1、文檔編碼 : CU5L3B4M8M10 HT5A4G2K3H2 ZV9L10J10X5F2牛津高中英語模塊一 第一單元 一 定語從句：定語從句的介紹 1 就像是一個形容詞或介詞短語修飾名詞一樣, 定語從句也可以修飾名詞； 定語從句所修 飾的名詞稱為先行詞； 形容詞： The green team 介詞短語： The team in green 定語從句： The team who were wearing green 2 定語從句通常由關(guān)系代詞來引導(dǎo),如 which, that, who, whom, whose, 或關(guān)系副詞來 引導(dǎo),如 when, where, why ；關(guān)系代詞可以在定語

2、從句中擔(dān)當(dāng)主語,賓語,表語,定 語；關(guān)系副詞可以在定語從句中擔(dān)當(dāng)狀語； 如：做主語 The trees which are on the school campus have lost their leaves. 做賓語 The student whom we saw just now is the best runner in our school. 做表語 Jack is no longer the lazy boy that he used to be. ant remember. 做定語 She has a brother whose name I c 做狀語 The school w

3、here he studied is in Shenzhen. 二 定語從句： 關(guān)系代詞： that ,which ,who,whom,和 whose 1 在定語從句中, that 和 which 用來指代物； 如： This is the story that /which we wrote for our storytelling contest. 2 在定語從句中, who 用來指代人； 如： I am going to see a friend who has just come back from the UK. 3 當(dāng) who 在定語從句中做賓語時,可以用 whom 來取代,who

4、m 比 who 更正 式； 且 如： I don t know the name of the teacher who/whom I saw in the computer room the other day. 4 當(dāng)關(guān)系代詞在定語從句中做賓語時, who, whom, which和 that 可以被省略； 如： He likes all the birthday presentsthat/whichhis friends gave him. 5 Whose 用來表示所屬,它既可指人也可指物； 如： I sat next to a girl whose name was Diane. The

5、 club whose members are music fans meet in the school garden every Saturday afternoon. 第 1 頁,共 40 頁其次單元 一 定 語 從 句 ： 介 詞 提 前 的 定 語 從 句 （ preposition which; prepositionwhom）1 當(dāng)關(guān)系代詞（ which/whom ）做定語從句中介詞的賓語時,可以把介詞提到關(guān)系代詞的前 面； 如： We thought you were a person from whom we could expect good decisions. 2 在非

6、正式英語中,介詞通常放在定語從句的最終； 如： Art is the subject which I know little about. 3 假如介詞放在定語從句的最終, which 可以被 that 取代, whom 可以被 that 和 who 取 代； 如： Dad is a person whom/that/who I can easily talk to. 4 當(dāng)關(guān)系代詞做定語從句中介詞的賓語, 并且介詞又放在定語從句的末尾時, 我們通常省 略關(guān)系代詞 who 和 如： The topic which Eric is interested in is Physics. that ；

7、 Daniel is the person whom I want to make friends with. 5 當(dāng)先行詞是 way 時,我們用 in which 或 that 來引導(dǎo)定語從句,這種情形下, in which 或 that 可以被省略； 如： I didn t like the way that /in which she talked to me. 二 定語從句：關(guān)系副詞： when, where, why 1我們通常用關(guān)系副詞 when 引導(dǎo)先行詞是 time , moment, day, season , year 等的定 語從句； 如： Do you remember

8、 the day when we left you in charge. I often think of the moment when I saw the UFO. 2我們通常用關(guān)系副詞 where 引導(dǎo)先行詞是 place ,house ,city ,country ,city ,world 等的定語從句； 如： The police searched the house where the thief had stayed. This is not a family where bad behavior goes unpunished. 3我們通常用關(guān)系副詞 why 引導(dǎo)先行詞是 re

9、ason 的定語從句； 如： I don t know the reason why the house is so dirty. 4在更加正式的英語中, where, when 和 why 能夠被介詞 which 所替代； 如： The study is the place where/in which I often have talks with my father. This is the reason why/for which my parents got home earlier. It rained the whole day when/on which he traveled

10、 with his family. 第 2 頁,共 40 頁第三單元 一 定語從句：非限制性定語從句 1非限制性定語從句是一個為主句添加額外信息的從句,在非限制性定語從句前通常有個 逗號； 如： Amy, who took weight-loss pills, now realizes that health is important. My pills are in the bathroom, where I always keep them. 2當(dāng)先行詞是整個主句時,可以用 which 來引導(dǎo)定語從句； 如： He missed the show, which was a great pi

11、ty. 3我們可以用 all whom/which 來表示全部數(shù)量,用 someof whom/which 來表示部分?jǐn)?shù) 量； 如： I am doing different types of exercises, all of which are quite helpful to my health. Many people, some of whom are not overweight, are going on diet. 二 附加疑問句 1附加疑問句是放在陳述句后面的短問句；它們通常被用在口語中來引出一段對話,以一 個更加禮貌的方式來詢問信息,溫存的發(fā)號施令或要求某人做某事；我們用附

12、加疑問句來 詢問看法或征求同意； 當(dāng)我們用附加疑問句來詢問看法時,為了期望對方能同意我們的觀點(diǎn),附加疑問句會用降 調(diào)來表達(dá)； 當(dāng)我們用附加疑問句來征求同意時,我們實(shí)際上是在詢問我們自己也不太能確信的事情, 這時候附加疑問句會用升調(diào)來表達(dá)； 2附加疑問句的構(gòu)成有以下幾種： 1）在確定的陳述句之后,我們會用否定的附加疑問句；在否定的陳述句之后,我們會用肯 定的附加疑問句； 如： We can still be friends, can t we. He doesnt l ike ice cream, does he. ,never ,hardly 或 seldom 2） 當(dāng)主句中有像 neithe

13、r ,none ,nobody ,nothing ,few ,little 這類詞時,它們被認(rèn)為是否定的,因此后面會跟個確定的附加疑問句； 如： Neither of you will have coffee, will you.No one has found my CD, have they. Nobody understood his speech, did they. His sister seldom argues with people, does she. 3） 人稱代詞如 I ,we, you, he, she, it 或 they 會放在附加疑問句中； 如： I was pr

14、etty silly, wasn t I. Everyone has advises you not to go on a diet, haven t you. 4） 助動詞,情態(tài)動詞或 be 動詞會放在附加疑問句中； 如： You like traveling, don t you. . There is something wrong, isn t there 第 3 頁,共 40 頁You cant speak Italian, can you. 5） 祁使句后用 will you , Let s 后用 shall we 如： Post a letter for me, will you

15、. Let s have a break, shall we. 牛津高中英語模塊二 第一單元 一 現(xiàn)在完成時態(tài) 1我們用現(xiàn)在完成時態(tài)來表示在最近的過去發(fā)生的但跟現(xiàn)在有聯(lián)系的事情； 如： The disappearance of Justin has made Kelly very unhappy. 2我們也用現(xiàn)在完成時態(tài)來表示在過去剛開頭,并且現(xiàn)在仍沒終止的事情； 如： I have not seen Justin since last Friday night. 3 當(dāng)動作發(fā)生的精確時間不清晰或不重要時, 我們也用現(xiàn)在完成時態(tài)； 常常連用的時間短 語有： already ever for j

16、ust lately never recently since yet already 用語確定句, yet 用語否定句； 如： The boy has already come home. I haven t heard anything from him yet. for+ 一段時間 since+ 點(diǎn)時間 如： We haven t seen him for two years. We haven t seen him since 2022. 注：當(dāng)已給定詳細(xì)的時間時,我們往往用一般過去時態(tài),而不是現(xiàn)在完成時態(tài)； 4 我們用現(xiàn)在完成時態(tài)來談?wù)搫倓偼瓿傻膭幼鳎?如： The police h

17、ave just finished searching the area. 5 我們也用現(xiàn)在完成時態(tài)來表示重復(fù)的動作； 如： Some villages say that they have seen UFOs many times. 6 現(xiàn)在完成時態(tài)的構(gòu)成是： have/has+ 動詞的過去分詞 二 現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時態(tài) 1我們用現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時態(tài)來表示在過去發(fā)生的并且仍將連續(xù)的動作； 如： I have not been sleeping well since I returned home. 2我們用現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時態(tài)來表示剛剛終止但以某種方式和現(xiàn)在有聯(lián)系的動作； 如： - Sorry I m

18、late. Have you been waiting long. - Yes, I ve been waiting for an hour. 3現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時態(tài)的構(gòu)成： have/has +been +doing 注： for 和 since 和現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時態(tài)連用； 如： I have been waiting for a long time. He has been waiting since nine o clock. 第 4 頁,共 40 頁三 現(xiàn)在完成時態(tài)仍是現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時態(tài) 1我們用現(xiàn)在完成時態(tài)來談?wù)搫倓偼瓿傻膭幼?用現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時態(tài)來表示發(fā)生在過去并 且現(xiàn)在仍在發(fā)生的動作； 如

19、： Li Jia has read a book about Stonehenge. She finished reading the book. Li Jia has been reading a book about Stonehenge. She is still reading the book. 2我們用現(xiàn)在完成時態(tài)表示重復(fù)的動作,用現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時態(tài)來表示不停的動作； 如： I have visited Egypt twice this month. I have been touring Egypt for two months. 現(xiàn)在完成時態(tài)用于回答 how many/much

20、的提問,現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時態(tài)用語回答 how long 的提 問； 如： How many times have you swum in the lake. How long have you been swimming in the lake. 3狀態(tài)動詞和動作動詞都可以用在現(xiàn)在完成時態(tài)中,但只有動作動詞可以用在現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn) 行時態(tài)中； 如： I have had this camera for five years. 狀態(tài)動詞 I have taken photos of UFO with this camera. （動作動詞） I have been taking photos of UFO

21、with this camera. （動作動詞） 注：動作動詞表示發(fā)生或變化的動作, 如 go,play ；狀態(tài)動詞表示保持不變的動作, 如 like , know, exist 4當(dāng) never ,yet ,already ,ever 顯現(xiàn)在句子中時,只用現(xiàn)在完成時態(tài),而不用現(xiàn)在完成 進(jìn)行時態(tài)； 如： I ve never visited Paris. I ve already been to Paris. 其次單元 一 將來進(jìn)行時態(tài) 1我們用將來進(jìn)行時態(tài)來： 1）談?wù)搶硪欢螘r間正在進(jìn)行的事情； 如： Toby will be climbing in the Himalayas all n

22、ext week 2）談?wù)搹膶淼哪骋稽c(diǎn)開頭并且有可能要連續(xù)一段時間的事情； 如： Toby will not be in London next Tuesday. Hewill be climbing in the Himalayas. 3）沒有任何意圖的表達(dá)將來的事情； 如： The weather report says that it will be raining when we arrive in London. 在這種情形下表示事情是很自然的發(fā)生的,沒有人為的支配； 4）禮貌地詢問有 關(guān)其他人將來的方案； 如： Will you be visiting your uncle in

23、 Tanzania. 2將來進(jìn)行時態(tài)的構(gòu)成： 1）陳述句： willnot+v-ing 如： Toby and his brother, Colin, will not be flying to Morocco. 第 5 頁,共 40 頁2）疑問句： will 提到主語的前面 如： Will they be flying to Morocco on 15 th July. 3）回答： will （ not ） 如： Yes, they will. /No, they will notwon t 二 過去將來時態(tài) 1我們用過去將來時態(tài)和過去進(jìn)行時態(tài)來： 1）表示過去的將來某一時間要發(fā)生的動作；

24、如： They set off at 9 a.m. and would reach the airport an hour later. 2 暗指一個過去的目的； 如： I was going to leave, but then it rained. 3 暗指一個過去的支配； 如： Colin called Jennifer to say that he was seeing her later that afternoon. 4 指代實(shí)際已經(jīng)發(fā)生過的將來的動作； 如： The journey that was to change Toby 2陳述句中過去將來時態(tài)的構(gòu)成： 1） would

25、+ 動詞原形 s life started in July that year. 如： I told you Colin and I would spend a few weeks traveling. 2 was/were going to , was /were to , was/were about to 如： We were going to see the wild animals, but then we didn t have time. It was his last day at school-he was to leave the next morning.Colin wa

26、s about to get off the camel when a child ran towards him. 第三單元 一 過去完成時態(tài) 1我們用一般過去時態(tài)來談?wù)撘粋€過去的動作；當(dāng)我們想要談?wù)摫冗^去更早的時間里發(fā)生 的事情時,就用過去完成時態(tài)； 如： Upon entering the tomb, Carter place, was eaten by a snake. s lucky pet bird, which had led him to the 2在直接引語中,我們用過去完成時態(tài)來指代說話的時候就已經(jīng)發(fā)生的動作；直接引語中 的一般過去時態(tài)和現(xiàn)在完成時態(tài)在間接引語中改為過去完成

27、時態(tài)； 如：“ We emptied the tomb of everything it contained, ” said Carter said that they had emptied the tomb of everything it contained. 3過去完成時態(tài)只是指在另一個過去的動作之前發(fā)生的動作,并不是指發(fā)生在一長段時間 以前的動作； 如： I had done my homework this morning before I went to the museum. 4過去完成時態(tài)常常跟以下引導(dǎo)的時間短語連用,如 until, since, by, for, alre

28、ady. when, after, before, as soon as, 如： Then a few months after Carter had opened the tomb, Lord Carnarvon fell ill 第 6 頁,共 40 頁with a fever and died. 5過去完成時態(tài)的構(gòu)成： had+v-ed 如： Howard Carter had received amazing discovery. money from Lord Carnarvon before he madehis most 二 現(xiàn)在完成時態(tài)仍是過去完成時態(tài) 當(dāng)我們談?wù)撘粋€與現(xiàn)在有關(guān)

29、的過去的事情時,我們用現(xiàn)在完成時態(tài)； 如： Howard Carter is one of the most famous explorers the world has ever known. 當(dāng)我們在談?wù)撨^去,并要說明一個更早發(fā)生的動作的時候,我們就要用過去完成時態(tài)； 如： Not long after the tomb had been opened, people in Carter s team began to fall ill and die strangly. 牛津高中英語模塊三 第一單元 一 名詞性從句：名詞性從句的介紹 名詞性從句在句中的作用和名詞或名詞短語的作用是一樣的；

30、 1 我們可以用名詞性從句做句子的主語； 如： That I can pay back the help people give me makes me happy.Whether he ll be able to come is not yet known. Why they have not left yet is unclear. 我們可以用 it 來做形式主語； 如： It was good news that everyone got back safely. 2 我們可以用名詞性從句來做動詞的賓語； 如： she sensed that she was being watched.

31、 I wonder if/whether that s a good idea. Polly didn t know which way she should go. 我們可以用名詞性從句來做介詞的賓語； 如： I m interested in who that tall man is. There was a discussion about whether Polly had found the blind man. 我們可以用 it 來做形式賓語； 如： we all thought it good news that the fog had finally gone. The con

32、ductor has made it clear that no buses will be running. 3 我們可以用名詞性從句來做表語； 如： the truth is that the fog is too think for the bus to run that far. My question is whether Polly can find her way home.The problem is how Polly is going to find us in the crowd. 第 7 頁,共 40 頁4 我們可以用名詞性從句來做一個名詞的同位語； 如： the fa

33、ct that Polly didn t ask for the man s name is a pity. The news that the plane had crashed made us sad. Whatever gave you the idea that I can sing. 5 我們用 that , if/whether 或一個疑問詞來引導(dǎo)名詞性從句； 如： I hope that Polly will be OK. No one knew if/whether he lost his sight because of an accident.She couldn t im

34、agine how the blind man had found her. 二 名詞性從句：用 that 或 if/whether 引導(dǎo)的名詞性從句 1我們用 that 來引導(dǎo)名詞性從句； 1）當(dāng)從句是一個陳述句時,我們用 that 來引導(dǎo)名詞性從句； 如： She sensed that she was being watched by a tall man in a dark coat. 2 在大多數(shù)情形下,我們不用 that 來引導(dǎo)介詞后的名詞性從句,但是,可以用 that 來引 導(dǎo) in 或 except 后的賓語從句； 如： The problem lies in that the

35、 mist may become a thick fog. I didn t tell him anything except that I wasn t able to find my way back. 3）當(dāng)名詞性從句做句子的主語時, that 不能省略； 如： That we couldn t find our way out was really bad news. 4）在非正式英語中,當(dāng)名詞性從句做句子的賓語或表語時, that 可以省略； 如： She wished that someone would come along to help her. The truth is t

36、hat the buses will not be running. 1 我們用 if 或 whether 來引導(dǎo)名詞性從句； 1） 當(dāng)從句是個一般疑問句時,我們用 if 或 whether 來引導(dǎo)名詞性從句；我們把 if 或 whether 后面從句的次序改成陳述句的語序； 如： She wondered. Would the buses still be running.She wondered if/whether the buses would still be running. 2） 介詞后只能用 whether ,而不能用 if ； 如： She is not certain ab

37、out whether she has done anything wrong. 3） 當(dāng)從句做主語放在句子開頭時,只能用 whether ,而不能用 if ； 如： Whether it is going to clear up keeps me wondering. 4） 只能用 whether or not ,而不能用 if or not ； 如： I want to know whether or not the train goes to King Street. 2 假如 and 或 but 引導(dǎo)兩個并列的 that 或 whether/if that 或 whether/if 不

38、行??； 引導(dǎo)的名詞性從句, 后一個句子的 如： He said that he liked rain very much and that he wouldn t use an umbrella when it was raining. No one knows whether it will be fine tomorrow and whether he will come to work. 第 8 頁,共 40 頁其次單元 一 名詞性從句：由疑問詞引導(dǎo)的名詞性從句 我們用以下的疑問詞來引導(dǎo)名詞性從句： and how ； what, which, who/whom, whose, when

39、, where, why 1 當(dāng)從句是 wh- 引導(dǎo)的疑問句時,我們用疑問詞來引導(dǎo)名詞性從句；從句可以做句子的主 語,賓語或表語； 如： Where a person comes from will affect their style of speech.You can begin to see why English has such strange rules. That is why English is a language with so many confusing rules. 2 我們把疑問詞后面的句式改成陳述句的語序； 如：What are people from the

40、north saying. to understand. People from the south find it difficult People from the south find it difficult to understand what people from the north are saying. 3在任何情形下,都不行以省略名詞性從句中的疑問引導(dǎo)詞； 二 形式主語 it 在英語中,我們通常把最重要的信息放在句子的末尾用于強(qiáng)調(diào)；這被稱做句末強(qiáng)調(diào)成效； 用形式主語 it 就可以達(dá)到這一成效； It 只是語法意義上的主語, 真正的主語在句子的后面； 1 我們通常用 it 來

41、做形式主語； 1） 當(dāng)我們用一個名詞性從句來做句子的主語時： （更好的） It is certain that we would not be able to understand Old English today. （正確的） That we would not be able to understand Old English today is certain. 2） 當(dāng)主語是帶 to 的動詞不定式時： （更好的） It is hard to master a foreign language. （正確的） To master a foreign language is hard.3）

42、當(dāng)主語是動詞 -ing 形式時： （更好的） Smoking is difficult to stop. （正確的） It is difficult to stop smoking. 2 It 可以被放在 seem, appear ,happen,chance ,turn out 和 prove 前做句子的形式主 語； 如： It seems that he speaks two languages.=he seems to speak two languages. It happens that my new neighbor comes from my hometown.=my new n

43、eighbor happens to come from my hometown. 3 我們可以用句型 it+be+ 被強(qiáng)調(diào)的名詞或短語 +that 或 who 引導(dǎo)的從句來強(qiáng)調(diào)句子中的語,賓語或狀語； 主 如：It was last night not any other timethat I read about the history of English. 假如不強(qiáng)調(diào)任何成分,句子可以是： I read about the history of English last night. 第 9 頁,共 40 頁第三單元 一 賓語補(bǔ)足語 1賓語補(bǔ)足語為賓語供應(yīng)更多的信息； 如： They

44、called her the Loulan Beauty. 2賓語補(bǔ)足語通常以下面形式顯現(xiàn)：動詞 短語或形容詞； +賓語 +賓語補(bǔ)足語,賓語補(bǔ)足語通?？梢允敲~ 如： They made Professor Zhang chairman of the society. We found the ruins most interesting. 3 有時侯帶 to 的動詞不定式和不帶 to 的動詞不定式可以做賓語補(bǔ)足語； 如： They believed him to be honest. Professor Zhang s speech made us all laugh. 4 賓語補(bǔ)足語可以時

45、介詞短語； 如： She found ourselves in the middle of a desert. 5 賓語不足語通常和賓語在數(shù)上是一樣的； 如： She made Joe her assistant. She made Joe and Sue her assistants. 二 Either or 和 Neither nor 1我們用 either or 來表示挑選性； 如：（連接主語） either Ann or Jane should have arrived by now. 連接動詞 people either tried to escape or stayed in th

46、eir houses. 連接賓語 we could choose to eat either noodles or rice. 連接狀語 they are going to the museum either today or tomorrow. 3 我們用 neither nor 來連接表示否定的觀點(diǎn)； （ both and 的反義詞） 如： neither the museum nor the site itself interested her. They neither told me the location nor showed me the map. I ate neither

47、the noodles nor the rice. They went there neither by train nor by air. 三 主謂一樣 主謂一樣是指在主語后挑選正確的單復(fù)數(shù)形式；以下幾點(diǎn)幫忙我們預(yù)備動詞是單數(shù)或是復(fù) 數(shù)； 1 動詞應(yīng)是單數(shù),假如主語是： 1） 單數(shù)的名詞或不行數(shù)名詞 如： the city was founded in the 8 th century BC. The food they offered on the plane was delicious. 2 計量的短語,標(biāo)題或名字 第 10 頁,共 40 頁如： two hours is too sho

48、rt for the visit. Little women is a great novel. 3 一個短語或從句 如： travelling to Pompeii is exciting.That it keeps raining worries the tourists. 2 動詞應(yīng)是復(fù)數(shù),假如主語是： 一個復(fù)數(shù)名詞 1） 如： both cities were very rich. 2） 由 and 連接的兩個或兩個以上的單詞或短語 如： the noodles and rice they offered on the plane were quite plain.3 當(dāng)主語是 all

49、 of/ most of/ some of/ half of/ a part of + 或代詞保持一樣； 名詞 / 代詞,動詞與名詞 如： all of us have attended the lecture about Pompeii. Most of the lecture was about how the ancient city was discovered. 4 當(dāng)主語是集合名詞,如 band, crowd, class, dozen, family, public, team 時,如 果名詞指代的是集體,動詞用單數(shù)；假如名詞指代的是個體,動詞用復(fù)數(shù)； 如： our team i

50、s very important to me. Our team are now traveling to Xinjiang. 5 當(dāng)主語是 news, physics, mathematics, Aids 時,動詞用單數(shù)； 當(dāng)主語是 goods, clothes, congratulations, earnings, remains, belongings 時,動詞用復(fù)數(shù)； 如： the latest news is that the Loulan Beauty is being displayed in Shanghai. All their belongings were destroy

51、ed in the earthquake. 6 當(dāng) either or , neither nor , not only but also , not but , 連接句子的 主語時,動詞實(shí)行就近原就； 如： either the team leader or the guides are looking after the students. Either the guides or the team leader is looking after the students. 注 ： 當(dāng) 主 語 是 anybody/anyone/anything/everybody/everyone/eve

52、rything/nobody/no one/nothing/somebody/someone/something/each/each one/either/neither/one 時,動詞 用單數(shù)； 牛津高中英語模塊四 第一單元 一 直接引語和間接引語 1我們用直接引語來闡述所說的話；假如我們把引語寫下來,這些單詞就會被放在引號 但是,我們通常更情愿用間接引語來闡述所說的話； 直接引語： She said, “ China has been using PSAs to educate people. ” 間接引語： She said China had been using PSAs to e

53、ducate people. 2我們可以通過把所說的話改成賓語從句或動詞不定式短語的形式來把直接引語變成間接 第 11 頁,共 40 頁引語； 如： She said, “I m used to ads. ” - She said that she was used to ads. “ We must not fall for this kind of trick. ” she She warned us not to fall for that kind of trick. 3除了句型的轉(zhuǎn)變外,仍有其它的轉(zhuǎn)變： 1） 人稱代詞的轉(zhuǎn)變： 如： She said, “Idid some rese

54、arch. ” - She said that she had done some research. 2） 時態(tài)的轉(zhuǎn)變： 如： She said, “This as is very clever. ” - She said that that ad was very clever. 下面列舉當(dāng)動詞是過去時態(tài)時,時態(tài)是如何變化的： 直接引語 間接引語 一般現(xiàn)在時 現(xiàn) 一般過去時 過在進(jìn)行時 一般 去進(jìn)行時 過去過去時 現(xiàn)在完 完成時 過去完成時 一般將來 成時 過去將來時 過去完成時 時 過去完成時 現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時 過去完成進(jìn)行時 注：當(dāng)陳述一個不變的事實(shí)時,時態(tài)不變； 如： “ light

55、travels at great speed, ” he He said that light travels at great speed. 3） 時間和地點(diǎn)狀語的變化： 如： Tom said, “Iam working here today. ” - Tom said he was working there that day. 下面列舉這種變化的例子： 直接引語 間接引語 today that day/ yesterday / on Wednesday, etc. tomorrow the next day / the following day / on Thursday, etc.

56、 yesterday the day before / the previous day/ on Tudesay,etc. next month the month after/ the following month / in July,etc. last year the year before / the previous year, etc. a week ago a week before / a week earlier,etc. 4）其它的例子： 直接引語 that 間接引語 this thesethosecome go 二 間接引語：陳述句,疑問句和祈使句 1陳述句 1）我們用

57、 that 引導(dǎo)的名詞性從句來陳述一件事； 第 12 頁,共 40 頁如： She said, “ Advertisements are an important part of our lives. ” - She said that advertisements are an important part of our lives. 2 除了 say 之外,仍有其它的動詞可以這樣用： tell, advise, agree, explain, insist, promise, remind, suggest, warn 如： “ PSAs are often placed for free

58、, ” the writer The writer explained that PSAs are often placed for free. 2疑問句 1） 我們用 whether/if 引導(dǎo)的名詞性從句來陳述一般疑問句； ” - 如： Matt asked Ann, “ Are you the happiest person in the world. Matt asked Ann whether/if she was the happiest person in the world. 2） 我們用 wh- 疑問詞引導(dǎo)的名詞性從句來陳述 wh- 疑問句； 如： I asked her,

59、“ How can that could be. - I asked her how that could be true. 3祈使句 1）我們用以下結(jié)構(gòu)來陳述祈使句：陳述動詞 +賓語 +（ not ） + to- 動詞不定式 如 ： The writer said, “ Think about why you should do the things the ad suggests. ” - The writer told us to think about why we should do the things the ad suggested. “ Don t worry, Mickey

60、, ” Jen said.- Jen asked Mickey not to worry. 2 其它的單詞也有同樣的用法： advise, encourage, invite, remind, warn 如： “ Don t believe every advertisement you read, ” Michelle said Michelle advised me not to believe every advertisement I read. 其次單元 一 情態(tài)動詞：總體介紹 1我們用情態(tài)動詞來談?wù)摚?1）才能 如： He can run the 100m sprint in11s