何曉群編著，《現(xiàn)代統(tǒng)計(jì)分析方法與應(yīng)用》第三版，中國(guó)人民大學(xué)出版社， 2012。數(shù)據(jù)和部分程序下載第2章服裝標(biāo)準(zhǔn)例程序利用R軟件，運(yùn)行如下R程序便可計(jì)算相應(yīng)的條件均值和條件協(xié)方差矩陣：#均值向量m=matrix(c(154.98,83.39,70.26,61.32,91.52),nrow=5,ncol=1);m;#協(xié)方差矩陣sigma=matrix(c(29.66,6.51,1.85,9.36,10.34,6.51,30.53,25.54,3.54,19.53,1.85,25.54,39.86,2.23,20.70,9.36,3.54,2.23,7.03,5.21,10.34,19.53,20.70,5.21,27.36),5,5);sigma;#條件均值x5=85;m1=matrix(m[1:4,1],4,1)+matrix(sigma[1:4,5]*sigma[5,5]^(-1),4,1)%*%(x5-sigma[5,1]);m1;#條件協(xié)方差 1(d[x1,x2,x3,x4|x5])d1=sigma[1:4,1:4]-matrix(sigma[1:4,5]*sigma[5,5]^(-1),4,1)%*%matrix(sigma[5,1:4],1,4);d1;#條件協(xié)方差 2(d[x1,x2,x3|x4,x5])d2=d1[1:3,1:3]-matrix(d1[1:3,4]*d1[4,4]^(-1),3,1)%*%matrix(d1[4,1:3],1,3);d2;注：上面程序假定 X5 85，可以根據(jù)實(shí)際情況更改 X5的值以計(jì)算相應(yīng)的條件均值。利用R軟件，運(yùn)行如下的 R程序便可計(jì)算出偏相關(guān)系數(shù)：#均值向量m=matrix(c(154.98,83.39,70.26,61.32,91.52),nrow=5,ncol=1);m;#協(xié)方差矩陣sigma=matrix(c(29.66,6.51,1.85,9.36,10.34,6.51,30.53,25.54,3.54,19.53,1.85,25.54,39.86,2.23,20.70,9.36,3.54,2.23,7.03,5.21,10.34,19.53,20.70,5.21,27.36),5,5);sigma;#偏相關(guān)系數(shù) 1(r[12.45])r1=d2[1,2]/sqrt(d2[1,1]*d2[2,2]);r1;#偏相關(guān)系數(shù) 2(r[13.45])r2=d2[1,3]/sqrt(d2[1,1]*d2[3,3]);r2;#偏相關(guān)系數(shù) 3(r[23.45])r3=d2[2,3]/sqrt(d2[2,2]*d2[3,3]);r3;第3章例3.1某超市為了研究顧客對(duì)三種牌號(hào)的礦泉水的喜好比例，以便為下一次進(jìn)貨提供決策，隨機(jī)觀察了150名購(gòu)買者，并記錄下他們所買的品牌，統(tǒng)計(jì)出購(gòu)買三種品牌的人數(shù)如表3-1。表

3-1

顧客購(gòu)買喜好調(diào)查品牌

甲

乙

丙人數(shù)

61

53

36這些數(shù)據(jù)是否說明顧客對(duì)這三種礦泉水的喜好確實(shí)存在差異？表3-7喜好地板的數(shù)據(jù)地區(qū)地面材料12合計(jì)3地板6912616211其他789927204合3-9?E(nij)的計(jì)算（括號(hào)中的數(shù)）地面材料地區(qū)123地面69（74.74）126（114.4）16（21.86）其他78（72.26）99（110.6）27（21.14）表3-10表3-11地面材料*地區(qū)Crosstabulation地區(qū)123Total地面1Count6912616211材料ExpectedCount74.7114.421.9211.02Count789927204ExpectedCount72.3110.621.1204.0TotalCounxpectedCount147.0225.043.0415.0表3-12商場(chǎng)合計(jì)ABCD優(yōu)81464967243中38333926136差257201264合計(jì)14486108105443表3-13ABCD合計(jì)優(yōu)7947.259.257.6243中44.226.433.232.2136差20.812.415.615.264合計(jì)14486108105443表3-15工作表現(xiàn)按地區(qū)劃分的結(jié)果工作表現(xiàn)合計(jì)不滿意滿意很滿意地東北21（16.75）121（134.75）58（48.5）200西北18（16.75）133（134.75）49（48.5）200區(qū)東南10（16.75）147（134.75）43（48.5）200西南18（16.75）138（134.75）44（48.5）200合計(jì)67539194800表3-17按所喜歡的電視節(jié)目類型分類的三組人員樣本年齡小組總體節(jié)目類型合計(jì)ABC30歲以下120（70）30（67.50）50（62.50）20030歲~45歲10（35）75（33.75）15（31.25）10045歲以上10（35）30（33.75）60（31.25）100合計(jì)140135125400表3-19 賓館注銷房間的數(shù)據(jù)注銷房間數(shù)012345678910111213以上觀察到這一注銷數(shù)3921384654493420166310的天數(shù)表3-202檢驗(yàn)的計(jì)算λ=5.2時(shí)的泊松理論頻數(shù)項(xiàng)目數(shù)觀察頻數(shù)概率npi(ninpi)2ni5.2iipie5.2（n=300）npii!03120.0055171.65510.2948190.0286868.60582210.07458422.37520.08453380.12927838.78340.01584460.16806350.41890.38735540.17478552.43550.04676490.1514845.4440.27837340.11252933.75870.00178200.07314321.94290.17209160.04226112.67830.87031060.0219756.59250.05321130.0103893.116712140.0045011.35030.32311300.0028090.8427總和3001.0000003002.5119表3-23需求量10~2020~3030~4040~5050~6060~7070~8080~9090~100（單位/周）周數(shù)21681712501表3-242檢驗(yàn)的計(jì)算周數(shù)落在類區(qū)間的概率理論頻數(shù)(ninpi)2需求量ni pi npi npi10~20220~30130~40640~50850~601760~701270~80580~90090~1001

96

0.01360.710.04582.389.430.01960.12206.340.216011.230.92900.254313.221.08080.199110.350.26300.10375.390.03591.877.690.37140.00820.43總和52=n51.922.6638表3-26結(jié)帳臺(tái)號(hào)123456頻數(shù)8411014615261476．在進(jìn)行一項(xiàng)市場(chǎng)調(diào)查時(shí)， 得到了關(guān)于 375個(gè)家庭的戶主受教育水平和年收入的資料。表3-27是這些資料按兩種標(biāo)準(zhǔn)進(jìn)行交叉分類的結(jié)果。試以 0.05的顯著性水平檢驗(yàn)關(guān)于收入與受教育水平彼此獨(dú)立的零假設(shè)。表3-27年收入受教育水平合計(jì)（美元）少于8年8年~12年高中畢業(yè)大學(xué)肄業(yè)大學(xué)畢業(yè)少于3000107341253000~49991410742375000~749992513183687500~9999793844610410000~149993814186210515000或更238101336多合計(jì)4562839887375表3-28受過訓(xùn)練評(píng)分合計(jì)優(yōu)合格不合格是483923110否123672120合計(jì)607595230表3-29價(jià)值差額 股票數(shù) 價(jià)值差額 股票數(shù)0~4.999325.000~29.999105.000~9.9992730.000~34.999410.000~14.9993535.000~39.999115.000~19.9992540.000~44.999220.000~24.9998合計(jì)115第4章例4.1假定我們需要研究化肥施用量與糧食產(chǎn)量的關(guān)系，以便準(zhǔn)確地定出化肥施用量的單位變化如何影響糧食產(chǎn)量的平均單位變化，進(jìn)而確定合理的化肥施用量。表4.1列出了20組糧食產(chǎn)量與化肥施用量的數(shù)據(jù)。圖4.1給出20個(gè)樣本點(diǎn)的分布狀況。表4.1糧食產(chǎn)量與化肥施用量化肥施用量x(萬(wàn)噸)4541.053637.872287.493056.894883.703779.304021.09糧食產(chǎn)量y(萬(wàn)噸)48526.6945110.8740753.7943824.5850890.1146370.8846577.91化肥施用量x(萬(wàn)噸)2989.063021.903953.973212.133804.761598.281998.56糧食產(chǎn)量y(萬(wàn)噸)42947.4441673.2147244.3443061.5347336.7837127.8939515.07化肥施用量x(萬(wàn)噸)3710.563269.031017.121864.232797.241034.09糧食產(chǎn)量y(萬(wàn)噸)46598.0444020.9234866.9137184.1441864.7733717.78例4.2在研究我國(guó)人均消費(fèi)水平的問題中,把全國(guó)人均消費(fèi)金額記作y(元);把人均國(guó)民收入記為x(元)。我們收集到1986-2005年20年的樣本數(shù)據(jù)(xi,yi),i=1,2,,,n。數(shù)據(jù)見表4.2。表4.2人均國(guó)民收入表年份人均國(guó)民人均消費(fèi)金年份人均國(guó)民人均消費(fèi)收入（元）額（元）收入（元）金額（元）19869634971996584627891987111256519976420300219881366714199867963159198915197881999715933461990164483320007858363219911893932200186223869199223111116200293984106199329981393200310542441119944044183320041233649251995504623552005140405439表4.81973年Anscombe構(gòu)造了四組數(shù)據(jù)第一組第二組第三組第四組xyxyxyxy44.2643.145.3986.5855.6854.7455.7385.7667.2466.1366.0887.7174.8277.2676.4488.8486.9588.1486.7788.4798.8198.7797.1187.04108.04109.14107.4685.25118.33119.26117.8185.561210.84129.13128.1587.91137.58138.741312.7486.89149.96148.1148.841912.5表4--9月份123456789101112x223454.55.57.5891011y303540455055667585100110120表4--10周序號(hào) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 108252151070550480920135032567012153.51.04.02.01.03.04.51.53.05.0第5章表5.2地區(qū)農(nóng)業(yè)總產(chǎn)值地區(qū)x1x2y北京181.514.8100.6天津355.223.397.5河北4547.8303.41258山西1088.695.7281.7內(nèi)蒙古2702.2116.7473.9遼寧1527.1119.9640.1吉林1613.7138.1518.1黑龍江2394.1150.9718.6上海237.314.4111.3江蘇3817.7340.81291.1浙江1417.794.3654.8安徽3330.9285.7818.5福建949.7122571江西1831.4129.4510.5山東4790467.62034河南4864.1518.11790.4湖北2064.6285.8932.1湖南2690.4209.9947.7廣東1317.8204.61109.2廣西1519.8201.3711.9海南168.337.3179.6重慶618.179.1358.3四川2508.3220.91037.2貴州711.677.4335.5云南1485.4142.7559.3西藏162.64.225.5陜西1298.8147.3472.9甘肅1030.475.9362.9青海176.5736.4寧夏423.529.978.9新疆3204.3107.8595.8表5.4有關(guān)中國(guó)民航客運(yùn)量數(shù)據(jù)年份yx1x2x3x4x51978231301018888149114.89180.921979298335021958638916.00420.391980343368825319220419.53570.251981401394127999530021.82776.711982445425830549992223.27792.4319833914736335810604422.91947.7019845545652390511035326.021285.2219857447020487911211027.721783.3019869977859555210857932.432281.95198713109313638611242938.912690.231988144211738803812264537.383169.481989128313176900511380747.192450.14199016601438496639571250.682746.201991217816557109699508155.913335.651992288620223129859969383.663311.5019933383248821594910545896.084152.70表5.7序號(hào)x1（元）x2(%)x3(%)（百萬(wàn)元）181.285.087.07.8282.992.094.08.4383.291.595.08.7485.992.995.59.0588.093.096.09.6699.996.097.010.37102.095.097.510.68105.395.697.010.99117.798.998.011.310126.4101.5101.212.311131.2102.0102.513.512148.0105.0104.014.213153.0106.0105.914.914161.0109.0109.515.915170.0112.0111.018.516174.0112.5112.019.517185.0113.0112.319.918189.0114.0113.020.5表5.10編號(hào)貨運(yùn)總量工業(yè)總產(chǎn)值農(nóng)業(yè)總產(chǎn)值居民非商品支y(萬(wàn)噸)x1(億元)x2(億元)出x3(億元)116070351.0226075402.4321065402.0426574423.0524072381.2622068451.5727578424.0816066362.0927570443.21025065423.0第5章習(xí)題9的數(shù)據(jù)表5.11農(nóng)業(yè)工業(yè)建筑業(yè)人口最終消費(fèi)受災(zāi)面積x1x2x3x4x5x61018.41607.0138.2962592239.1507601258.91769.7143.8975422619.4393701359.41996.5195.5987052976.1445301545.62048.4207.11000723309.1397901761.62162.3220.71016543637.9331301960.82375.6270.61030084020.5347102295.52789.0316.71043574694.5318902541.63448.7417.91058515773.0443702763.93967.0525.71075076542.0471403204.34585.8665.81093007451.2420903831.05777.2810.01110269360.1508704228.06484.0794.011270410556.5469905017.06858.0859.411433311365.2384705288.68087.11015.111582313145.9554705800.010284.51415.011717115952.1513306882.114143.82284.711851720182.1488309457.219359.63012.611985026796.05504011993.024718.33819.612112133635.04582113844.229082.64530.512238940003.94698914211.232412.14810.612362643579.45342914599.633429.85262.012481046405.950145第6章數(shù)據(jù)例6-1滿意不滿意合計(jì)高533891中434108542低11148159合計(jì)598194792表6-7序號(hào)年家庭收簽定意向?qū)嶋H購(gòu)房實(shí)際購(gòu)房邏輯變換權(quán)重入(萬(wàn)元)書人數(shù)人數(shù)比例ln(pi)piiii(1-pi)xnimipi=mi/ni1piw=np11.52580.320000-0.753775.44022.532130.406250-0.379497.71933.558260.448276-0.2076414.34544.552220.423077-0.3101512.69255.543200.465116-0.1397610.69866.539220.5641030.2578299.59077.528160.5714290.2876826.85788.521120.5714290.2876825.14399.515100.6666670.6931473.333表6-9序號(hào)性別年齡月收入y序號(hào)性別年齡月收入y101885001512010000202112000161251200030238501171271300040239501181281500050281200119130950160318500201321000070361500121133180008042100012213310000904695012313812000100481200024141150001105518001251451800112056210012614810000130581800127152150011411885002815618001第7章例7．3表7-1是五大鋼鐵公司反映經(jīng)營(yíng)狀況的十大指標(biāo)，為了比較國(guó)內(nèi)鋼鐵公司與韓國(guó)蒲項(xiàng)鋼鐵公司的差距，下面做出韓國(guó)蒲項(xiàng)鋼鐵公司、寶鋼、鞍鋼、武鋼、首鋼五家鋼鐵公司的臉譜圖。表7-1項(xiàng)目寶鋼鞍鋼武鋼首鋼浦項(xiàng)負(fù)債保障率2.892.952.341.853.12長(zhǎng)期負(fù)債倍數(shù)5.169.156.072.636.96流動(dòng)比率1.311.831.162.222.1資產(chǎn)利潤(rùn)率21.7117.3424.7711.8925.34收入利潤(rùn)率23.1711.3319.557.622.28成本費(fèi)用利潤(rùn)率30.2312.7624.818.0528.52凈利潤(rùn)現(xiàn)金比率1.790.91.71.091.3三年資產(chǎn)平均增長(zhǎng)率1.487.2863.311.7613.18三年銷售平均增長(zhǎng)率20.0729.1952.8818.7724.16三年平均資本增長(zhǎng)率11.0410.548.957.6317.51例7.4資料仍取我國(guó)35個(gè)上市公司的資料。常見的EXCEL就可畫出很漂亮的雷達(dá)圖。用EXCEL畫雷達(dá)圖的方法，比如僅對(duì)深能源和深南電兩公司畫雷達(dá)圖，方法如下：在EXCEL窗口中，輸入資料格式如下：凈資產(chǎn)收總資產(chǎn)報(bào)資產(chǎn)負(fù)債總資產(chǎn)流動(dòng)資產(chǎn)已獲利息銷售增長(zhǎng)資本積累公司簡(jiǎn)稱益率%酬率%率%周轉(zhuǎn)率周轉(zhuǎn)率倍數(shù)率%率%深能源Ａ16.8512.3542.320.371.787.1845.7354.54深南電Ａ2215.3046.510.761.7715.6748.1119.41例7.7考察2007年?yáng)|、中、西部及東北地區(qū)城鎮(zhèn)居民家庭平均每人全年購(gòu)買的主要商品數(shù)量情況，選取以下八個(gè)指標(biāo)，具體數(shù)據(jù)如下表。（數(shù)據(jù)摘自2007年中國(guó)統(tǒng)計(jì)年鑒）項(xiàng)目東部地區(qū)中部地區(qū)西部地區(qū)東北地區(qū)鮮菜(千克)109.61127.17118.87125.74食用植物油(千克)8.7110.509.7310.93豬肉(千克)18.5117.5320.4414.19牛羊肉(千克)3.362.755.206.12鮮蛋(千克)10.9110.297.6513.53鮮奶(千克)19.1914.3418.7417.85水果(瓜果)(千克)61.0258.8153.2168.05煤炭(千克)29.7380.6360.3547.46附：MATLAB 做星座圖的程序%每一行為一個(gè)樣本，行數(shù)目代表樣本數(shù)，列數(shù)目代表維數(shù)X=[109.61 8.71 18.51 3.36 10.91 19.19 61.02 29.73127.1710.5 17.53 2.75 10.29 14.34 58.81 80.63118.879.7320.445.27.6518.7453.2160.35125.7410.9314.196.1213.5317.8568.0547.46];[row,col]=size(X);%1將數(shù)據(jù)變換為角度Xmin=min(X);%1*colXmax=max(X);%1*colSita=(X-ones(row,1)*Xmin)./(ones(row,1)*Xmax-ones(row,1)*Xmin)*pi;%2適當(dāng)?shù)倪x取權(quán)重w=1/col;%3每一點(diǎn)的路徑Xi=cos(Sita);Yi=sin(Sita);Uk=w*cumsum(Xi,2);Vk=w*cumsum(Yi,2);%4畫一個(gè)半徑為 1的上半圓i=[0:pi/100:pi];hold on;plot(cos(i),sin(i));hold on;plot([-1:1/100:1],0*[-1:1/100:1]);%5畫星座圖for i=1:rowhold

on;plot(Uk(i,:),Vk(i,:),

'.-'

);hold

on;plot(Uk(i,col),Vk(i,col),

'*' );end第8章[例8.1]若我們需要將下列11戶城鎮(zhèn)居民按戶主個(gè)人的收入進(jìn)行分類，對(duì)每戶作了如下的統(tǒng)計(jì)，結(jié)果列于表8.1。在表中，“標(biāo)準(zhǔn)工資收入”、“職工獎(jiǎng)金”、“職工津貼”、“性別”、“就業(yè)身份”等稱為指標(biāo)，每戶稱為樣品。若對(duì)戶主進(jìn)行分類，還可以采用其他指標(biāo)，如“子女個(gè)數(shù)”、“政治面貌”等，指標(biāo)如何選擇取決于聚類的目的。表8.1某市2001年城鎮(zhèn)居民戶主個(gè)人收入數(shù)據(jù)X1職工標(biāo)準(zhǔn)工資收入X5單位得到的其他收入X2職工獎(jiǎng)金收入X6其他收入X3職工津貼收入X7性別X4其他工資性收入X8就業(yè)身份X1X2X3X4X5X6X7X8540.000.00.00.00.06.00男國(guó)有1137.00125.0096.000.0109.00812.00女集體1236.00300.00270.000.0102.00318.00女國(guó)有1008.000.096.000.086.0246.00男集體1723.00419.00400.000.0122.00312.00男國(guó)有1080.00569.00147.00156.00210.00318.00男集體1326.000.0300.000.0148.00312.00女國(guó)有1110.00110.0096.000.080.00193.00女集體1012.0088.00298.000.079.00278.00女國(guó)有1209.00102.00179.0067.00198.00514.00男集體1101.00215.00201.0039.00146.00477.00男集體【例8.3】為了研究遼寧等5省份2000年城鎮(zhèn)居民消費(fèi)支出的分布規(guī)律，根據(jù)調(diào)查資料作類型劃分。指標(biāo)名稱及原始數(shù)據(jù)見表8.3。資料來源中國(guó)統(tǒng)計(jì)年鑒（2000年）。表8.32000年5個(gè)省市城鎮(zhèn)居民平均每人全年消費(fèi)性支出數(shù)據(jù)X1食品支出（元/人）X5交通和通訊支出（元/人）X2衣著支出（元/人）X6娛樂、教育和文化服務(wù)支出（元/人）X3家庭設(shè)備、用品及服務(wù)支出（元/人）X7居住支出（元/人）X4醫(yī)療保健支出（元/人）X8雜項(xiàng)商品和服務(wù)支出（元/人）X1X2X3X4X5X6X7X8遼寧1772.14568.25298.66352.20307.21490.83364.28202.50浙江2752.25569.95662.31541.06623.05917.23599.98354.39河南1386.76460.99312.97280.78246.24407.26547.19188.52甘肅1552.77517.16402.03272.44265.29563.10302.27251.41青海1711.03458.57334.91307.24297.72495.34274.48306.45[例8.8] 城鎮(zhèn)居民消費(fèi)水平通常用表 8.4中的八項(xiàng)指標(biāo)來描述， 八項(xiàng)指標(biāo)間存在一定的線性相關(guān)。為研究城鎮(zhèn)居民的消費(fèi)結(jié)構(gòu)， 需將相關(guān)性強(qiáng)的指標(biāo)歸并到一起， 這實(shí)際就是對(duì)指標(biāo)聚類。原始數(shù)據(jù)列于表 8.4。將原始數(shù)據(jù)錄入 SPSS，并依次點(diǎn)擊“Analyze”→“Correlate”→“Bivariate”，打開BivariateCorrelations 對(duì)話框，把八個(gè)變量選入 Variables 欄中，單擊“OK”，得到這八個(gè)指標(biāo)對(duì)應(yīng)的相關(guān)系數(shù)，列于表 8.5。表8.4 2005年31個(gè)省、市、自治區(qū)城鎮(zhèn)居民月平均消費(fèi)數(shù)據(jù)x 1x 2x 3x 4

人均糧食支出（元/人）x5人均副食支出（元/人）x6人均煙、酒、飲料支出（元/人）x7人均其他副食支出（元/人）x8x1x2x3x4x5

人均衣著支出 （元/人）人均日用雜品支出 （元/人）人均水電燃料支出 （元/人）人均其他非商品支出 （元/人）x6 x7 x8北京21.30124.8935.4373.9893.0120.5843.97433.73天津21.50122.3929.0851.6455.0411.3054.88288.13河北18.2590.2124.4532.4462.487.4547.50178.84山西21.8466.3818.0531.3274.488.1934.97177.45內(nèi)蒙古21.3767.0820.2835.2781.0710.9439.46182.20遼寧22.74115.8828.2142.4458.079.6348.65194.85吉林20.2288.9418.5435.6365.728.8150.29186.52黑龍江21.3375.5014.0029.5669.298.2442.08165.90上海21.13168.6940.8170.1274.3215.4650.90422.74江蘇18.61122.5127.0742.5063.4715.3836.14240.92浙江19.96142.2443.3350.74101.7712.9253.44394.55安徽19.61107.1332.8535.7761.347.5334.60142.23福建25.56171.6522.3040.5357.1312.6054.03225.08江西18.75104.6815.5535.6151.8011.1836.27142.72山東18.2788.3419.0743.1972.9812.5942.16200.18河南19.0773.1818.0129.3864.518.9138.14155.45湖北18.76102.6721.8730.4764.3311.9942.14168.17湖南20.25104.4520.7238.1562.9812.6739.16213.56廣東23.68173.3017.4343.5953.6616.8665.02385.94廣西18.70131.3511.6932.0641.5410.8442.77178.51海南16.16139.9212.9823.5824.8710.7632.35144.21重慶18.18120.3926.1837.9468.1611.6438.48246.37四川18.53109.9521.4933.0450.9810.8833.96183.85貴州18.3392.4325.3832.1956.3214.0038.57144.82云南22.3099.0833.3632.0152.067.0432.85190.04西藏29.67146.9064.5154.3686.1014.7732.19193.10陜西20.0370.7519.7534.9553.2910.5538.20189.41甘肅18.6872.7423.7238.6962.419.6535.26170.12青海20.3375.6420.8833.8653.8110.0632.82171.32寧夏19.7570.2418.6736.7161.7510.0840.26165.22新疆21.0378.5514.3534.3364.989.8333.87161.67思考與練習(xí)4.近幾年，中國(guó)房地產(chǎn)業(yè)得到了長(zhǎng)足的發(fā)展，但房地產(chǎn)價(jià)格的上漲一直飽受爭(zhēng)議，甚至有逃離“北、上、廣”的言論，這也從側(cè)面反映了房地產(chǎn)價(jià)格的區(qū)域性特征，下表為2008年中國(guó)31個(gè)省、市、自治區(qū)房地產(chǎn)業(yè)的相關(guān)統(tǒng)計(jì)數(shù)據(jù)，試根據(jù)這些數(shù)據(jù)分別進(jìn)行R型和Q型聚類分析。表8-8中指標(biāo)說明如下：X1：房屋平均銷售價(jià)格； X2：住宅平均銷售價(jià)格；X3：別墅、高檔公寓平均銷售價(jià)格； X4：經(jīng)濟(jì)適用房平均銷售價(jià)格；X5：辦公樓平均銷售價(jià)格； X6：商業(yè)營(yíng)業(yè)用房平均銷售價(jià)格X7：其他平均銷售價(jià)格； X8：商品房銷售面積； X9：住宅銷售面積表8-8省份X1X2X3X4X5X6X7X8X9北京1241811648195413813165541714864161335.371031.43天津6015559811107357197831033891951252.041135.35河北27792743637522083692391521022231.842128.86山西2355225357411466611528672545994.71893.10內(nèi)蒙古24832265410416904822408026602396.372093.34遼寧37583575726520954783614938884091.163731.19吉林25072399617519323256368732131583.871435.73黑龍江28322642541417852804433030191486.571286.62上海8195811512792184711783661055292339.292007.48江蘇40493802772919225906617225676091.865282.89浙江62626144942430929716744631802992.22480.74安徽29492808405817314596462721392785.832542.6福建43844498733423135386830316861625.671250.00江西21362022314110982840403920571727.61604.86山東29702851725618265601460124405507.645039.4河南23392138361813724367506519333191.982943.36湖北30012898619119005122486335131941.621821.31湖南23022113400713884212456419692655.512413.7廣東595357236817238010554863052964852.284360.45廣西28262634460118804959607729261768.041637.99海南5443544190581686583154615157372.44358.72重慶27852640632217514667543224892872.192669.93四川31573067793412665688452823973501.273247.32貴州2339212247381926367259672935908.2848.11云南26802441323014414860520330861643.081478.25西藏3202310335472133100004554120066.4962.08陜西29522821558916915571505631491513.011426.06甘肅1958185120821264289940082134624.66588.63青海2460238427681214327142462625147.89141.23寧夏2435221553451447372642431570514.81453.26新疆2240210036841333518441562434954.35886.35數(shù)據(jù)來源：國(guó)泰安經(jīng)濟(jì)金融研究數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)2008年分省數(shù)據(jù)第9章表9-11x2x3x4

2005年31個(gè)省、市、自治區(qū)農(nóng)村居民家庭平均每人生活消費(fèi)支出人均食品支出（元/人）x5人均交通和通信支出（元/人）人均衣著支出（元/人）x6人均文教娛樂用品及服務(wù)支出（元/人）人均住房支出（元/人）x7人均醫(yī)療保健支出（元/人）人均家庭設(shè)備及服務(wù)支出（元/人）x8其他商品及服務(wù)支出（元/人）序號(hào)地區(qū)x1x2x3x4x5x6x7x8Group1北京1735.95378.66854.35326.89615.49796.99504.2103.1812上海2683.89366.441319.76458.11747.54936.51561.72203.9713浙江2061.44318.86914.06260.45618.26722.95415.63121.3114天津1171.39257.26614.29117.11327.58328.86179.1840.2925內(nèi)蒙古1054.26150.01334.6984.41293.32309.4176.4443.6426遼寧1127.23221.02378.21100.42300.71376.93233.5367.927吉林1003.22168.21256.6681.92284.86261.09193.5756.4428黑龍江923.59184.11526.9973.77256.58277253.5249.0929江蘇1569.27191.15512.47167.97363.76478.94198.5684.98210福建1517.6186.7457.26154.42365.6356.54154.03100.47211江西1220.53124.52326.296.36229.59276.26154.6855.57212山東1087.65159.73445.71136.54294.37377.16188.4846.13213湖北1192.26125.01310.27110.04223.16271.86135.3762.23214湖南1433.01127.89307.28114.31218.96329.28168.1957.5215廣西1186.7179.48379.6595.47214.07226.38123.3944.45216海南1134.7566.3514692.28178198.79360217重慶1130.3595.96231.1595.78163.05249.71142.6533.48218四川1244.36116.35234.05102.13171.5225.16144.4536.18219河北888.37155.52398.9101.49221.96225.79134.7738.92320山西830.48202.35200.5668.93160.27279.54102.932.66321安徽999.79117.41344.86106.36196.72256.8133.6840.61322河南858.97132.36317.9782.69159.73177.66123.4138.76323貴州819.8779.59235.561.6999.22160.9171.7923.82324云南975.7280.33225.7967.0399.81182.62122.3335.37325陜西812.93124.36211.7183.61163.17297.33165.8237.55326甘肅858.8992.33240.7474.09155.03257.88113.9626.65327青海893.32156.11329.3383.96208.43109.53152.3343.03328寧夏922.54143.09345.9377.16178.47177.9198.8450.55329新疆803.82171.4333.1968.03183159.32169.2836.3831廣東1789.42143.50530.30152.12411.64360.73203.85116.172西藏1185.23182.4584.2481.2479.2628.2044.4438.70表9-42005年31個(gè)省、市、自治區(qū)國(guó)有及控股工業(yè)企業(yè)經(jīng)濟(jì)效益數(shù)據(jù)x1工業(yè)增加值率（％）x5工業(yè)成本費(fèi)用利潤(rùn)率（％）x2總資產(chǎn)貢獻(xiàn)率（％）x6全員勞動(dòng)生產(chǎn)率（萬(wàn)元/人·年）x3資產(chǎn)負(fù)債率（％）x7產(chǎn)品銷售率（％）x4流動(dòng)資產(chǎn)周轉(zhuǎn)次數(shù)（次）樣品序號(hào)地區(qū)x1x2x3x4x5x6x7Group1北京26.914.5031.141.886.3917.9698.9912上海28.0011.7243.601.998.5727.5799.2013天津32.9013.9160.192.2010.7721.27101.9824河北30.3810.4464.012.315.9611.2898.6725山西37.489.3867.821.716.827.9397.8526內(nèi)蒙古43.449.8264.322.087.9416.3498.2327遼寧28.767.4559.332.152.7814.1999.8628吉林29.488.4960.572.113.4512.2999.4529江蘇24.3411.2659.672.294.8915.9799.41210浙江24.8513.3757.412.925.2824.6299.72211安徽34.5411.2062.832.186.1511.7798.89212福建28.8711.8956.162.385.7415.3899.49213江西27.219.7469.382.014.008.8699.49214山東36.5915.8460.182.5510.8318.1799.06215河南31.9010.2265.622.065.348.8398.61216湖北33.279.1857.341.699.0513.6899.63217湖南37.1312.7467.232.074.2412.7199.52218廣西31.6410.8262.912.095.8810.4299.69219海南35.4411.7254.231.9710.9514.26101.30220重慶25.958.1558.921.583.718.3499.38221四川36.299.0864.341.567.3111.26101.24222貴州36.459.7066.391.525.779.5299.06223陜西41.0115.8761.881.7018.9512.2898.76224甘肅25.769.5459.322.303.559.0298.96225青海38.7712.1668.561.3822.4417.0097.90226寧夏33.625.6260.941.463.379.0099.38227黑龍江50.1035.3554.502.4239.4919.8197.71328云南44.7620.0847.441.5013.4122.54100.13329新疆45.2123.8550.583.1527.1024.8399.9331廣東26.5113.0353.212.396.7024.3498.712西藏55.734.6825.480.9711.806.3193.68表9-72005年31個(gè)省、市、自治區(qū)城鎮(zhèn)居民月平均消費(fèi)類型劃分?jǐn)?shù)據(jù)x1人均糧食支出（元/人）x5人均衣著支出（元/人）x2人均副食支出（元/人）x6人均日用雜品支出（元/人）x3人均煙、酒、飲料支出（元/人）x7人均水電燃料支出（元/人）x4人均其他副食支出（元/人）x8人均其他非商品支出（元/人）序號(hào)地區(qū)x1x2x3x4x5x6x7x8Group1北京21.3124.8935.4373.9893.0120.5843.97433.7312上海21.13168.6940.8170.1274.3215.4650.9422.7413浙江19.96142.2443.3350.74101.7712.9253.44394.5514天津21.5122.3929.0851.6455.0411.354.88288.1325河北18.2590.2124.4532.4462.487.4547.5178.8426山西21.8466.3818.0531.3274.488.1934.97177.4527內(nèi)蒙古21.3767.0820.2835.2781.0710.9439.46182.228遼寧22.74115.8828.2142.4458.079.6348.65194.8529吉林20.2288.9418.5435.6365.728.8150.29186.52210黑龍江21.3375.51429.5669.298.2442.08165.9211江蘇18.61122.5127.0742.563.4715.3836.14240.92212安徽19.61107.1332.8535.7761.347.5334.6142.23213福建25.56171.6522.340.5357.1312.654.03225.08214江西18.75104.6815.5535.6151.811.1836.27142.72215山東18.2788.3419.0743.1972.9712.5942.16200.18216河南19.0773.1818.0129.3864.518.9138.14155.45217湖北18.76102.6721.8730.4764.3311.9942.14168.17218湖南20.25104.4520.7238.1562.9812.6739.16213.56219廣西18.7131.3511.6932.0641.5410.8442.77178.51220海南16.16139.9212.9823.5824.8710.7632.35144.21221重慶18.18120.3926.1837.9468.1611.6438.48246.37222四川18.53109.9521.4933.0450.9810.8833.96183.85223貴州18.3392.4325.3832.1956.321438.57144.82224云南22.399.0833.3632.0152.067.0432.85190.04225陜西20.0370.7519.7534.9553.2910.5538.2189.41226甘肅18.6872.7423.7238.6962.419.6535.26170.12227青海20.3375.6420.8833.8553.8110.0632.82171.32228寧夏19.7570.2418.6736.7161.7510.0840.26165.22229新疆21.0378.5514.3534.3364.989.8333.87161.6721廣東23.68173.3017.4343.5953.6616.8665.02385.942西藏29.67146.9064.5154.3686.1014.7732.19193.10表9-12X1：0歲組死亡概率X4：55歲組死亡概率X2：1歲組死亡概率X5：80歲組死亡概率X3：10歲組死亡概率X6：平均預(yù)期壽命組別序號(hào)X1X2X3X4X5X6第134.167.441.127.8795.1969.30233.066.341.086.7794.0869.70一336.269.241.048.9797.3068.80440.1713.451.4313.88101.2066.20組550.0623.032.8323.74112.5263.30第133.246.241.1822.90160.0165.40232.224.221.0620.70124.7068.70二341.1510.082.3232.84172.0665.85453.0425.744.0634.87152.0363.50組538.0311.206.0727.84146.3266.80第134.035.410.075.2090.1069.50232.113.020.093.1485.1570.80三344.1215.121.0815.15103.1264.80454.1725.032.1125.15110.1463.70組528.072.010.073.0281.2268.30待150.226.661.0822.54170.6065.20判234.647.331.117.7895.1669.30樣333.426.221.1222.95160.3168.30品444.0215.361.0716.45105.3064.20第10章例10-2在企業(yè)經(jīng)濟(jì)效益的評(píng)價(jià)中，設(shè)計(jì)的指標(biāo)往往很多。為了簡(jiǎn)化系統(tǒng)結(jié)構(gòu)，抓住經(jīng)濟(jì)效益評(píng)價(jià)中的主要問題， 我們可由原始數(shù)據(jù)矩陣出發(fā)求主成分。在對(duì)我國(guó)部分省、 市、自治區(qū)獨(dú)立核算的工業(yè)企業(yè)的經(jīng)濟(jì)效益評(píng)價(jià)中，涉及到 9項(xiàng)指標(biāo)，原始數(shù)據(jù)見表 10.1，即樣品數(shù)n=28，變量數(shù)p=9。表10-1100元100元100固100元固100工業(yè)銷售每噸標(biāo)每千瓦100元地區(qū)定資產(chǎn)定資產(chǎn)元資總產(chǎn)收入準(zhǔn)煤實(shí)時(shí)電力全員勞流動(dòng)資原值實(shí)原值實(shí)金實(shí)值實(shí)實(shí)現(xiàn)現(xiàn)工業(yè)實(shí)現(xiàn)工動(dòng)生產(chǎn)金實(shí)現(xiàn)現(xiàn)值現(xiàn)利稅現(xiàn)利現(xiàn)利利稅產(chǎn)值業(yè)產(chǎn)值率（元/產(chǎn)值（%）（%）稅（%）稅（%）（%）（元）（元）人.年）（元）北京（1）119.2930.9829.9225.9715.4821783.4121006296.7天津（2）143.9831.5930.2121.9412.2928524.2920254363.1河北（3）94.817.217.9518.149.3711672.0312607322.2山西（4）65.811.0811.0612.1516.848.821.6510166284.7內(nèi)蒙（5）54.799.249.5416.866.278941.87564225.4遼寧（6）94.5121.1222.8322.3511.2814162.3613.386311.7吉林（7）80.4913.3613.7616.67.1413062.079400274.1黑龍江（8）75.8615.8216.6720.8610.3712672.269830267上海（9）187.7945.939.7724.4415.0943464.1131246418.6江蘇（10）205.9627.6522.5813.427.8132024.6923377407.2浙江（11）207.4633.0625.7815.949.2838114.1922054385.5安徽（12）110.7820.720.1218.696.614682.2312578341.1福建（13）122.7622.5219.9318.348.3522002.6312164301.2江西(14)94.9414.714.1815.496.6916692.2410463274.4山東（15）117.5821.9320.8918.659.118202.817829331.1河南（16）85.9817.317.1820.127.6713061.8911247276.5湖北（17）103.9619.518.4818.779.1618292.7515745308.9湖南（18）104.0321.4721.2820.638.7212721.9813161309廣東（19）136.4423.6420.8317.337.8529593.7116259334廣西（20）100.7222.0420.921.889.6717322.1312441296.4四川（21）84.7314.3514.1716.937.9613102.3411703242.5貴州（22）59.0514.4814.3524.538.0910681.329710206.7云南（23）73.7221.9122.729.729.3814471.9412517295.8陜西（24）78.0213.1312.5716.839.1917312.0811369220.3甘肅（25）59.6214.0716.2423.5911.349261.1313084246.8青海（26）51.668.328.2616.117.0510551.319246176.49寧夏（27）52.958.258.8215.576.588341.1210406245.4新疆（28）60.2911.2613.1418.688.3910412.910983266首先標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化原始數(shù)據(jù)，標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化后的數(shù)據(jù)見10.2。表10.20.4235231.3384051.5902821.6875562.2396340.4819710.9547461.2603710.0488050.9951991.4096491.6314530.6672281.0658731.1887581.8553941.1338441.200166-0.14352-0.271-0.10906-0.29487-0.00854-0.57821-0.45763-0.152790.49097-0.81499-0.98577-1.08721-1.811432.740046-1.79273-0.84655-0.56349-0.15927-1.06992-1.20067-1.303-0.61894-1.14919-0.86449-0.69303-1.00129-1.18752-0.150240.1868270.5837370.7710330.694243-0.3171-0.11989-2.27170.308902-0.47486-0.71949-0.7039-0.68477-0.82907-0.43245-0.4167-0.69238-0.34307-0.58206-0.43218-0.290780.393790.359408-0.47334-0.22224-0.62003-0.466192.0095833.0809562.9886561.3001862.0961332.7554331.6711712.9832842.1625242.4302940.9494850.548246-1.48989-0.582541.5557832.264781.6592991.9648512.4650251.5813351.002539-0.85187-0.041662.1944081.7530481.43671.5885780.2264810.1377740.199007-0.15562-1.02776-0.26257-0.25294-0.157670.8186910.5038680.3503370.172033-0.24423-0.383850.5050410.156444-0.227320.126834-0.14028-0.56298-0.64428-0.9658-0.99465-0.05179-0.24271-0.51352-0.337870.3839290.2814290.308322-0.16574-0.107890.1065570.3304330.725830.645294-0.34774-0.25932-0.218380.206435-0.63406-0.43245-0.60092-0.38161-0.301460.068569-0.00238-0.03382-0.13536-0.085810.1159940.279260.375190.2603510.070190.2277050.3636890.335558-0.24771-0.4681-0.50881-0.059580.2620850.8206170.4811450.299804-0.49995-0.567831.3009631.2617850.4616730.695579-0.006450.2942770.3097410.6520370.1018430.014276-0.35529-0.180720.043603-0.37669-0.60386-0.6457-0.60122-0.52735-0.42825-0.14036-0.30489-0.89101-0.97128-0.58868-0.620141.322972-0.47952-0.68202-1.18429-0.64022-1.51177-0.631610.2790930.5652822.636993-0.00486-0.28459-0.54975-0.167930.033199-0.53205-0.74635-0.87284-0.62654-0.074770.013227-0.40646-0.36109-1.27595-0.95809-0.63656-0.351821.084980.71632-0.83093-1.37875-0.07253-0.81645-1.14239-1.30812-1.48472-0.80883-0.86219-0.69566-1.19453-0.71829-2.03561-1.11252-1.3163-1.40522-0.94555-1.03512-0.92741-1.38899-0.52311-0.84073-0.94257-0.96475-0.79192-0.15815-0.36913-0.710340.432779-0.42603-0.48353例10.3全國(guó)重點(diǎn)水泥企業(yè)經(jīng)濟(jì)效益綜合評(píng)價(jià)例。利用主成分綜合評(píng)價(jià)全國(guó)重點(diǎn)水泥企業(yè)的經(jīng)濟(jì)效益。原始數(shù)據(jù)（數(shù)據(jù)來自1984年中國(guó)統(tǒng)計(jì)年鑒）見表10.3。表10.3全員勞流動(dòng)資動(dòng)生產(chǎn)固定資資金利銷售收固定資金周轉(zhuǎn)萬(wàn)元產(chǎn)率(萬(wàn)廠家編號(hào)產(chǎn)利稅稅率入利稅資金利產(chǎn)產(chǎn)值天數(shù)值能耗元/人.及指標(biāo)率(%)(%)率(%)潤(rùn)率(%)率(%)(天)(噸)年)1琉璃河16.6826.7531.8418.453.255528.831.752邯鄲19.727.5632.9419.259.825532.922.873大同15.223.432.9816.2446.786541.691.534哈爾濱7.298.9721.34.7634.396239.281.635華新29.4556.4940.7443.6875.326926.682.146湘鄉(xiāng)32.9342.7847.9833.8766.465032.872.67柳州25.3937.8236.7627.5668.186335.792.438峨嵋15.0519.4927.2114.216.137635.761.759耀縣19.8228.7833.4120.1759.257139.131.8310永登21.1335.239.1626.5252.476235.081.7311工源16.7528.7229.6219.2355.765830.081.5212撫順15.8328.0326.417.4361.196132.751.613大連16.5329.7332.4920.6350.416937.571.3114江南22.2454.5931.053767.956332.331.5715江油12.9220.8225.1212.5451.076639.181.83將指標(biāo)“流動(dòng)資金周轉(zhuǎn)天數(shù)”和“萬(wàn)元產(chǎn)值能耗”取倒數(shù)，經(jīng)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化后的數(shù)據(jù)取名為“重點(diǎn)水泥廠”。見表10.4表10.4x1x2x3x4x5x6x7x8-0.37675-0.35795-0.11356-0.36669-0.038791.1933471.426821-0.277120.088158-0.293880.050803-0.287320.3561571.1933470.2890352.253119-0.60458-0.622920.056779-0.581-0.42773-0.37328-1.3981-0.77413-1.82227-1.76431-1.68844-1.71997-1.172550.043644-1.00954-0.548221.5890961.9944361.2162772.1414281.287927-0.872792.164810.6039442.1248150.9099992.2980751.1681420.7553152.2116560.3012351.643150.964090.5176720.6215860.5421040.858711-0.09974-0.35411.259096-0.62767-0.9322-0.80537-0.7824-2.87137-1.6204-0.34791-0.277120.106631-0.197380.12103-0.191090.321892-1.10143-0.98378-0.096390.3082950.3104340.9801930.438921-0.085680.043644-0.20479-0.3223-0.36597-0.20212-0.44527-0.284350.1120930.6666361.046255-0.79672-0.5076-0.2567-0.9264-0.462930.4385130.1917320.330666-0.61599-0.39984-0.12223-0.01644-0.14545-0.20952-0.87279-0.70361-1.271140.4791711.844149-0.23161.4786810.844885-0.099740.435397-0.68377-0.95557-0.827-1.11766-0.94809-0.16984-0.50383-0.99239-0.09639練習(xí)4.對(duì)2007年全國(guó)31個(gè)省市自治區(qū)經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展基本情況的九項(xiàng)指標(biāo)作主成分分析，數(shù)據(jù)如表10.5：表10.5GDP（億年末總財(cái)政收固定資產(chǎn)居民消居民消商品零職工平工業(yè)總產(chǎn)地人口入（萬(wàn)投資（億費(fèi)水平費(fèi)價(jià)格售價(jià)格均工資區(qū)值（億元）元）(萬(wàn)人)元）元）（元）指數(shù)指數(shù)（元）北京9353.3216331.5E+073907.218911102.4100.8458239648.38天津5050.40111554043902353.111957104.2103.23331210075.07河北13709.50694378911986884.75674104.7104.11974217054.78山西5733.35339359788702861.55525104.6104.2213157791.71內(nèi)蒙古6091.12240549236154372.97062104.6103.6217945812.96遼寧11023.4942981.1E+077435.27965105.1104.42288218249.53吉林5284.69273032068923651.46675104.8103.3203716486.01黑龍江7065.00382444046892833.55986105.4105.6184816143.17上海12188.8518582.1E+074420.424260103.2102.44497622259.94江蘇25741.1576252.2E+0712268.19659104.3102.92721253316.38浙江18780.4450601.6E+078420.412569104.2103.83081836073.93安徽7364.18611854369735087.55278105.3104.5216997945.17福建9249.13358169945774287.88772105.2104.32227712517.91江西5500.25436838985103301.94702104.8104.0181446194.18山東25965.9193671.7E+0712537.78075104.4103.62273449873.00河南15012.46936086208048010.15141105.4104.42063920442.21湖北9230.68569959035524330.46513104.8104.2195489601.52湖南9200.00635560655084154.86240105.6104.3210608464.08廣東31084.4094492.8E+079294.312663103.7103.42965855252.86廣西5955.65476841882652939.74987106.1104.8212514587.35海南1223.288451082935502.45552105.0103.8192201002.78重慶4122.51281644270003127.76545104.7103.7229654363.25四川10505.30812785086065639.85259105.9105.32108111047.04貴州2741.90376228513751488.84057106.4104.2202542520.36云南4741.31451448671462759.04553105.9104.4199124298.29西藏342.19284201412270.33215103.4101.74282041.36陜西5465.79374847523983415.05272105.1105.0209775692.33甘肅2702.40261719091071304.24274105.5104.4206573231.52青海783.61552567083482.84978106.6106.025318822.72寧夏889.20610800312599.85816105.4104.1257231070.71新疆3523.16209528586001850.84890105.5105.1212493296.61數(shù)據(jù)來源于國(guó)家統(tǒng)計(jì)局網(wǎng)站第11章例11.3中心城市的綜合發(fā)展是帶動(dòng)周邊地區(qū)經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展的重要?jiǎng)恿?。在我?guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展進(jìn)程中，各