèn)為西漢時(shí)期的紙屬于植物纖維紙。PapermakingWhen it appeared that todays paper experience ? Who invented it? In Eastern Han Dynasty, Cai Lun summarized the experience, improved paper

3、making, so this paper is also known as Marquis Cais paper. 如今的造紙經(jīng)驗(yàn)在什么時(shí)候就出現(xiàn)了？由誰(shuí)發(fā)明？ 東漢末年，蔡倫總結(jié)了造紙經(jīng)驗(yàn)，改進(jìn)了造紙法，所以這種紙又稱(chēng)為“蔡候紙”。What raw materials used in Eastern Han Dynasty papermaking ? What is the process? Raw materials - bark, hemp head, rags, old fishing nets Process - Pulping, paper fishing, drying 東漢時(shí)

4、造紙使用什么原料？有什么工序？ 原料樹(shù)皮、麻頭、破布、舊魚(yú)網(wǎng) 工序制漿、撈紙、烘干Papermakingpapermaking propagation 4th century AD, introduced to the Korean, Vietnam. 7th century, introduced to Japan, the Arab region. 12th century, spread to Europe, Africa. 造紙術(shù)對(duì)外流傳 公元4世紀(jì)，傳入朝鮮、越南。 公元7世紀(jì)，傳入日本、阿拉伯地區(qū)。 公元12世紀(jì)，傳入歐洲、非洲。2、PrintingPrintingMovable

5、type - Bi Sheng In the 11th century, the Song Dynasty people Bi Sheng invented movable type. This printing method both effort and quickly find errors ，which can also be corrected promptly. 活字印刷術(shù)畢升 公元11世紀(jì)，宋代人畢升發(fā)明了活字印刷術(shù)。這種印刷方法既省力又迅速，發(fā)現(xiàn)錯(cuò)誤還可以及時(shí)改正。Later it was also invented a higher quality printing tech

6、nology Wood type - copper type - type of lead 后來(lái)人們還發(fā)明印刷質(zhì)量更高的技術(shù) 木活字銅活字鉛活字Movable type external communication It gradually spread to Korea, Japan and Western countries. 活字印刷術(shù)對(duì)外傳播 陸續(xù)傳到朝鮮、日本和西方各國(guó)。3、CompassWhat inspired people to make the guide tools? Long ago, people discovered that lodestone can absorb

7、 the iron (which is now what we call the magnet). As early as the Warring States period, Chinese ancestors have made Si nan by lodestone to indicate direction. This is the first guide tool. 人們是受到什么啟發(fā)才制造了指南工具的？ 很早以前，人們發(fā)現(xiàn)了能吸鐵的天然磁石（即現(xiàn)在我們所說(shuō)的磁鐵）。早在戰(zhàn)國(guó)時(shí)期，中國(guó)先民已用天然磁石制成指示方向的司南。這就是最早的指南工具。4、Gunpowder Gunpowder

8、 was invented in China, dating back more than 1000 years. Research began in ancient alchemy . Alchemy was popular for a thousand years, but finally nothing. However, some of the specific methods used in alchemy still has merit, and it shows the original form of the chemical, refining methods like gu

9、npowder. Thus the invention of gunpowder has some chance. 火藥是中國(guó)人發(fā)明的，距今已有1000多年了?；鹚幍难芯渴加诠糯鸁挼ばg(shù)。煉丹術(shù)流行了一千多年，最后還是一無(wú)所獲。但是，煉丹術(shù)所采用的一些具體方法還是有可取之處的，它顯示了化學(xué)的原始形態(tài)，就如火藥的煉制方法。因此火藥的發(fā)明具有一定的偶然性。 Gunpowder consists of saltpeter, sulfur and charcoal powder, so it is also called black powder. 火藥是用硝石、硫磺和木炭的粉末混合制成的，所以也叫“黑

10、火藥”。 GunpowderGunpowder applications: In the Tang Dynasty, gunpowder began to be used for military. For example, people often use the Rocket in the fire attack. During the Song and Yuan Dynasty (AD 960 - AD 1368), gunpowder is widely used in the military, there has been a lot of gunpowder weapons, such as rockets, handguns, spears, guns and so on. 火藥的應(yīng)用： 唐朝末年，火藥開(kāi)始用于軍事。比如在火攻中常使用“火箭”。 宋、元時(shí)期(公元960年公元1368年)，軍事上廣泛應(yīng)用火藥，出現(xiàn)了許多火藥武器，主要有火箭、火銃、突火槍、火炮等。 1、What are the four great inventions of our country? Paperma