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Chapter04CellStructureandFunctionChapter04CellStructureandFOutlineCellTheoryCellSizeProkaryoticCellsEukaryoticCellsOrganellesNucleusEndomembraneSystemCytoskeletonCentrioles,Cilia,andFlagella2OutlineCellTheory2CellTheoryAunifyingconceptinbiologyOriginatedfromtheworkofbiologistsSchleidenandSchwannin1838-9Statesthat:AllorganismsarecomposedofcellsGermanbotanistMatthaisSchleidenin1838GermanzoologistTheodorSchwannin1839AllcellscomeonlyfrompreexistingcellsGermanphysicianRudolphVirchowin1850’sSmallestunitoflife3CellTheoryAunifyingconceptOrganismsandCells4OrganismsandCells4SizesofLivingThings5SizesofLivingThings5CellSizeMostmuchsmallerthanonemillimeter(mm)Someassmallasonemicrometer(mm)SizerestrictedbySurface/Volume(S/V)ratioSurfaceismembrane,acrosswhichcellacquiresnutrientsandexpelswastesVolumeislivingcytoplasm,whichdemandsnutrientsandproduceswastesAscellgrows,volumeincreasesfasterthansurfaceCellsspecializedinabsorptionmodifiedtogreatlyincreasesurfaceareaperunitvolume6CellSizeMostmuchsmallerthaSurfacetoVolumeRatioTotalSurfaceArea(HeightWidthNumberOfSidesNumberOfCubes)

96cm2 192cm2 384cm2

TotalVolume(HeightWidthLengthXNumberOfCubes) 64cm3 64cm3 64cm3

SurfaceAreaPerCube/VolumePerCube(SurfaceArea/Volume)

1.5/1 3/1 6/1 7SurfacetoVolumeRatioTotalSuMicroscopyToday:

CompoundLightMicroscopeLightpassedthroughspecimenFocusedbyglasslensesImageformedonhumanretinaMaxmagnificationabout1000XResolvesobjectsseparatedby0.2mm,500Xbetterthanhumaneye8MicroscopyToday:

CompoundLigMicroscopyToday:

TransmissionElectronMicroscopeAbbreviatedT.E.M.ElectronspassedthroughspecimenFocusedbymagneticlensesImageformedonfluorescentscreenSimilartoTVscreenImageisthenphotographedMaxmagnification1000,000sXResolvesobjectsseparatedby0.00002mm,100,000Xbetterthanhumaneye9MicroscopyToday:

TransmissionMicroscopyToday:

ScanningElectronMicroscopeAbbreviatedS.E.M.SpecimensprayedwiththincoatofmetalElectronbeamscannedacrosssurfaceofspecimenMetalemitssecondaryelectronsEmittedelectronsfocusedbymagneticlensesImageformedonfluorescentscreenSimilartoTVscreenImageisthenphotographed10MicroscopyToday:

ScanningEleMicroscopyToday:

ImmunofluorescenceLightMicroscopeAntibodiesdevelopedagainstaspecificproteinFluorescentdyemoleculeattachedtoantibodymoleculesSpecimenexposedtofluorescentantibodiesUltra-violetlight(blackligt)passedthroughspecimenFluorescentdyeglowsincolorwhereantigenislocatedEmittedlightisfocusedbyglasslensesontohumanretinaAllowsmappingdistributionofaspecificproteinincell11MicroscopyToday:

ImmunofluoreMicroscopyToday:

ConfocalMicroscopyNarrowlaserbeamscannedacrosstransparentspecimenBeamisfocusedataverythinplaneAllowsmicroscopisttoopticallysectionaspecimenSectionsmadeatdifferentlevelsAllowsassemblyof3dimageoncomputerscreenthatcanberotated12MicroscopyToday:

ConfocalMicMicroscopyToday:

Video-enhancedContrastMicroscopyGreatforspecimenswithlowcontrast,likelivingcellsImageiscapturedbyTVcamerainsteadofeyeImageisthen“tweaked”byadjustingcontrastDarkestpartofimageismadeblackLightestpartofimageismadewhiteAllpartsinbetweenmadeshadesofgrayAlsoallowsvariousshadestobeconvertedtodifferentcolorsformorecontrast13MicroscopyToday:

Video-enhancMicroscopyToday:

PhaseContrastMicroscopyGreatfortransparentspecimenswithlowcontrast,likelivingcellsSomeorganelleshavehigherdensitythanothersSpeedoflightisaffectedbydensityLightpassesmoreslowlythroughhighdensitythanlowdensityLightwavesenteringaspecimen“inphase”exitsomepartsofthespecimenoutofphaseMicroscopeshowsonlylightthatisslowerorfasterCausestransparentorganellesto“glow”14MicroscopyToday:

PhaseContraMicroscopyandAmoebaproteus15MicroscopyandAmoebaproteus1MicroscopyandCheekCells16MicroscopyandCheekCells16ProkaryoticCells:

DomainsLackamembrane-boundnucleusStructurallysimpleTwodomains:Bacteria

ThreeShapesBacillus(rod)Coccus(spherical)Spirilla(spiral)

ArchaeaLiveinextremehabitats17ProkaryoticCells:

DomainsLackShapesofBacterialCells18ShapesofBacterialCells18ProkaryoticCells:VisualSummary19ProkaryoticCells:VisualSummProkaryoticCells:

TheEnvelopeCellEnvelopesGlycocalyxLayerofpolysaccharidesoutsidecellwallMaybeslimyandeasilyremoved,orWellorganizedandresistanttoremoval(capsule)CellwallPlasmamembraneLikeineukaryotesForminternalpouches(mesosomes)20ProkaryoticCells:

TheEnvelopProkaryoticCells:

Cytoplasm&AppendagesCytoplasmSemifluidsolutionBoundedbyplasmamembraneContainsinclusionbodies–StoredgranulesofvarioussubstancesAppendagesFlagella–ProvidemotilityFimbriae–small,bristle-likefibersthatsproutfromthecellsurfaceSexpili–rigidtubularstructuresusedtopassDNAfromcelltocell21ProkaryoticCells:

Cytoplasm&EukaryoticCellsDomainEukaryaProtistsFungiPlantsAnimalsCellscontain:Membrane-boundnucleusSpecializedorganellesPlasmamembrane22EukaryoticCellsDomainEukaryaEukaryoticCells:

OrganellesCompartmentalization:AllowseukaryoticcellstobelargerthanprokaryoticcellsIsolatesreactionsfromothersTwoclasses:Endomembranesystem:OrganellesthatcommunicatewithoneanotherviamembranechannelsViasmallvesiclesEnergyrelatedorganellesMitochondria&chloroplastsBasicallyindependent&self-sufficient23EukaryoticCells:

OrganellesCPlasmaMembrane24PlasmaMembrane24HypothesizedOriginofEukaryoticCells25HypothesizedOriginofEukaryoCellFractionation,and

DifferentialCentrifugationCellfractionationisthebreakingapartofcellularcomponentsDifferentialcentrifugation:AllowsseparationofcellpartsSeparatedoutbysize&densityWorkslikespincycleofwasherThefasterthemachinespins,thesmallerthepartsthatsettledout26CellFractionation,and

DifferCellFractionation,and

DifferentialCentrifugationGrind

cellsCentrifuge

@600gSediment

contains

nucleiThen

centrifuge

longer

@15,000gSediment

contains

mitochondria,

lysosomesThen

centrifuge

evenlonger

@100,000gSediment

contains

ribosomes,

ERSoluble

portionof

cytoplasm.

No

sedimentFigure4C27CellFractionation,and

DifferAnimalCellAnatomy28AnimalCellAnatomy28PlantCellAnatomy29PlantCellAnatomy29NucleusCommandcenterofcell,usuallynearcenterSeparatedfromcytoplasmbynuclearenvelopeConsistsofdoublelayerofmembraneNuclearporespermitexchangebetweennucleoplasm&cytoplasmContainschromatininsemifluidnucleoplasmChromatincontainsDNAofgenesCondensestoformchromosomesDarknucleoluscomposedofrRNAProducessubunitsofribosomes30NucleusCommandcenterofcell,AnatomyoftheNucleus31AnatomyoftheNucleus31RibosomesServeinproteinsynthesisComposedofrRNAConsistsofalarge

subunitandasmall

subunitSubunitsmadeinnucleolusMaybelocated:Ontheendoplasmicreticulum(therebymakingit“rough”),orFreeinthecytoplasm,eithersinglyoringroupscalledpolyribosomes32RibosomesServeinproteinsyntNucleus,Ribosomes,&ERFigure4.933Nucleus,Ribosomes,&ERFigureEndomembraneSystemRestrictenzymaticreactionstospecificcompartmentswithincellConsistsof:NuclearenvelopeMembranesofendoplasmicreticulumGolgiapparatusVesiclesSeveraltypesTransportmaterialsbetweenorganellesofsystem34EndomembraneSystemRestrictenEndomembraneSystem:

TheEndoplasmicReticulumRoughERStuddedwithribosomesoncytoplasmicsideProteinanabolismSynthesizesproteinsModifiesproteinsAddssugartoproteinResultsinglycoproteinsSmoothERNoribosomesSynthesisoflipids35EndomembraneSystem:

TheEndopEndoplasmicReticulum36EndoplasmicReticulum36GolgiApparatus37GolgiApparatus37Lysosomes38Lysosomes38EndomembraneSystem:

TheGolgiApparatusGolgiApparatusConsistsof3-20flattened,curvedsacculesResemblesstackofhollowpancakesModifiesproteinsandlipidsPackagestheminvesiclesReceivesvesiclesfromERoncisfacePreparesfor“shipment”invesiclesfromtransfaceWithincellExportfromcell(secretion,exocytosis)39EndomembraneSystem:

TheGolgiEndomembraneSystem:

LysosomesMembrane-boundvesicles(notinplants)ProducedbytheGolgiapparatusLowpHContainlyticenzymesDigestionoflargemoleculesRecyclingofcellularresourcesApoptosis(programmedcelldeath,liketadpolelosingtail)SomegeneticdiseasesCausedbydefectinlysosomalenzymeLysosomalstoragediseases(Tay-Sachs)40EndomembraneSystem:

LysosomesEndomembraneSystem:AVisualSummary41EndomembraneSystem:AVisualPeroxisomesSimilartolysosomesMembrane-boundedvesiclesEncloseenzymesHoweverEnzymessynthesizedbyfreeribosomesincytoplasm(insteadofER)ActiveinlipidmetabolismCatalyzereactionsthatproducehydrogenperoxideH2O2ToxicBrokendowntowater&O2bycatalase42PeroxisomesSimilartolysosomePeroxisomes43Peroxisomes43VacuolesMembranoussacsthatarelargerthanvesiclesStorematerialsthatoccurinexcessOthersveryspecialized(contractilevacuole)PlantscellstypicallyhaveacentralvacuoleUpto90%volumeofsomecellsFunctionsin:Storageofwater,nutrients,pigments,andwasteproductsDevelopmentofturgorpressureSomefunctionsperformedbylysosomesinothereukaryotes44VacuolesMembranoussacsthatVacuoles45Vacuoles45Energy-RelatedOrganelles:

ChloroplastStructureBoundedbydoublemembraneInnermembraneinfoldedFormsdisc-likethylakoids,whicharestackedtoform

granaSuspendedinsemi-fluidstromaGreenduetochlorophyllGreenphotosyntheticpigmentFoundONLYininnermembranesofchloroplast46Energy-RelatedOrganelles:

ChlEnergy-RelatedOrganelles:

ChloroplastsCaptureslightenergytodrivecellularmachineryPhotosynthesisSynthesizescarbohydratesfromCO2&H2OMakesownfoodusingCO2asonlycarbonsourceEnergy-poorcompoundsconvertedtoeneryrichcompounds47Energy-RelatedOrganelles:

ChlEnergy-RelatedOrganelles:

ChloroplastStructure48Energy-RelatedOrganelles:

ChlEnergy-RelatedOrganelles:

MitochondriaBoundedbydoublemembraneCristae–InfoldingsofinnermembranethatenclosesmatrixMatrix–InnersemifluidcontainingrespiratoryenzymesInvolvedincellularrespirationProducemostofATPutilizedbythecell49Energy-RelatedOrganelles:

MitEnergy-RelatedOrganelles:

MitochondrialStructure50Energy-RelatedOrganelles:

MitTheCytoskeletonMaintainscellshapeAssistsinmovementofcellandorganellesThreetypesofmacromolecularfibersActin

FilamentsIntermediateFilamentsMicrotubulesAssembleanddisassembleasneeded51TheCytoskeletonMaintainscellTheCytoskeleton:

ActinFilamentsExtremelythinfilamentsliketwistedpearlnecklaceDensewebjustunderplasmamembranemaintainscellshapeSupportformicrovilliinintestinalcellsIntracellulartrafficcontrolFormovingstuffaroundwithincellCytoplasmicstreamingFunctioninpseudopodsofamoeboidcellsPinchmothercellintwoafteranimalmitosisImportantcomponentinmusclecontraction(otherismyosin)52TheCytoskeleton:

ActinFilameTheCytoskeleton:

ActinFilamentOperation53TheCytoskeleton:

ActinFilameTheCytoskeleton:

IntermediateFilamentsIntermediateinsizebetweenactinfilamentsandmicrotubulesRope-likeassemblyoffibrouspolypeptidesVaryinnatureFromtissuetotissueFromtimetotimeFunctions:SupportnuclearenvelopeCell-celljunctions,likethoseholdingskincellstightlytogether54TheCytoskeleton:

IntermediateTheCytoskeleton:

MicrotubulesHollowcylindersmadeoftwoglobularproteinscalledaandbtubulinSpontaneouspairingofaandbtubulinmoleculesformstructurescalleddimersDimersthenarrangethemselvesintotubularspiralsof13dimersaroundAssembly:UndercontrolofMicrotubuleOrganizingCenter(MTOC)MostimportantMTOCiscentrosomeInteractswithproteinskinesinanddyneintocausemovementoforganelles55TheCytoskeleton:

MicrotubulesTheCytoskeleton:

MicrotubuleOperation56TheCytoskeleton:

MicrotubuleMicrotubularArrays:

CentriolesShort,hollowcylindersComposedof27microtubulesMicrotubulesarrangedinto9overlappingtripletsOnepairperanimalcellLocatedincentrosomeofanimalcellsOrientedatrightanglestoeachotherSeparateduringmitosistodetermineplaneofdivisionMaygiverisetobasalbodiesofciliaandflagella57MicrotubularArrays:

CentrioleCytoskeleton:

Centrioles58Cytoskeleton:

Centrioles58Microtubulararrays:

CiliaandFlagellaHair-likeprojectionsfromcellsurfacethataidincellmovementVerydifferentfromprokaryoteflagellaOutercoveringofplasmamembraneInsidethisisacylinderof18microtubulesarrangedin9pairsIncenteraretwosinglemicrotubulesThis9+2patternusedbyallcilia&flagellaIneukaryotes,ciliaaremuchshorterthanflagellaCiliamoveincoordinatedwaveslikeoarsFlagellamovelikeapropellerorcorkscrew59Microtubulararrays:

CiliaandStructureofaFlagellum60StructureofaFlagellum60ReviewCellTheoryCellSizeProkaryoticCellsEukaryoticCellsOrganellesNucleusEndomembraneSystemCytoskeletonCentrioles,Cilia,andFlagella61ReviewCellTheory61Chapter0411/11/2022CellStructureandFunctionChapter0411/9/2022CellStructChapter04CellStructureandFunctionChapter04CellStructureandFOutlineCellTheoryCellSizeProkaryoticCellsEukaryoticCellsOrganellesNucleusEndomembraneSystemCytoskeletonCentrioles,Cilia,andFlagella64OutlineCellTheory2CellTheoryAunifyingconceptinbiologyOriginatedfromtheworkofbiologistsSchleidenandSchwannin1838-9Statesthat:AllorganismsarecomposedofcellsGermanbotanistMatthaisSchleidenin1838GermanzoologistTheodorSchwannin1839AllcellscomeonlyfrompreexistingcellsGermanphysicianRudolphVirchowin1850’sSmallestunitoflife65CellTheoryAunifyingconceptOrganismsandCells66OrganismsandCells4SizesofLivingThings67SizesofLivingThings5CellSizeMostmuchsmallerthanonemillimeter(mm)Someassmallasonemicrometer(mm)SizerestrictedbySurface/Volume(S/V)ratioSurfaceismembrane,acrosswhichcellacquiresnutrientsandexpelswastesVolumeislivingcytoplasm,whichdemandsnutrientsandproduceswastesAscellgrows,volumeincreasesfasterthansurfaceCellsspecializedinabsorptionmodifiedtogreatlyincreasesurfaceareaperunitvolume68CellSizeMostmuchsmallerthaSurfacetoVolumeRatioTotalSurfaceArea(HeightWidthNumberOfSidesNumberOfCubes)

96cm2 192cm2 384cm2

TotalVolume(HeightWidthLengthXNumberOfCubes) 64cm3 64cm3 64cm3

SurfaceAreaPerCube/VolumePerCube(SurfaceArea/Volume)

1.5/1 3/1 6/1 69SurfacetoVolumeRatioTotalSuMicroscopyToday:

CompoundLightMicroscopeLightpassedthroughspecimenFocusedbyglasslensesImageformedonhumanretinaMaxmagnificationabout1000XResolvesobjectsseparatedby0.2mm,500Xbetterthanhumaneye70MicroscopyToday:

CompoundLigMicroscopyToday:

TransmissionElectronMicroscopeAbbreviatedT.E.M.ElectronspassedthroughspecimenFocusedbymagneticlensesImageformedonfluorescentscreenSimilartoTVscreenImageisthenphotographedMaxmagnification1000,000sXResolvesobjectsseparatedby0.00002mm,100,000Xbetterthanhumaneye71MicroscopyToday:

TransmissionMicroscopyToday:

ScanningElectronMicroscopeAbbreviatedS.E.M.SpecimensprayedwiththincoatofmetalElectronbeamscannedacrosssurfaceofspecimenMetalemitssecondaryelectronsEmittedelectronsfocusedbymagneticlensesImageformedonfluorescentscreenSimilartoTVscreenImageisthenphotographed72MicroscopyToday:

ScanningEleMicroscopyToday:

ImmunofluorescenceLightMicroscopeAntibodiesdevelopedagainstaspecificproteinFluorescentdyemoleculeattachedtoantibodymoleculesSpecimenexposedtofluorescentantibodiesUltra-violetlight(blackligt)passedthroughspecimenFluorescentdyeglowsincolorwhereantigenislocatedEmittedlightisfocusedbyglasslensesontohumanretinaAllowsmappingdistributionofaspecificproteinincell73MicroscopyToday:

ImmunofluoreMicroscopyToday:

ConfocalMicroscopyNarrowlaserbeamscannedacrosstransparentspecimenBeamisfocusedataverythinplaneAllowsmicroscopisttoopticallysectionaspecimenSectionsmadeatdifferentlevelsAllowsassemblyof3dimageoncomputerscreenthatcanberotated74MicroscopyToday:

ConfocalMicMicroscopyToday:

Video-enhancedContrastMicroscopyGreatforspecimenswithlowcontrast,likelivingcellsImageiscapturedbyTVcamerainsteadofeyeImageisthen“tweaked”byadjustingcontrastDarkestpartofimageismadeblackLightestpartofimageismadewhiteAllpartsinbetweenmadeshadesofgrayAlsoallowsvariousshadestobeconvertedtodifferentcolorsformorecontrast75MicroscopyToday:

Video-enhancMicroscopyToday:

PhaseContrastMicroscopyGreatfortransparentspecimenswithlowcontrast,likelivingcellsSomeorganelleshavehigherdensitythanothersSpeedoflightisaffectedbydensityLightpassesmoreslowlythroughhighdensitythanlowdensityLightwavesenteringaspecimen“inphase”exitsomepartsofthespecimenoutofphaseMicroscopeshowsonlylightthatisslowerorfasterCausestransparentorganellesto“glow”76MicroscopyToday:

PhaseContraMicroscopyandAmoebaproteus77MicroscopyandAmoebaproteus1MicroscopyandCheekCells78MicroscopyandCheekCells16ProkaryoticCells:

DomainsLackamembrane-boundnucleusStructurallysimpleTwodomains:Bacteria

ThreeShapesBacillus(rod)Coccus(spherical)Spirilla(spiral)

ArchaeaLiveinextremehabitats79ProkaryoticCells:

DomainsLackShapesofBacterialCells80ShapesofBacterialCells18ProkaryoticCells:VisualSummary81ProkaryoticCells:VisualSummProkaryoticCells:

TheEnvelopeCellEnvelopesGlycocalyxLayerofpolysaccharidesoutsidecellwallMaybeslimyandeasilyremoved,orWellorganizedandresistanttoremoval(capsule)CellwallPlasmamembraneLikeineukaryotesForminternalpouches(mesosomes)82ProkaryoticCells:

TheEnvelopProkaryoticCells:

Cytoplasm&AppendagesCytoplasmSemifluidsolutionBoundedbyplasmamembraneContainsinclusionbodies–StoredgranulesofvarioussubstancesAppendagesFlagella–ProvidemotilityFimbriae–small,bristle-likefibersthatsproutfromthecellsurfaceSexpili–rigidtubularstructuresusedtopassDNAfromcelltocell83ProkaryoticCells:

Cytoplasm&EukaryoticCellsDomainEukaryaProtistsFungiPlantsAnimalsCellscontain:Membrane-boundnucleusSpecializedorganellesPlasmamembrane84EukaryoticCellsDomainEukaryaEukaryoticCells:

OrganellesCompartmentalization:AllowseukaryoticcellstobelargerthanprokaryoticcellsIsolatesreactionsfromothersTwoclasses:Endomembranesystem:OrganellesthatcommunicatewithoneanotherviamembranechannelsViasmallvesiclesEnergyrelatedorganellesMitochondria&chloroplastsBasicallyindependent&self-sufficient85EukaryoticCells:

OrganellesCPlasmaMembrane86PlasmaMembrane24HypothesizedOriginofEukaryoticCells87HypothesizedOriginofEukaryoCellFractionation,and

DifferentialCentrifugationCellfractionationisthebreakingapartofcellularcomponentsDifferentialcentrifugation:AllowsseparationofcellpartsSeparatedoutbysize&densityWorkslikespincycleofwasherThefasterthemachinespins,thesmallerthepartsthatsettledout88CellFractionation,and

DifferCellFractionation,and

DifferentialCentrifugationGrind

cellsCentrifuge

@600gSediment

contains

nucleiThen

centrifuge

longer

@15,000gSediment

contains

mitochondria,

lysosomesThen

centrifuge

evenlonger

@100,000gSediment

contains

ribosomes,

ERSoluble

portionof

cytoplasm.

No

sedimentFigure4C89CellFractionation,and

DifferAnimalCellAnatomy90AnimalCellAnatomy28PlantCellAnatomy91PlantCellAnatomy29NucleusCommandcenterofcell,usuallynearcenterSeparatedfromcytoplasmbynuclearenvelopeConsistsofdoublelayerofmembraneNuclearporespermitexchangebetweennucleoplasm&cytoplasmContainschromatininsemifluidnucleoplasmChromatincontainsDNAofgenesCondensestoformchromosomesDarknucleoluscomposedofrRNAProducessubunitsofribosomes92NucleusCommandcenterofcell,AnatomyoftheNucleus93AnatomyoftheNucleus31RibosomesServeinproteinsynthesisComposedofrRNAConsistsofalarge

subunitandasmall

subunitSubunitsmadeinnucleolusMaybelocated:Ontheendoplasmicreticulum(therebymakingit“rough”),orFreeinthecytoplasm,eithersinglyoringroupscalledpolyribosomes94RibosomesServeinproteinsyntNucleus,Ribosomes,&ERFigure4.995Nucleus,Ribosomes,&ERFigureEndomembraneSystemRestrictenzymaticreactionstospecificcompartmentswithincellConsistsof:NuclearenvelopeMembranesofendoplasmicreticulumGolgiapparatusVesiclesSeveraltypesTransportmaterialsbetweenorganellesofsystem96EndomembraneSystemRestrictenEndomembraneSystem:

TheEndoplasmicReticulumRoughERStuddedwithribosomesoncytoplasmicsideProteinanabolismSynthesizesproteinsModifiesproteinsAddssugartoproteinResultsinglycoproteinsSmoothERNoribosomesSynthesisoflipids97EndomembraneSystem:

TheEndopEndoplasmicReticulum98EndoplasmicReticulum36GolgiApparatus99GolgiApparatus37Lysosomes100Lysosomes38EndomembraneSystem:

TheGolgiApparatusGolgiApparatusConsistsof3-20flattened,curvedsacculesResemblesstackofhollowpancakesModifiesproteinsandlipidsPackagestheminvesiclesReceivesvesiclesfromERoncisfacePreparesfor“shipment”invesiclesfromtransfaceWithincellExportfromcell(secretion,exocytosis)101EndomembraneSystem:

TheGolgiEndomembraneSystem:

LysosomesMembrane-boundvesicles(notinplants)ProducedbytheGolgiapparatusLowpHContainlyticenzymesDigestionoflargemoleculesRecyclingofcellularresourcesApoptosis(programmedcelldeath,liketadpolelosingtail)SomegeneticdiseasesCausedbydefectinlysosomalenzymeLysosomalstoragediseases(Tay-Sachs)102EndomembraneSystem:

LysosomesEndomembraneSystem:AVisualSummary103EndomembraneSystem:AVisualPeroxisomesSimilartolysosomesMembrane-boundedvesiclesEncloseenzymesHoweverEnzymessynthesizedbyfreeribosomesincytoplasm(insteadofER)ActiveinlipidmetabolismCatalyzereactionsthatproducehydrogenperoxideH2O2ToxicBrokendowntowater&O2bycatalase104PeroxisomesSimilartolysosomePeroxisomes105Peroxisomes43VacuolesMembranoussacsthatarelargerthanvesiclesStorematerialsthatoccurinexcessOthersveryspecialized(contractilevacuole)PlantscellstypicallyhaveacentralvacuoleUpto90%volumeofsomecellsFunctionsin:Storageofwater,nutrients,pigments,andwasteproductsDevelopmentofturgorpressureSomefunctionsperformedbylysosomesinothereukaryotes106VacuolesMembranoussacsthatVacuoles107Vacuoles45Energy-RelatedOrganelles:

ChloroplastStructureBoundedbydoublemembraneInnermembraneinfoldedFormsdisc-likethylakoids,whicharestackedtoform

granaSuspendedinsemi-fluidstromaGreenduetochlorophyllGreenphotosyntheticpigmentFoundONLYininnermembranesofchloroplast108Energy-RelatedOrganelles:

ChlEnergy-RelatedOrganelles:

ChloroplastsCaptureslightenergytodrivecellularmachineryPhotosynthesisSynthesizescarbohydratesfromCO2&H2OMakesownfoodusingCO2asonlycarbonsourceEnergy-poorcompoundsconvertedtoeneryrichcompounds109Energy-RelatedOrganelles:

ChlEnergy-RelatedOrganelles:

ChloroplastStructure110Energy-RelatedOrganelles:

ChlEnergy-RelatedOrganelles:

MitochondriaBoundedbydoublemembraneCristae–InfoldingsofinnermembranethatenclosesmatrixMatrix–InnersemifluidcontainingrespiratoryenzymesInvolvedincellularrespirationProducemostofATPutilizedbythecell111Energy-RelatedOrganelles:

MitEnergy-RelatedOrganelles:

MitochondrialStructure112Energy-RelatedOrganelles:

MitTheCytoskeletonMaintainscellshapeAssistsinmovementofcellandorganellesThreetypesofmacromolecularfibersActin

FilamentsIntermediateFil

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