住在富人區(qū)的她2022年考研考博-考博英語-華東交通大學(xué)考試名師押題精選卷I（帶答案詳解）（圖片可根據(jù)實際調(diào)整大小）題型12345總分得分一.綜合題(共50題)1.單選題

Immigrationofficialshavetobeverycarefulindecidingwhetherto（）alloronlysomeofthoseillegalimmigrants.

問題1選項

A.dissolve

B.deport

C.distract

D.detect

【答案】B

【解析】考查動詞辨析。A選項dissolve“解散，使溶解”，B選項deport，“驅(qū)逐出境，放逐”，C選項“轉(zhuǎn)移，分散”，D選項detect“察覺，發(fā)現(xiàn)”。句意：移民官員在決定是將全部非法移民驅(qū)逐出境還是僅將部分非法移民驅(qū)逐出境時必須非常謹(jǐn)慎。因此,B選項符合句意。

2.翻譯題

HealthyFood

Anactivelifestyleandahealthy,fish-richdietarenotonlygoodforyourheart,theymayalsohelptacklethememorylossassociatedwitholdage,twoleadingneuroscientistssaidonWednesday.

Aspeoplelivelonger,findingwaysofhaltingthedeclineinmentalagilityisbecomingincreasinglyimportant,saidProfessorIanRobertson,directoroftheInstituteofNeuroscienceatTrinityCollegeDublin.

“Thebiggestthreattobeingabletofunctionwellandproperlyisourbrains,”hetoldjournalists.

“Thereisverystrongevidence,particularlyintheover-50s,thatthedegreetowhichyoumaintainyourmentalfacultiesdependsonahandfulofquitesimpleenvironmentalfactors,”hesaid.

Thosewhoremainedphysicallyfit,avoidedhighstresslevelsandenjoyedarichandvariedsociallifearebetterequippedtostayalertastheyage.Mentalstimulation,learningnewthingsandsimplythinkingyoungalsohelp.

【答案】健康的食物

美國兩位著名的神經(jīng)科學(xué)家于本周三稱，積極的生活方式，健康的、富含魚類的飲食不僅對心臟有好處，還有助于解決因年老而導(dǎo)致的記憶喪失問題。

都柏林三一學(xué)院神經(jīng)科學(xué)研究所主任伊恩?羅伯遜教授說，隨著人類的壽命越來越長，尋找能夠阻止人類思維敏捷度下降的方法正變得越來越重要。

他告訴記者：“對身體機能正常運轉(zhuǎn)的最大威脅是我們的大腦。”

他說：“有強有力的證據(jù)表明，一個人能否保持良好的智力水平取決于一些非常簡單的環(huán)境因素，對那些50歲以上的人來說尤其如此?！?/p>

那些身體健康、能避免高壓力、享受豐富多彩的社交生活的人，在他們上了年紀(jì)后，頭腦會更清醒。精神刺激、學(xué)習(xí)新事物和保持年輕的心態(tài)也有幫助。

3.單選題

TheBenefitsofNewUrbanism

(1)Newurbanismisthemostimportantplanningmovementinthiscentury,andisaboutcreatingabetterfutureforusall.Itisaninternationalmovementtoreformthedesignofthebuiltenvironment,andisaboutraisingourqualityoflifeandstandardoflivingbycreatingbetterplacestolivein.Newurbanismistherevivalofourlostartofplace-making,andisessentiallyare-orderingofthebuiltenvironmentintotheformofcompletecities,towns,villages,andneighborhoods—thewaycommunitieshavebeenbuiltforcenturiesaroundtheworld.Newurbanisminvolvesfixingandinfillingcities,aswellasthecreationofcompactnewtownsandvillages.Thebenefitsofnewurbanismareasfollows:

BenefitstoResidents

(2)Higherqualityoflife;betterplacesinwhichtolive,work,andplay;morestablepropertyvalues;lesstrafficcongestionandlessdriving;healthierlifestylewithmorewalkingandlessstress;closeproximitytomainstreetretailandservices;closeproximitytobiketrail,parks,andnature;pedestrianfriendlycommunitiesoffermoreopportunitiestogettoknowothersintheneighborhoodandtown,resultinginmeaningfulrelationshipswithmorepeople,andfriendliertown;morefreedomandindependencetochildren,theelderly,andthepoorinbeingabletogettojobsrecreation,andserviceswithouttheneedforacarorsomeonetodrivethem;greatsavingstoresidentsandschoolboardsinreducedbusingcostsfromchildrenbeingabletowalkorbicycletoneighborhoodschools;morediversityandsmaller,uniqueshopsandserviceswithlocalownerswhoareinvolvedincommunity;bigsavingsbydrivingless,andowninglesscars;lessugly,congestedsprawltodealwithdaily;bettersenseofplaceandcommunityidentitywithmoreuniquearchitecture;moreopenspacetoenjoythatwillremainopenspace;moreefficientuseoftaxmoneywithlessspentonutilitiesandroadsusedforthesprawl.

BenefitstoBusinesses

(3)Increasedsalesduetomorefoottrafficandpeoplespendinglessoncarsandgas;moreprofitsduetospendinglessonadvertisingandlargesigns;betterlifestylebylivingnearworkunitssavesthestressfulandcostlycommute;economiesofscaleinmarketingduetocloseproximityandcooperationwithotherlocalbusinessincubation;lowerrentsduetosmallerspacesandsmallerparkinglots;healthierlifestyleduetomorewalkingandbeingnearhealthierrestaurants;morecommunityinvolvementfrombeingpartofcommunityandknowingresidents.

(4)BenefitstoDevelopers.Moreincomepotentialfromhigherdensitymixed-useprojectsduetomoreleasablesquarefootage,moresalespersquarefoot,andhigherpropertyvaluesandsellingprices;fasterapprovalsincommunitiesthathaveadoptedsmartgrowthprinciplesresultingincost/timesayings:costsavingsinparkingfacilitiesinmixed-usepropertiesduetosharingofspacesthroughoutthedayandnight,resultinginlessduplicationinprovidingparking;lessneedforparkingfacilitiesduetomixofresidencesandcommercialuseswithinwalkingdistanceofeachother;lessimpactonroads/traffic,whichcanresultinlowerimpactfees;lowercostofutilitiesduetocompactnatureofnewurbanistdesign;fasterselloutduetogreateracceptancebyconsumersfromawiderproductrangeresultinginwidermarketshare.

BenefitstoMunicipalities

(5)Stable,appreciatingtaxbase;lessspentpercapitaoninfrastructureandutilitiesthantypicalsuburbandevelopmentduetocompacthigh-densitynatureofprojects;increasedtaxbaseduetomorebuildingspackedintoatighterarea;lesstrafficcongestionduetowalkabilityofdesign;lesscrimeandlessmoneyspentonpoliceduetothepresenceofmorepeopledayandnight;betteroverallcommunityimageandsenseofplace;lessincentivetosprawlwhenurbancoreareaisdesirable;easytoinstalltransitwhereit’snot,andimproveitwhereitis;greatercivicinvolvementofpopulationleadingtobettergovernance.

(6)Themosteffectivewaytoimplementnewurbanismittoplanforit,andwriteitintozoninganddevelopmentcodes.Thisdirectsallfuturedevelopmentintothisform.

(7)Increasingly,regionalplanningtechniquesarebeingusedtocontrolandshapegrowthintocompact,high-density,mixed-useneighborhoods,villages,towns,andcities.Planningnewtrainsystems(insteadofmoreroads)deliversthebestresultswhendesignedinharmonywithregionallandplanningknownasTransitOrientedDevelopment(TOD).Atthesametime,therevitalizationofurbanareasdirectsandencouragesinfilldevelopmentbackintocitycenters.

(8)Planningforcompactgrowth,ratherthanlettingitsprawlout,hasthepotentialtogreatlyincreasethequalityoftheenvironment.Italsopreventscongestionproblemsandtheenvironmentaldegradationnormallyassociatedwithgrowth.

(9)Therearesomeobstaclesinimplementationofnewurbanism.Themostimportantobstacletoovercomeistherestrictiveandincorrectzoningcodescurrentlyinforceinmostmunicipalities.Currentcodesdonotallownewurbanismtobebuilt,butdoallowsprawl.

(10)AnequallyimportantobstacleisthecontinuousroadbuildingandexpansiontakingplaceineverycommunityacrossAmerica.Thisencouragesmoredrivingandmoresprawlwhichhasadominoeffectonincreasingtrafficcongestionacrosstheregion.Haltingroadprojectsandbuildingnewtrainsystemcanhelpreversethisproblematictrend.

1.Apedestrianstreetisastreet（）.

2.Accordingtothepassagenewurbanismemphasizes（）.

3.WhichofthefollowingcanBESTsummarizethebenefitsofnewurbanismtoresidents?

4.WhichofthefollowingstatementsisTRUE?

5.Topreservetheenvironment,newurbanismlaysstresson（）.

問題1選項

A.suitableforbicycling

B.suitableforwalking

C.designedforpedals

D.designedforscooters

問題2選項

A.theexpansionofurbanareas

B.theartisticdecorationofnewly-builtbuildings

C.theimprovementofthebuiltenvironment

D.theenvironmentalpreservation

問題3選項

A.Compactnessincivicstructure,conveniencesandeconomiesinlife.

B.Betterrelationshipswithmorepeopleandafriendliertown.

C.Easyshoppingandmoreservicesthatreducebusingcosts.

D.Walkability,healthierlifestyleandmorefreedom.

問題4選項

A.Newurbanismlikestodesignmoreroadsinordertofacilitatethetraffic.

B.Newurbanismfavorsthetransportationwithnewrailwaysystems.

C.Newurbanistplannersopposetopedestrianfriendlydesign.

D.Newurbanistplannersdonotsupporttheinfilldevelopment.

問題5選項

A.thereductionoffactories

B.thesprawlofthecity

C.thelesseningoftrafficjams

D.thecompactgrowthoftheurbanarea

【答案】第1題:B

第2題:C

第3題:D

第4題:B

第5題:D

【解析】1.客觀細(xì)節(jié)題。由題干關(guān)鍵詞“pedestrian”可以定位到文章第二段pedestrianfriendlycommunitiesoffermoreopportunitiestogettoknowothersintheneighborhoodandtown（行人友好型社區(qū)提供了更多的機會去認(rèn)識鄰里和城鎮(zhèn)中的其他人），說明pedestrianstreet是對行人友好的社區(qū)。因此B選項“適合行走”正確。A選項“適合騎自行車”，C選項“為腳踏車設(shè)計”和D選項“為小型摩托車設(shè)計”都不是指步行，所以A，C，D錯誤。

2.推理判斷題。由題干可以定位到文章第一段第二句Itisaninternationalmovementtoreformthedesignofthebuiltenvironment,andisaboutraisingourqualityoflifeandstandardoflivingbycreatingbetterplacestolivein.（它是一場改革建筑環(huán)境設(shè)計的國際運動，是通過創(chuàng)造更好的居住場所來提高我們的生活質(zhì)量和生活水平。），說明新城市主義強調(diào)對居住環(huán)境的改善。因此C選項“改善建筑環(huán)境”正確。A選項“城市地區(qū)的擴張”，B選項“新建筑的藝術(shù)裝飾”和D選項“環(huán)境保護”在文中均沒有提及，所以A，B，D錯誤。

3.主旨大意題。根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞“residents”可以定位到文章第二段，healthierlifestylewithmorewalkingandlessstress（更健康的生活方式，更多的步行和更少的壓力）說明新城市主義對居民健康生活方式的好處；pedestrianfriendlycommunitiesoffermoreopportunitiestogettoknowothersintheneighborhoodandtown（行人友好型社區(qū)提供了更多的機會去認(rèn)識鄰里和城鎮(zhèn)中的其他人）說明了新城市主義注重人的步行友好性；morefreedomandindependencetochildren,theelderly,andthepoorinbeingabletogettojobsrecreation,andserviceswithouttheneedforacarorsomeonetodrivethem（讓孩子、老人和窮人有更多的自由和獨立，他們有能力去工作、娛樂和服務(wù)，而不需要搭乘汽車或別人給他們開車）說明了新城市主義為居民帶來了更多的自由。因此D選項“適合步行，更健康的生活方式和更多的自由?！弊钅芨爬ㄐ鲁鞘兄髁x為居民帶來的好處。A選項“城市結(jié)構(gòu)的緊湊，生活的便利和經(jīng)濟”中城市結(jié)構(gòu)的緊湊是對城市的好處，所以A錯誤。B選項“更好的人際關(guān)系和更友好的城市”，C選項“方便的購物和更多的服務(wù)，減少巴士費用”都只是對居民帶來好處的一部分，不能完整概括新城市主義為居民帶來的好處，所以B，C錯誤。

4.客觀細(xì)節(jié)題。由B選項關(guān)鍵詞“railwaysystems”可以定位到文章第七段第二句Planningnewtrainsystems(insteadofmoreroads)deliversthebestresultswhendesignedinharmonywithregionallandplanningknownasTransitOrientedDevelopment.（規(guī)劃新的鐵路系統(tǒng)——而不是更多的道路——如果設(shè)計與區(qū)域土地規(guī)劃相協(xié)調(diào)，就會產(chǎn)生最好的效果。），說明新城市主義注重于新的鐵路系統(tǒng)規(guī)劃。因此B選項“新城市主義用新的鐵路系統(tǒng)促進交通。”正確。由A選項關(guān)鍵詞“moreroads”可以定位到文章第七段第二句Planningnewtrainsystems(insteadofmoreroads)deliversthebestresults（規(guī)劃新的鐵路系統(tǒng)——而不是修建更多的公路能帶來最好的結(jié)果），說明新城市主義不主張修建更多的公路。因此A選項“新城市主義喜歡設(shè)計更多的道路，以方便交通。”不符合原文。由C選項關(guān)鍵詞“pedestrian”可以定位到文章第二段pedestrianfriendlycommunitiesoffermoreopportunitiestogettoknowothersintheneighborhoodandtown（行人友好型社區(qū)提供了更多的機會去認(rèn)識鄰里和城鎮(zhèn)中的其他人），說明新城市主義者注重行人友好性。因此C選項“新城市主義規(guī)劃師反對行人友好的設(shè)計。”不符合原文。由D選項關(guān)鍵詞“infilldevelopment”可以定位到第七段最后一句Atthesametime,therevitalizationofurbanareasdirectsandencouragesinfilldevelopmentbackintocitycenters.（與此同時，城市地區(qū)的振興引導(dǎo)和鼓勵對城市中心的填充式開發(fā)。），說明新城市主義者是支持“infilldevelopment”的。因此D選項“新城市主義規(guī)劃師不支持填充開發(fā)。”不符合原文。

5.客觀細(xì)節(jié)題。由題干關(guān)鍵詞“environment”可以定位到第八段第一句Planningforcompactgrowth,ratherthanlettingitsprawlout,hasthepotentialtogreatlyincreasethequalityoftheenvironment.（緊湊發(fā)展的規(guī)劃，而不是讓它向外擴張，有可能極大地提高環(huán)境質(zhì)量。），說明為了保護環(huán)境，新城市主義強調(diào)的是緊湊發(fā)展的規(guī)劃。因此D選項“城市區(qū)域的緊湊發(fā)展”正確。A選項“工廠的減少”，B選項“城市的擴張”和C選項“交通堵塞的減輕”都和保護環(huán)境無關(guān)，所以A，B，C錯誤。

4.單選題

Ihopeyoudon’tthinkI’m（）butI’vehadtheelectricfireonformostoftheday.

問題1選項

A.exquisite

B.extravagant

C.exotic

D.eccentric

【答案】B

【解析】考查形容詞詞義辨析。A選項exquisite“精致的”；B選項extravagant“浪費的”；C選項exotic“異國的”；D選項eccentric“古怪的”。句意：我?guī)缀跻徽於奸_著電爐，希望你不會覺得我浪費。本句表示開一天電爐很浪費，因此B選項正確。

5.單選題

Ihatepeoplewho（）theendoffilmthatyouhaven’tseenbefore.

問題1選項

A.reveal

B.rewrite

C.revise

D.reverse

【答案】A

【解析】考查動詞詞義辨析。A選項reveal“透露”；B選項rewrite“改寫”；C選項revise“修正”；D選項reverse“反轉(zhuǎn)”。句意：我討厭那些透露沒看過的電影結(jié)局的人。本句表示劇透電影結(jié)局。因此A選項正確。

6.單選題

Undertheguidanceoftheirteacher,thepupilsarebuildingamodelboat（）bysteam.

問題1選項

A.towed

B.pressed

C.tossed

D.propelled

【答案】D

【解析】考查動詞詞義辨析。A選項towed“拖，拉”；B選項pressed“按，壓”；C選項tossed“拋，揚起”；D選項propelled“推進，推動”。句意：在老師的指導(dǎo)下，學(xué)生們正在制作一艘由蒸汽推動的模型船。本句表示推進船的動力，因此D選項正確。

7.單選題

Thesupervisordidn’thavetimesofartogointoit（）,buthegaveusanideaabouthisplan.

問題1選項

A.athand

B.inturn

C.inconclusion

D.atlength

【答案】D

【解析】考查詞組辨析。A選項athand“在手邊，即將到來”；B選項inturn“輪流，依次”；C選項inconclusion“總之，最后”；D選項atlength“詳細(xì)地”。句意：導(dǎo)師目前沒有時間進行詳細(xì)說明，但他就自己的計劃給了我們一個大概的看法。根據(jù)后半部分的“gaveusanidea”可知，選項D符合語境。

8.單選題

Thetopmanagersarefullof（）towardthesalesvolumeofmobilephonesnextyear.

問題1選項

A.curiosity

B.optimism

C.passion

D.attitude

【答案】B

【解析】考查名詞辨析。A選項curiosity“好奇心，求知欲”，B選項optimism“樂觀，樂觀主義”，C選項passion“激情，熱情”，D選項attitude“態(tài)度，看法”，句意：高級經(jīng)理們對明年的手機銷量非常樂觀。因此，B選項符合句意。

9.單選題

Technologicaldevelopments（）newskillsinmanyindustries，leavingthoseworkerswithoutdatedskillsoutofwork.

問題1選項

A.necessitate

B.associate

C.negotiate

D.differentiate

【答案】A

【解析】考查動詞辨析。A選項necessitate“使成為必要，需要”，B選項associate“聯(lián)想，聯(lián)系”，C選項negotiate“談判，商議”，D選項differentiate“區(qū)分，使有差別”。句意：技術(shù)的發(fā)展使許多行業(yè)產(chǎn)生了新技能，使那些擁有過時技能的工人失業(yè)。因此，A選項符合句意。

10.單選題

Wearesorrytoinformyouthattheshipmentisnot（）thestandardinthecontract.

問題1選項

A.dueto

B.accordingto

C.priorto

D.upto

【答案】D

【解析】考查動詞辨析。A選項dueto“由于，歸功于”，B選項accordingto“根據(jù)按照”，C選項priorto“在...之前，先于”，D選項upto“直到，勝任”。句意：我們很抱歉地通知你方所裝運的貨物不符合合同規(guī)定的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。D選項符合句意。

11.單選題

Economicandfinancialglobalizationhaslentimportant（）toeconomicgrowthinrecentdecades,especiallyinemergingmarkets.

問題1選項

A.motive

B.impulse

C.impetus

D.promotion

【答案】C

【解析】考查名詞辨析。A選項motive“動機，原因，目的”，B選項impulse“沖動，心血來潮”，C選項impetus“動力，推動力，促進因素”，D選項promotion“提升，晉級”，句意:近幾十年來，經(jīng)濟和金融全球化為經(jīng)濟增長提供了重要的推動力，特別是在新興市場。因此，C選項符合句意。

12.單選題

Asamemberorthesociety,apersonshouldberesponsibleforanddedicatetothesociety.

問題1選項

A.answerfor

B.accountfor

C.chargefor

D.compensatefor

【答案】A

【解析】考查詞組辨析。A選項answerfor“對……負(fù)責(zé)”；B選項accountfor“對……做出解釋”；C選項chargefor“要價”；D選項compensatefor“賠償”。句意：作為社會的一員，一個人應(yīng)該對社會負(fù)責(zé)，為社會奉獻。劃線部分beresponsiblefor是對……負(fù)責(zé)的意思。因此A選項正確。

13.單選題

ResearchersattheUniversityofIllinoisdeterminedthatthe（）ofafathercanhelpimproveachild’sgrades.

問題1選項

A.involvement

B.communication

C.interaction

D.association

【答案】A

【解析】考查名詞詞義辨析。A選項involvement“涉及”；B選項communication“交流”；C選項interaction“交互”；D選項association“協(xié)會”。句意：易里若斯大學(xué)的研究者們確定父親的介入有助于孩子提高成績。本句表示父親的介入，因此A選項正確。

14.單選題

AmericanandChineseculturesare（1）insomeways.AnAmericanhostess,（2）forherculinary(烹調(diào))skill,islikelytosay,“Oh,I’msogladyoulikedit.Icookeditespeciallyforyou.”NotsoaChinesehostess,whowillinstead（3）forgivingyounothingevenslightly（4）andfornotshowingyouenoughhonor（5）providingproperdishes.

Thesamerulesholdtrue（6）children.Americanparentsspeakproudlyoftheirchildren’sachievements,tellinghowJohnnymadetheschoolteamorJanemadethehonorroll.NotsoChineseparents,whosechildren,evenifatthetopoftheirschool,arealwaysso“naughty”,neverstudying,neverlisteningtotheirelders,andsoforth.

TheChinesetakepridein“modesty”;Americans（7）“straightforwardness”.ThismodestyhasleftmanyaChinesehungryatanAmericantable,forChinesepoliteness（8）threerefusalsbeforeoneacceptsanoffer,andAmericanhoststakea“no”tomean“non”,whetherit’sthefirst,second,orthirdtime.

Recently,amemberofadelegationsenttoChinabyalargeAmericancorporation,complainedtomeabouthowtheChinesehadaskedthemthreetimesiftheywouldbewillingtochangesomeproposal,andeachtimetheAmericanshadsaid“no”clearlyand（9）.MyfriendwasangrythattheChinesehadnottakenhiswordthefirsttime.Irecognizedtheproblemimmediatelyand（10）whytheAmericanshadnotstudieduponculturaldifferencebeforecomingtoChina.Itwouldhavesavedeveryonealotofperplexityandneedlessfrustrationintheirnegotiations.

問題1選項

A.similar

B.familiar

C.opposite

D.adverse

問題2選項

A.complimented

B.compiled

C.complemented

D.commented

問題3選項

A.praise

B.apologize

C.bedisappointed

D.besatisfied

問題4選項

A.eligible

B.illegible

C.suitable

D.edible

問題5選項

A.for

B.on

C.by

D.in

問題6選項

A.regardfor

B.regardas

C.regardlessof

D.withregardto

問題7選項

A.in

B.of

C.for

D.on

問題8選項

A.callson

B.callsfor

C.callsup

D.callsin

問題9選項

A.ambiguously

B.roughly

C.definitely

D.arbitrarily

問題10選項

A.believed

B.knew

C.cautioned

D.wondered

【答案】第1題:C

第2題:A

第3題:B

第4題:D

第5題:C

第6題:D

第7題:A

第8題:B

第9題:C

第10題:D

【解析】1.考查形容詞詞義辨析。A選項similar“相似的”；B選項familiar“熟悉的”；C選項opposite“相反的”；D選項adverse“不利的”。由后文可知此處的意思是美國和中國的文化在某些方面是不同的。因此C選項符合題意。

2.考查動詞詞義辨析。A選項complimented“稱贊”；B選項compiled“匯編”；C選項complemented“補足”；D選項commented“評論”。此處的意思是美國的女主人被稱贊廚藝不錯時。因此A選項符合題意。

3.考查動詞詞義辨析。A選項praise“表揚”；B選項apologize“道歉”；C選項bedisappointed“失望”；D選項besatisfied“滿意”。此處的意思是中國的主人會向你道歉。因此B選項符合題意。

4.考查形容詞詞義辨析。A選項eligible“合格的”；B選項illegible“難辨認(rèn)的”；C選項suitable“適當(dāng)?shù)摹?；D選項edible“可食用的”。此處的意思是沒什么好吃的飯菜。因此D選項符合題意。

5.考查介詞辨析。A選項for“為了”；B選項on“在……上面”；C選項by“通過”；D選項in“在……里面”。此處的意思是沒有提供適當(dāng)?shù)牟穗葋肀硎緦δ愕淖鹁础Ｒ虼薈選項符合題意。

6.考查詞組辨析。A選項regardfor“對……的注意”；B選項regardas“把……認(rèn)作”；C選項regardlessof“不顧”；D選項withregardto“關(guān)于”。此處的意思是這樣的規(guī)則在關(guān)于對待孩子的方面也有體現(xiàn)。因此D選項符合題意。

7.考查介詞辨析。takepridein“以……為傲”。此處對應(yīng)了前文的takepridein，表示美國人提倡坦率。因此A選項符合題意。

8.考查詞組辨析。A選項callson“訪問”；B選項callsfor“要求”；C選項callsup“召集”；D選項callsin“召來”。此處的意思是中國人的禮貌要求他們在接受什么東西之前，一定要推脫兩三回。因此B選項符合題意。

9.考查副詞詞義辨析。A選項ambiguously“含糊不清地”；B選項roughly“粗糙地”；C選項definitely“肯定地”；D選項arbitrarily“武斷地”。此處的意思是美國人清楚而絕對地說“不”。因此C選項符合題意。

10.考查動詞詞義辨析。A選項believed“相信”；B選項knew“知道”；C選項cautioned“警告”；D選項wondered“想知道”。此處的意思是想知道為什么這些美國人來中國前沒有提前了解一下中國不同的文化。因此D選項符合題意。

15.單選題

Itishardlynecessaryformetocitealltheevidenceofthedepressingstateofliteracy.ThesefiguresfromtheDepartmentofEducationaresufficient:27millionAmericanscannotreadatall,andafurther35millionreadatalevelthatislessthansufficienttosurviveinoursociety.

Butmyownworrytodayislessthatoftheoverwhelmingproblemofelementalliteracythanitisoftheslightlymoreluxuriousproblemofthedeclineintheskillevenofthemiddle-classreader,ofhisunwillingnesstoaffordthosespacesofsilence,thoseluxuriesofdomesticityandtimeandconcentration,thatsurroundtheimageoftheclassicactofreading.Ithasbeensuggestedthatalmost80percentofAmerica’sliterate,educatedteenagerscannolongerreadwithoutanaccompanyingnoise(music)inthebackgroundoratelevisionscreenflickeringatthecorneroftheirfieldofperception.Weknowverylittleaboutthebrainandhowitdealswithsimultaneousconflictinginput,buteverycommon-senseintuitionsuggestsweshouldbeprofoundlyalarmed.Thisviolationofconcentration,silence,solitudegoestotheveryheartofournotionofliteracy;thisnewformofpart-reading,ofpart-perceptionagainstbackgrounddistraction,rendersimpossiblecertainessentialactsofapprehensionandconcentration,letalonethatmostimportanttributeanyhumanbeingcanpaytoapoemorapieceofproseheorshereallyloves,whichistolearnitbyheart.Notbybrain,byheart;theexpressionisvital.

Underthesecircumstances,thequestionofwhatfuturethereisfortheartsofreadingisarealone.Aheadofuslietechnical,psychic,andsocialtransformationsprobablymuchmoredramaticthanthosebroughtaboutbyGutenberg,theGermaninventorinprinting.TheGutenbergrevolution,aswenowknowit,tookalongtime;itseffectsarestillbeingdebated.Theinformationrevolutionwilltoucheveryfactofcomposition,publication,distribution,andreading.Nooneinthebookindustrycansaywithanyconfidencewhatwillhappentothebookaswe’veknownit.

1.ThepictureofthereadingabilityoftheAmericanpeople,drawnbytheauthor,is（）.

2.Theauthor’sbiggestconcernis（）.

3.Amajorproblemwithmostadolescentswhocanreadis（）.

4.Theauthorclaimsthatthebestwayareadercanshowadmirationforapieceofpoetryorproseis（）.

5.Aboutthefutureoftheartsofreadingtheauthorfeels（）.

問題1選項

A.quiteencouraging

B.fairlybright

C.veryimpressive

D.ratherbleak

問題2選項

A.thereadingabilityandreadingbehaviorofthemiddleclass

B.thesurprisinglylowrateofliteracyintheU.S.

C.themusicalsettingAmericanreadersrequireforreading

D.elementaryschoolchildren’sdisinterestinreadingclassics

問題3選項

A.theirfondnessofmusicandTVprograms

B.theirlackofattentivenessandbasicunderstanding

C.theirignoranceofvariousformsofartandliterature

D.theirinabilitytofocusonconflictinginput

問題4選項

A.tomakeafairappraisalofitsartisticvalue

B.toanalyzeitsessentialfeatures

C.tothinkitoverconscientiously

D.tobeabletoappreciateitandmemorizeit

問題5選項

A.upset

B.uncertain

C.alarmed

D.pessimistic

【答案】第1題:D

第2題:A

第3題:B

第4題:D

第5題:B

【解析】1.細(xì)節(jié)事實題。題目問的是：作者所描繪的美國人的閱讀能力是怎樣的？根據(jù)原文第一段的首句Itishardlynecessaryformetocitealltheevidenceofthedepressingstateofliteracy.（我?guī)缀鯖]有必要列舉所有令人沮喪的人們的識字狀況）。由此可知，D選項“相當(dāng)凄涼”符合題意。

2.細(xì)節(jié)事實題。題目問的是：作者最關(guān)心的是？根據(jù)原文第二段的首句Butmyownworrytodayislessthatoftheoverwhelmingproblemofelementalliteracythanitisoftheslightlymoreluxuriousproblemofthedeclineintheskillevenofthemiddle-classreader,ofhisunwillingnesstoaffordthosespacesofsilence,thoseluxuriesofdomesticityandtimeandconcentration,thatsurroundtheimageoftheclassicactofreading.（但我今天擔(dān)心的與其說是基本識字這個壓倒性的問題，不如說是一個更為奢侈的問題，即美國中產(chǎn)階層讀者閱讀技能的衰退，他們不愿意在安靜的地方，犧牲難得在家的時間，集中注意力用以讀書，而這些與經(jīng)典閱讀行為息息相關(guān)），由此可知A選項“中產(chǎn)階級的閱讀能力與閱讀行為”符合題意。

3.細(xì)節(jié)事實題。題目問的是：大多數(shù)識字青少年最主要的一個問題是？根據(jù)原文第二段中的Ithasbeensuggestedthatalmost80percentofAmerica’sliterate,educatedteenagerscannolongerreadwithoutanaccompanyingnoise(music)inthebackgroundoratelevisionscreenflickeringatthecorneroftheirfieldofperception.（有人認(rèn)為，近80%有文化，受過良好教育的美國青少年，沒有背景音樂和閃爍的電視屏幕的陪伴就無法閱讀）以及thisnewformofpart-reading,ofpart-perceptionagainstbackgrounddistraction,rendersimpossiblecertainessentialactsofapprehensionandconcentration（而這種邊閱讀邊在背景干擾下進行理解的新方法使某些基本的理解和集中行為變得不可能），由此可知，B選項“他們?nèi)狈ψ⒁饬突纠斫饬Α狈项}意。

4.細(xì)節(jié)事實題。題目問的是：作者認(rèn)為，讀者對一篇詩歌或散文表現(xiàn)贊賞的最好方式是？根據(jù)第二段倒數(shù)第二句letalonethatmostimportanttributeanyhumanbeingcanpaytoapoemorapieceofproseheorshereallyloves,whichistolearnitbyheart.（更不用說人們對他們真正喜歡的詩歌或散文給予的最高評價了，那就是把它記在心里），由此可知D選項“能夠欣賞它并記住它”符合題意。

5.觀點態(tài)度題。題目問的是：關(guān)于閱讀藝術(shù)的未來，作者的感覺是怎樣的？根據(jù)原文最后一段的第一句Underthesecircumstances,thequestionofwhatfuturethereisfortheartsofreadingisarealone.（在這種情況下，閱讀藝術(shù)的未來是什么，這確實是一個大問題。）以及最后一句話Nooneinthebookindustrycansaywithanyconfidencewhatwillhappentothebookaswe’veknownit.（在圖書界沒有人能自信地說他知道未來將會發(fā)生什么。）由此可推斷，作者認(rèn)為閱讀藝術(shù)的未來充滿了不確定性，所以選項B正確。

16.單選題

Thesegoodsare（）forexport,thoughafewofthemmaybesoldonthehomemarket.

問題1選項

A.essentially

B.completely

C.necessarily

D.remarkably

【答案】A

【解析】考查副詞詞義辨析。A選項essentially“基本地”；B選項completely“完全地”；C選項necessarily“必要地”；D選項remarkably“顯著地”。句意：這些貨物主要用于出口，但也有一些可能在國內(nèi)市場銷售。本句表示貨物基本上用于出口，部分在國內(nèi)銷售。因此A選項正確。

17.單選題

Conversationbecomesweakerinasocietythatspendssomuchtimelisteningandbeingtalkedto（）ithasallbutlostthewillandtheskilltospeakforitself.

問題1選項

A.as

B.which

C.that

D.what

【答案】C

【解析】考查固定搭配。so…that…如此……以至于……。句意：在一個人們花很多時間傾聽和與他人交談的社會中，以至于已經(jīng)失去了為自身說話的意愿和技巧，這時會話的力量就變?nèi)趿?。選項C符合句意，所以正確。

18.單選題

Themachineneedsacomplete（）sinceithasbeeninuseforovertenyears.

問題1選項

A.amending

B.fitting

C.mending

D.renovating

【答案】C

【解析】考查名詞辨析。A選項amending（amend的現(xiàn)在分詞形式）“修改”；B選項fitting“配件，安裝”；C選項mending“修補”；D選項renovating“更新，修補”。根據(jù)句意可知，這個機器用了十幾年，應(yīng)該是需要修理，所以首先排除選項A和選項B；C選項mending多指修理機器，D選項多指翻新房屋建筑等，所以選項C更恰當(dāng)。

19.單選題

Investigatorsbelievethefirewascausedby（）electricalwiring.Theysaidthebuilding’swiringhadnotbeendonebyaprofessionalelectrician.

問題1選項

A.sober

B.faulty

C.prompt

D.fussy

【答案】B

【解析】考查形容詞詞義辨析。A選項sober“清醒的”；B選項faulty“錯誤的”；C選項prompt“敏捷的”；D選項fussy“愛挑剔的”。句意：調(diào)查人員認(rèn)為火災(zāi)是由錯誤的電線引起的。他們說，大樓的布線不是由專業(yè)電工完成的。本句表示錯誤的電線布線。因此B選項正確。

20.單選題

Tostudythedistributionofdiseasewithinanarea,itisusefultoplotthecasesonthemap.

問題1選項

A.mark

B.allocate

C.erase

D.pose

【答案】A

【解析】考查動詞詞義辨析。A選項mark“標(biāo)記”；B選項allocate“分配”；C選項erase“擦除”；D選項pose“擺姿勢”。句意：為了研究某一地區(qū)內(nèi)疾病的分布情況，在地圖上標(biāo)出病例是有用的。劃線部分plot是標(biāo)繪的意思。因此A選項正確。

21.單選題

Ifsustainablecompetitiveadvantagedependsonwork-forceskills,Americanfirmshaveaproblem.Human-resourcemanagementisnottraditionallyseenascentraltothecompetitivesurvivalofthefirmintheUnitedStates.Skillacquisitionisconsideredanindividualresponsibility.Labourissimplyanotherfactorofproductiontobehired-rentedatthelowestpossiblecost-muchasonebuysrawmaterialsorequipment.

Thelackofimportanceattachedtohuman-resourcemanagementcanbeseeninthecorporatehierarchy.InanAmericanfirmthechieffinancialofficerisalmostalwayssecondincommand.Thepostofheadofhuman-resourcemanagementisusuallyaspecializedjob,offattheedgeofthecorporatehierarchy.TheexecutivewhoholdsitisneverconsultedonmajorstrategicdecisionsandhasnochancetomoveuptoChiefExecutiveOfficer(CEO).Bywayofcontrast,inJapantheheadofhuman-resourcemanagementiscentral-usuallythesecondmostimportantexecutive,aftertheCEO,inthefirm’shierarchy.

WhileAmericanfirmsoftentalkaboutthevastamountsspentontrainingtheirworkforces,infacttheyinvestlessintheskillsoftheiremployeesthandoeitherJapaneseorGermanfirms.Themoneytheydoinvestisalsomorehighlyconcentratedonprofessionalandmanagerialemployees.Andthelimitedinvestmentsthataremadeintrainingworkersarealsomuchmorenarrowlyfocusedonthespecificskillsnecessarytodothenextjobratherthanonthebasicbackgroundskillsthatmakeitpossibletoabsorbnewtechnologies.

Asaresult,problemsemergewhennewbreakthroughtechnologiesarrive.IfAmericanworkers,forexample,takemuchlongertolearnhowtooperatenewflexiblemanufacturingstationsthanworkersinGermany(astheydo),theeffectivecostofthosestationsislowerinGermanythanitisintheUnitedStates.Moretimeisrequiredbeforeequipmentisupandrunningatcapacity,andtheneedforextensiveretraininggeneratescostsandcreatesbottlenecksthatlimitthespeedwithwhichnewequipmentcanbeemployed.Theresultisaslowerpaceoftechnologicalchange.Andintheendtheskillsofthebottomhalfofthepopulationaffectthewagesofthetophalf.Ifthebottomhalfcan’teffectivelystafftheprocessesthathavetobeoperated,themanagementandprofessionaljobsthatgowiththeseprocesseswilldisappear.

1.WhichofthefollowingappliestothemanagementofhumanresourcesinAmericancompanies?

2.Whatisthepositionoftheheadofhuman-resourcemanagementinanAmericanfirm?

3.ThemoneymostAmericanfirmsputintrainingmainlygoesto（）.

4.Accordingtothepassage,thedecisivefactorinmaintainingafirm’scompetitiveadvantageis（）.

5.Whatisthemainideaofthepassage?

問題1