書山有路勤為徑，學(xué)海無(wú)涯苦作舟！住在富人區(qū)的她考研考博-英語(yǔ)-云南藝術(shù)學(xué)院考試押題卷含答案詳解（圖片大小可自由調(diào)整）全文為Word可編輯，若為PDF皆為盜版，請(qǐng)謹(jǐn)慎購(gòu)買！第I卷一.綜合題庫(kù)-全考點(diǎn)押密(共100題)1.單選題

OfallfiguresfromAmerica'spast,AbrahamLincolnisdearesttotheheartsoftheAmericanpeople.Infact,theadmirationtheyhaveforhimbordersonworship.WritersnotethattheLincolnMemorialinWashington,DCisnotunlikethetemplesthatancientGreeksbuiltinhonoroftheirgoods,andthatannualceremoniesofcelebratingLincoln'sbirthdayinschoolsandpublicplaceshavesometimeshadcharacteristicsofreligiousservices.CertainlyLincolnisAmerica'sidealofagreatleader.HehadmanyofthequalityofleadershipthatAmericansadmire.

Firstofall,Lincoln'scareerfitspopularAmericanbeliefthateverychildcandreamofbecomingpresident.Americansadmiretheperson——theonewho,withneithermoneynorfamilyinfluence,fightshisorherwaytothetop.Lincolnwasbomofpoorparents.Hismotherdiedwhenhewasyoung.Hehadlittleopportunityforschooling.Hisearlystudywasdonealoneatnightbythelightofafireplace.Hedidhardmanuallaborthroughtheday——splittingrailsforfences,takingcareoflivestock,workingonriverboat——orinstore.Butashegrewolderhestudiedlawinhissparetimeandbecamealawyer.Hewasagoodspeakerandstudentofpoliticalphilosophy.HisabilityfinallymadeanameforhimandeventuallyhebecamepresidentoftheUnitedStates.

LincolnisalsoadmiredbecauseofhisleadershipduringthedifficultperiodoftheCivilWar.Hedaredtodowhathethoughtwasrightatatimewhenhisbeliefswereunpopularwithmanypeople.He,inasense,representsthespiritofunionamongthestates.BeforetheCivilwar,theeconomyoftheSouthdependedonanagriculturalsystemwhichmadeuseofslavelabor.Whenreformersinthenorthernstates,putpressureonCongressnottopermittosecedeorwithdraw,fromtheUnitedStates,theyarguedthatthequestionofslaverywasamatterfortheindividualstatestodecideratherthanthefederalgovernment,andtheydidnotwanttoacceptitsdecision.Thenationalgovernmentsaidthatnostatehadtherighttosecede,andtheCivilWarwastheresult.Ifthesouthhadwonthewar,whatistheUnitesStatesmightwellhavebeendividedintoseveralcountries.Lincolnworkedhardtopreservetheunion,andthenorthernstateswerevictorious.

Furthermore,Lincolnhadmanypersonalqualitiesthatmadehimdeartotheheartsofhiscountryman.Hehadinfinitepatienceandtoleranceforthosewhodisagreedwithhim.Aspresident,heappointedmentohighgovernmentpositionswhomheconsideredmostcapable,eventhoughsomeofthemopenlyscornedhim.Hewasgeneroustohisopponents.Therearemanystoriesabouthisthoughtfultreatmentofsouthernleaders.Whenthewarwasover,heshowedtheSouthnohatred.SincegenerositytowardadefeatedopponentisadmiredbyAmericans,Lincolnfittedthenationalideaofwhatisright.

ShortlyaftertheCivilWarended,Lincoln,wasshotwhileattendingaplayinWashingtonTheater.Hediedwithinafewhours.Theuncontrolledemotionalreactionofthenationtohisdeathwasalmostunbelievableanddemonstratedthedeepesteeminwhichhewasheld.Newspaperswereedgedwithblack;religiousleadersgavepraiseofLincolninsteadoftheirpreparedsermons.HisfuneralprocessioninWashingtonwasmileslong.Lincoln'sbodywastakenbytrainbacktohisformerhomeinSpringfield,Illinois,butinallthemajorcitiesthroughwhichthetrainpassed,thecoffinwasparadedthroughstreetslinedwithsorrowfulthousands.Inthesmalltownsthroughwhichthetrainpassedbellsranginhonorofthedeadpresident.Citizenslittorchesalongtherailroadtracktoshowtheirlastrespects.

ThecircumstancesofhisdeathsetLincolnapartfromotherAmericanleaders.HadLincolnlived,itmightwellbethathispostwarpolicieswouldhavebroughtcriticismsuponhimthatwouldhavetarnishedhispopularity.Instead,anassassin'sbulleterasedinthemindsofAmericansanyfaultshehadandemphasizedhisvirtues.

1.WhataretheaspectsthatmadeLincolnidealofagreatleader?

2.Lincoln'sbeliefsusedtobe（）.

3.Fromthelastparagraphitcouldbeinferredthat（）.

4.Fromthesecondparagraphwelearnthat（）.

5.Lincolncamefromacitynamed（）.

6.Howmanypersonalqualitiesarementionedinparagraph4?

7.Theword“assassin”means（）.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.Lincoln'scareerandfamily

B.Lincolnwasself-madeperson

C.Lincoln'sleadershipduringthedifficultperiodoftheCivilWar

D.Hiscareer,leadership,generosityandrighttimeofdeath

問(wèn)題2選項(xiàng)

A.unpopularwithmanypeopleduringtheperiodoftheCivilWar

B.aself-madeperson

C.worshipped

D.popularwiththeAmericanpeople

問(wèn)題3選項(xiàng)

A.Americanpeoplelikethosewhoaregeneroustotheiropponents

B.Apresidentmustbelikeapresident

C.Lincoln'sdeathwasatarighttimetohim

D.LincolnisstillpopularwiththeAmericanpeople

問(wèn)題4選項(xiàng)

A.apersonwhofightshisorherwaytothetopwillbepresident

B.Americansbelievethateveryonecanbepresidentifhehasability

C.aself-madepersonwillsucceed

D.it'sapieceofcaketobepresidentoftheUnitedStates

問(wèn)題5選項(xiàng)

A.Washington

B.Springfield

C.Illinois

D.notmentioned

問(wèn)題6選項(xiàng)

A.3

B.4

C.5

D.6

問(wèn)題7選項(xiàng)

A.helper

B.assistant

C.soldier

D.killer

【答案】第1題:D

第2題:A

第3題:C

第4題:B

第5題:B

第6題:A

第7題:D

【解析】1.結(jié)合全文內(nèi)容可知,本文從多個(gè)方面講述了林肯受人們愛(ài)戴的原因,選項(xiàng)D最能全面概括,其他選項(xiàng)都只是一個(gè)方面。

2.根據(jù)第三段的第二句“Hedaredtodowhathethoughtwasrightatatimewhenhisbeliefswereunpopularwithmanypeople.”可知,林肯的信仰過(guò)去在內(nèi)戰(zhàn)期間并不受大多數(shù)人的歡迎,選項(xiàng)A符合原文。

3.根據(jù)最后一段可知,如果林肯還活著,很可能他的戰(zhàn)后政策會(huì)給他帶來(lái)批評(píng),損害他的聲望。相反,暗殺者的子彈抹去了美國(guó)人心中他的所有缺點(diǎn),并強(qiáng)調(diào)了他的美德。由此可知,客觀上來(lái)說(shuō),林肯的死亡是在一個(gè)恰當(dāng)?shù)臅r(shí)機(jī),選項(xiàng)C正確。

4.根據(jù)第二段的第二句“Americansadmiretheperson——theonewho,withneithermoneynorfamilyinfluence,fightshisorherwaytothetop.”美國(guó)人欣賞那些,既沒(méi)有金錢也沒(méi)有家庭影響,卻能通過(guò)奮斗達(dá)到頂峰的人。也就是說(shuō),美國(guó)人相信只要有能力,每個(gè)人都能成為總統(tǒng)。選項(xiàng)B正確。

5.根據(jù)第五段倒數(shù)第二句“Lincoln'sbodywastakenbytrainbacktohisformerhomeinSpringfield,Illinois,...”林肯的遺體被火車運(yùn)回了他在伊利諾斯州斯普林菲爾德的老家。由此可知,林肯來(lái)自于Springfield這個(gè)城市,Illinois是州,所以選項(xiàng)B正確。

6.根據(jù)第四段“Hehadinfinitepatienceandtoleranceforthosewhodisagreedwithhim.”“Hewasgeneroustohisopponents.”可知,本段提到了林肯的3個(gè)個(gè)人品質(zhì),選項(xiàng)A正確。

7.根據(jù)原文可知,這里指林肯遭到暗殺,所以選項(xiàng)D正確。

2.單選題

Conniewastoldthatifsheworkedtoohard,herhealthwould（）.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.deteriorate

B.descend

C.degrade

D.decay

【答案】A

【解析】考查動(dòng)詞辨析。A項(xiàng)deteriorate“惡化，變壞”，B項(xiàng)descend“下降，下去”，C項(xiàng)degrade“貶低，使……降級(jí)”，D項(xiàng)decay“衰退，衰減”，表示社會(huì)、機(jī)構(gòu)、制度等方面的衰退。根據(jù)前面的關(guān)鍵詞health（健康），可猜測(cè)空格部分應(yīng)該表示“變壞，變差”。句意：康妮被告知，如果她工作太辛苦，她的身體會(huì)變壞。故該題選擇A項(xiàng)正確。

3.單選題

WithsomuchfocusontheOhioenergyfirmwhoselapsesmayhavetriggeredtheblackoutof2003,it’sbeenhardtorememberthattherealquestionisnothowitstarted,butwhyitspreadsofarandsofast.Ratherthantacklethatquestionhead-on,mostcommentatorshavereachedfortheusualmetaphors:itwasachainreaction,acascadingfailuresdominoeffect.Alloftheseareborrowedfromthephysicalsciences.Maybeabetterwaytolookatitisinbiologicalterms.

Wealreadyusethelanguageofepidemiologywhenwespeakof“viruses”propagatingacrosstheInternet,“infecting”ourcomputer.Likewise,it’stemptingtoviewtheblackout,spreadingfromlinktolinkalongthepowergrid,asaperniciouskindofelectricalcontagion.Butthat’snotquitetherightmetaphor,either.Theblackoutwasnotcausedbyaninfectiouselectricaldisease;itwascausedbythegrid’simmuneresponsetothethreatofsuchadisease.Inotherwords,thegridsufferedaviolentallergicreaction,asortofanaphylacticshock.

Justasthesymptomsofasevereallergicreactionarecausednotbytheoffendingbeewhostingsitselfbutbytheoverzealousresponseofthebody’simmunesystemtoit,sotheblackoutwasaggravatedbythegrid’sattempttodefenditself,onepowerstationatatime.Threatenedbyatorrentofelectricalenergygoneberserkeroverwhelmedbythesuddenloadsplacedonit,eachpowerplantinturntrippeditscircuitbreakers,detachingitselffromthegrid.Thoughthisstrategyachieveditsdesiredaim-savingeachplant’sgeneratorfrombeingdamaged—itwastoomyopictoservethebestinterestsofthegridasawhole.

Whatisneededisamoresubtle,coordinatedmodeofresponse.Whenourownimmunesystemsareperformingattheirbest,theyorchestratetheirdefensesthroughcountlesschemicalconversationsamongT-cellsandantibodies,enablingthesedefenderstocalibratetheirresponsetopathogens.Inthesameway,thethousandsofpowerplantssubstationsinthegridneedtobeabletocommunicatewithoneanotherwhenanypartofthesystemisbreached,sotheycancollectivelydecidewhichcircuitbreakersshouldbetrippedandwhichcansafelyremainintact.

Thetechnologynecessarytoachievethishasexistedforaboutadecade.Itreliesoncomputer,sensorsandprotectivedevicestiedtogetherbyopticalfibersothatallpartsofthegridwouldbeabletotalktooneanotheratthespeedoflight-fastenoughtogetaheadofanonrushingblackoutandconfineit.

Thesensorswouldcontinuouslymonitorthevoltage,frequencyandotherimportantcharacteristicsoftheelectricitycoursingthroughthetransmissionlines.Whenalineappearedatriskofbeingoverloaded,acomputerwoulddecidewhethertoswitchonaprotectivedevice.Atpresent,suchdecisionsaremadepurelyparochially.Powerplantsdefendthemselvesfirst,anddon’tworryabouttheconsequencesforneighboringplantsonthegrid.Nordotheyconsideranypotentiallyhelpfulorharmfulactionsthatthoseneighborsmightbetakingatthesametime.

Inthenewapproach,eachplantwouldhavenearlyinstantaneousinformationaboutalltheotherplantsandpowerlinesinitsextendedneighborhood.Everyonewouldknowwhateveryoneelsewasdoingandthinking.Asthreatsarose(eitherfromrandomfailuresormaliciousattacks),thesensorswouldfireaflurryofwarningsignalsdowntheopticalfibers,andthenetworkedcomputerswoulddecidewhichprotectivedevicestoactivatetocontainthethreatmosteffectively.Thegridwouldthenberespondingasanintegratedentity,notasaragtagcollectionofselfishunits.Itwouldlookalotlikeanorganismdefendingitself.

Granted,suchadistributedcontrolsystemwouldcostbillionsofdollarsand,inthiseraofderegulation,therewouldbelittleincentiveforenergycompaniestojoinforcesandbuildit,especiallywhenthebigmoneyisinpowergeneration.Buttheconstructionofasystemwideimmunenetworkwouldbewellworththecost.Withoutit,ouroverburdenedgridislikelytofailmoreandmoreoften,andmightevencollapse,withcoststhatwouldbeincalculable,botheconomicallyandintermsofnationalsecurity.Stateandfederalgovernmentsneedtostepinandprovideincentivesforutilitiestodotherightthing.

Ofcourse,evenifthisnewkindofsmartdefensesystemweretobebuiltsomeday,onecanalreadyimagineaninsidiousdisorderthatmighteventuallyoutsmartitandafflictit,acatastrophicdisruptionoftheimmunesystemitself,ratherthanthegridit’ssupposedtoprotect.SuchathingwouldbethetechnologicalanalogofAIDS.

Agrimprospect,perhaps,butarealisticone.Weneedtostoppretendingthatthegridisevergoingtobeaperfectiblemachine.Justasbacteriaeventuallydevelopresistancetotheantibioticsusedtokillthem,thedefenseofthegridwillrequireever-moreinventivestrategiesonourpart.Weshouldrecognizethatthepowergridneedstoevolveandadapt,justlikeanyothersuccessfullivingcreature.

1.Intheauthor’sopinion,whichofthefollowingisanappropriatedescriptionforwhytheblackoutof2003spreadsofarandsofast?（）

2.Theauthor’sattitudetowardstheviewsmadebymostcommentatorsontheblackoutof2003is

（）.

3.Thearticlesaysthebestwaytopreventsuchablackoutfromhappeninginthefutureisto（）.

4.Settingupadistributedcontrolsystemforthegridwouldbe（）.

5.Thearticlepointsoutthattheproposedpreventivemeasuresagainstblackouts（）.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.Acascadingfailure.

B.Anelectricalcontagion.

C.Asevereallergicreaction.

D.Anattackbyviruses.

問(wèn)題2選項(xiàng)

A.positive

B.negative

C.neutral

D.sarcastic

問(wèn)題3選項(xiàng)

A.developanewsystemtocoordinateallplants

B.buildabettersystemtomakeeachplantmoresensitive

C.makeeachplantmoreindependentofotherplants

D.suspendpowerwhenthesystemisoverloaded

問(wèn)題4選項(xiàng)

A.welcomedbyallenergycompanies

B.unattractivetoenergycompanies

C.uselesstopreventsuchablackout

D.harmfultonationalsecurity

問(wèn)題5選項(xiàng)

A.mustcauseacatastrophicdisruptionofthepowergrid

B.aregoingtobeperfectthroughrepeatedpractice

C.appeartoberealisticbutinfactarenotfeasible

D.areejectedtoimproveastimegoesby

【答案】第1題:C

第2題:B

第3題:B

第4題:B

第5題:C

【解析】1.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。根據(jù)題干可定位到文章第一段“itwasachainreaction,acascadingfailuresdominoeffect.（這是一個(gè)連鎖反應(yīng)，一個(gè)連鎖失敗的多米諾骨牌效應(yīng)。）”和第二段“Theblackoutwasnotcausedbyaninfectiouselectricaldisease;itwascausedbythegrid’simmuneresponsetothethreatofsuchadisease.Inotherwords,thegridsufferedaviolentallergicreaction,asortofanaphylacticshock.（這次停電并不是由傳染性電疾病引起的；它是由網(wǎng)格對(duì)這種疾病威脅的免疫反應(yīng)引起的。換句話說(shuō)，電網(wǎng)遭受了劇烈的過(guò)敏反應(yīng)，一種過(guò)敏性休克。）”由此可知這次停電是一次過(guò)敏反應(yīng)。A選項(xiàng)“連鎖故障”；B選項(xiàng)“電傳染病”；D選項(xiàng)“病毒攻擊”說(shuō)法都不正確，只有C選項(xiàng)“嚴(yán)重的過(guò)敏反應(yīng)”符合題意，因此C選項(xiàng)正確。

2.作者意圖題。根據(jù)題干可定位到文章第一段“Ratherthantacklethatquestionhead-on,mostcommentatorshavereachedfortheusualmetaphors:itwasachainreaction,acascadingfailuresdominoeffect.（大多數(shù)評(píng)論家沒(méi)有正面回答這個(gè)問(wèn)題，而是用了一些常見(jiàn)的比喻：這是一個(gè)連鎖反應(yīng)，一個(gè)連鎖失敗的多米諾骨牌效應(yīng)。）”以及第二段作者說(shuō)到“Butthat’snotquitetherightmetaphor,either.（但這也不是一個(gè)正確的比喻。）”，由此可知作者并不認(rèn)同多數(shù)評(píng)論家的比喻。A選項(xiàng)“積極的”不正確；B選項(xiàng)“消極的”正確；C選項(xiàng)“中立的”以及D選項(xiàng)“諷刺的”都不是作者的態(tài)度，因此B選項(xiàng)正確。

3.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。根據(jù)題干可定位到文章第四段“Whatisneededisamoresubtle,coordinatedmodeofresponse.（現(xiàn)在需要的是一種更微妙、更協(xié)調(diào)的反應(yīng)模式。）”。A選項(xiàng)“開(kāi)發(fā)一個(gè)新的系統(tǒng)來(lái)協(xié)調(diào)所有的發(fā)電廠”；C選項(xiàng)“讓每個(gè)發(fā)電廠獨(dú)立于其他電廠”和D選項(xiàng)“系統(tǒng)過(guò)載時(shí)暫停供電”都不符合題意，只有B選項(xiàng)“建立一個(gè)更好的系統(tǒng)，使每個(gè)發(fā)電廠更加靈敏”符合題意，因此B選項(xiàng)正確。

4.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。根據(jù)題干可定位到文章第八段“Granted,suchadistributedcontrolsystemwouldcostbillionsofdollarsand,inthiseraofderegulation,therewouldbelittleincentiveforenergycompaniestojoinforcesandbuildit,especiallywhenthebigmoneyisinpowergeneration.（誠(chéng)然，這樣一個(gè)分布式控制系統(tǒng)將花費(fèi)數(shù)十億美元，而且在這個(gè)放松管制的時(shí)代，能源公司將沒(méi)有什么動(dòng)力聯(lián)合起來(lái)建設(shè)它，尤其是當(dāng)最大的錢在發(fā)電上的時(shí)候。）”，由此可知該分布式控制系統(tǒng)并不受能源公司的歡迎。A選項(xiàng)“受到所有能源公司的歡迎”說(shuō)法錯(cuò)誤；B選項(xiàng)“對(duì)能源公司沒(méi)有吸引力”說(shuō)法正確；C選項(xiàng)“阻止這樣的停電是沒(méi)有用的”以及D選項(xiàng)“危害國(guó)家安全”文中均沒(méi)有提到。因此B選項(xiàng)正確。

5.判斷推理題。根據(jù)題干可定位到文章第十段“Agrimprospect,perhaps,butarealisticone.（也許前景黯淡，但卻是現(xiàn)實(shí)的。）”，由此可知雖然該措施看起來(lái)可行，但是前景黯淡。A選項(xiàng)“一定會(huì)對(duì)電網(wǎng)造成災(zāi)難性的破壞”；B選項(xiàng)“通過(guò)反復(fù)的練習(xí)會(huì)變得完美”；D選項(xiàng)“隨著時(shí)間的推移被逐出改善”都不符合題意，只有C選項(xiàng)“看似現(xiàn)實(shí)，實(shí)則不可行”符合題意，因此C選項(xiàng)正確。

4.單選題

Theyoungapplicantisundergreat___atthethoughtofup-comingjobinterview.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.comprehension

B.apprehension

C.miscomprehension

D.concern

【答案】B

【解析】考查名詞辨析。A選項(xiàng)comprehension“理解（理解某事的能力）；包含”；B選項(xiàng)apprehension“理解（理解的人的認(rèn)知狀況）；恐懼（一種害怕壞事可能發(fā)生的感覺(jué)）；逮捕；憂懼”；C選項(xiàng)miscomprehension“誤解”；D選項(xiàng)concern“擔(dān)心，憂慮（尤指許多人共有的憂慮）；關(guān)愛(ài)，關(guān)心；關(guān)心的事，負(fù)責(zé)的事；關(guān)系；公司，企業(yè)；（非正式）復(fù)雜的物體”。句意：那個(gè)年輕的應(yīng)征者一想到即將到來(lái)的工作面試就___。本句表示“應(yīng)征者擔(dān)心工作面試”。因此B選項(xiàng)正確。

5.單選題

Thebeliefthatthemindplaysanimportantroleinphysicalillnessgoesbacktotheearliestdaysofmedicine.FromthetimeoftheancientGreekstothebeginningofthe20thcentury,itwasgenerallyacceptedbybothphysicianandpatientthatthemindcanaffectthecourseofillness,anditseemednaturaltoapplythisconceptinmedicaltreatmentsofdisease.Afterthediscoveryofantibiotics,anewassumptionarosethattreatmentofinfectiousorinflammatorydiseaserequiresonlytheeliminationoftheforeignorganismoragentthattriggerstheillness.Intherushtodiscoverantibioticsanddrugsthatcurespecificinfectionsanddiseases,thefactthatthebody’sownresponsescaninfluencesusceptibilitytodiseaseand-itscoursewaslargelyignoredbymedicalresearchers.

Itisironicthatresearchintoinfectiousandinflammatorydiseasefirstled20th-centurymedicinetorejecttheideathatthemindinfluencesphysicalillness,andnowresearchinthesamefield—includingtheworkofourlaboratoriesandofourcollaboratorsattheNationalInstitutesofHealth一isprovingthecontrary.Newmolecularandpharmacologicaltoolshavemadeitpossibleforustoidentifytheintricatenetworkthatexistsbetweentheimmunesystemandthebrain，anetworkthatallowsthetwosystemstosignaleachothercontinuouslyandrapidly.Chemicalsproducedbyimmunecellssignalthebrain,andthebraininturnsendschemicalsignalstorestraintheimmunesystem.Thesesamechemicalsignalsalsoaffectbehaviorandtheresponsetostress.Disruptionofthiscommunicationnetworkinanyway,whetherinheritedorthroughdrugs,toxicsubstancesorsurgery,exacerbatesthediseasesthatthesesystemsguardagainst:infectious,inflammatory,autoimmune,andassociatedmooddisorders.

Theclinicalsignificanceofthesefindingsislikelytoproveprofound.Theyholdthepromiseofextendingtherangeoftherapeutictreatmentsavailableforvariousdisorders,asdrugspreviouslyknowntoworkprimarilyfornervoussystemproblemsareshowntobeeffectiveagainstimmunemaladies,andviceversa.Theyalsohelptosubstantiatethepopularlyheldimpression(stilldiscountedinsomemedicalcircles)thatourstateofmindcaninfluencehowwellweresistorrecoverfrominfectiousorinflammatorydiseases.

Thebrain’sstressresponsesystemisactivatedinthreateningsituations.Theimmunesystemrespondsautomaticallytopathogensandforeignmolecules.Thesetworesponsesystemsarethebody’sprincipalmeansformaintaininganinternalsteadystatecalledhomeostasis.Asubstantialproportionofhumancellularmachineryisdedicatedtomaintainingit.

Whenhomeostasisisdisturbedorthreatened,arepertoireofmolecular,cellularandbehavioralresponsescomesintoplay.Theseresponsesattempttocounteractthedisturbingforcesinordertoreestablishasteadystate.Theycanbespecifictotheforeigninvaderoraparticularstress,ortheycanbegeneralizedandnonspecificwhenthethreattohomeostasisexceedsacertainthreshold.Theadaptiveresponsemaythemselvesturnintostressorscapableofproducingdisease.Wearejustbeginningtounderstandtheinterdependenceofthebrainandtheimmunesystem,howtheyhelptoregulateandcounter-regulateeachotherandhowtheythemselvescanmalfunctionandproducedisease.

1.Thepassagesuppliesinformationtosuggestthat（）

2.Whichofthefollowingbeststatesthemind-bodyinteractionindisease?

3.Whichofthefollowingstatementsaboutclinicalsignificanceofthenewfindingscanbebest

supportedbythepassage?

4.Whichofthefollowingstatementscanbeinferredfromthepassage?

5.Accordingtothepassage,inordertomaintainaninternalsteadystatecalledhomeostasis,（

）.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.ithasalwaysbeenthebeliefofbothphysicianandpatientthatone’sstateofmindcanaffectphysicaldisease

B.thepopularbeliefthatstressexacerbatesinflammatoryillnesshasalwaysbeendiscreditedbythedoctors

C.thediscoveryofantibioticsshedslightonpeople’sunderstandingofthemind-bodyinteractionindisease

D.thereisanewunderstandingofthecommunicationbetweenthebrainandimmunesystem

問(wèn)題2選項(xiàng)

A.Thebrainandimmunesystemssendsignalstoeachother.

B.Theimmuneandcentralnervoussystemsareorganizedinverydifferentwaystoaffectthecourseofillness.

C.Disruptionofthecommunicationofthebrainandimmunesystemcancurecertaindisease.

D.Theimmunesystemandthebrainsharealotofhormonestofacilitatetheircommunication.

問(wèn)題3選項(xiàng)

A.Theresponsivenesstostressisgeneticallydetermined.

B.Thetreatmentofimmunemaladiescanbeconsciouslycontrolled.

C.Psychoactivedrugsmayinsomecasesbeusedtotreatinflammatorydiseases.

D.Socialinteractionscanlessenpsychologicalstressandalterimmuneresponses.

問(wèn)題4選項(xiàng)

A.Takingthecureatamountainsanatoriumdoesn’tworkforthetreatmentformanychronicdiseases.

B.Therelaxingeffectsofhot-springsspacanhelprestorethecommunicationbetweenthebrainandimmunesystem.

C.Thedisruptionofthebrain’sstressresponsereducesthebody’sresponse.

D.Depressionisalsoassociatedwithinflammatorydisease.

問(wèn)題5選項(xiàng)

A.sometimesthestressresponseneedstogototheextreme

B.thestressresponsehastobartheforeignpathogensfromthebody

C.boththestressandimmuneresponsesneedtoberegulated

D.theimmunesystempromotesphysiologicalandbehavioralchanges

【答案】第1題:D

第2題:A

第3題:C

第4題:D

第5題:B

【解析】1.主旨題。題干：這篇文章提供的信息表明了_____。根據(jù)文章最后一段最后一句“Wearejustbeginningtounderstandtheinterdependenceofthebrainandtheimmunesystem,howtheyhelptoregulateandcounter-regulateeachotherandhowtheythemselvescanmalfunctionandproducedisease”可知，我們才剛剛開(kāi)始了解大腦和免疫系統(tǒng)之間的相互依賴關(guān)系，它們是如何幫助彼此調(diào)節(jié)和反調(diào)節(jié)的，以及它們自身是如何失靈和產(chǎn)生疾病的。由此可知人們對(duì)大腦和免疫系統(tǒng)之間的關(guān)系有了新的認(rèn)識(shí)。因此D選項(xiàng)符合題意。

2.細(xì)節(jié)題。題干：下列哪一項(xiàng)最能說(shuō)明疾病中的身心互動(dòng)？Themind-bodyinteraction對(duì)應(yīng)文章第二段的theimmunesystemandthebrain，文中提到“anetworkthatallowsthetwosystemstosignaleachothercontinuouslyandrapidly”，可知A選項(xiàng)符合題意。

3.細(xì)節(jié)推理題。題干：關(guān)于新發(fā)現(xiàn)的臨床意義，下列哪一項(xiàng)陳述能最好地得到這篇文章的支持？文章第三段第一句提到“signigicance”,后句中“…extendingtherangeoftherapeutictreatmentsavailableforvariousdisorders,asdrugspreviouslyknowntoworkprimarilyfornervoussystemproblemsareshowntobeeffectiveagainstimmunemaladies...”正好對(duì)應(yīng)C選項(xiàng)內(nèi)容。因此C選項(xiàng)符合題意。

4.細(xì)節(jié)推理題。題干：從文章中可以推斷出下列哪個(gè)陳述？A和B選項(xiàng)與本文無(wú)關(guān)。第二段提到“Thesesamechemicalsignalsalsoaffectbehaviorandtheresponsetostress”，說(shuō)明有影響，但C選項(xiàng)中的reduce并不能體現(xiàn)。第二段最后一句“Disruptionofthiscommunicationnetwork…exacerbatesthediseasesthatthesesystemsguardagainst:infectious,inflammatory,autoimmune,andassociatedmooddisorders”正說(shuō)明精神狀況對(duì)于疾病的影響，因此D選項(xiàng)符合題意。

5.細(xì)節(jié)題。題干：根據(jù)這篇文章，為了保持一種叫做內(nèi)穩(wěn)態(tài)的內(nèi)部穩(wěn)定狀態(tài)______。根據(jù)題干定位到文章第四段第三句，根據(jù)第五段中“Theseresponsesattempttocounteractthedisturbingforcesinordertoreestablishasteadystate”可知為了維持人體內(nèi)部的平衡，應(yīng)激反應(yīng)必須將外來(lái)病原體從體內(nèi)消除。因此B選項(xiàng)符合題意。

6.單選題

Themissilemissedthe（

）by1,500metersatitsfirstexperimentalflight.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.destination

B.purpose

C.target

D.terminal

【答案】C

【解析】考查名詞詞義辨析。Destination“目的地”；target“目標(biāo)”；purpose“目的”；terminal“末端，重點(diǎn)”。句意：在第一次試射中，導(dǎo)彈偏離目標(biāo)1500米。選項(xiàng)C符合題意。

7.問(wèn)答題

DemographicindicatorsshowthatAmericansinthepostwarperiodweremoreeagerthanevertoestablish

families.Theyquicklybroughtdowntheageatmarriageforbothmenandwomen

A

andbroughtthebirthratetoatwentiethcenturyheightaftermorethanahundredyearsofsteady

B

C

decline,producingthe"babyboom."

D

【答案】試題答案：B;high

【解析】考查形容詞。此處表示他們把男女的婚齡降了下來(lái)，使出生率達(dá)到了20世紀(jì)的高峰。height是名詞，一般表示“高度”；high是形容詞，一般表示“很高的”，修飾名詞。

8.單選題

Iamafraidwehaveto（）asetofrulescalledetiquetteandpolitenesstomakeourfrequentmeetingstolerable.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.confideto

B.dedicateto

C.concuron

D.dispensewith

【答案】D

【解析】考查動(dòng)詞詞組辨析。confideto“信賴，透露”；dedicateto“獻(xiàn)身，把（時(shí)間、精力）用于……”；concuron“同意，一致”；dispensewith“免除，省掉”。句意：恐怕必須要省掉一些所謂的禮儀和規(guī)矩才能使我們?nèi)淌艿米≡丛床粩嗟臅?huì)議。選項(xiàng)D符合題意。

9.翻譯題

大學(xué)之所以有理由存在，是因?yàn)樗估仙賰纱嗽诟挥谙胂罅Φ膶W(xué)習(xí)中，保持了知識(shí)與生活熱情之間的聯(lián)系。大學(xué)提供信息，但它是富于想象地提供信息。至少，這是它應(yīng)該為社會(huì)發(fā)揮的作用。一所大學(xué)如果做不到這一點(diǎn)，就沒(méi)有理由存在。富于想象的思維可以營(yíng)造出一種令人興奮的氛圍，而這種氛圍又可以轉(zhuǎn)化知識(shí)。事實(shí)不再只是純粹的事實(shí)，它被賦予了種種可能性。它不再是記憶的負(fù)擔(dān)，而是充滿活力，猶如能描繪我們夢(mèng)境的詩(shī)人，能實(shí)現(xiàn)我們意圖的建筑師。

【答案】Thejustificationforauniversityisthatitpreservestheconnectionbetweenknowledgeandthezestoflife,byunitingtheyoungandtheoldintheimaginativeconsiderationoflearning.Theuniversityimpartsinformation,butitimpartsitimaginatively.Atleast,thisisthefunctionwhichitshouldperformforsociety.Auniversitywhichfailsinthisrespecthasnoreasonforexistence.Thisatmosphereofexcitement,arisingfromimaginativeconsideration,transformsknowledge.Afactisnolongerabarefact:itisinvestedwithallitspossibilities.Itisnolongeraburdenonthememory:itisenergizingasthepoetofourdreams,andasthearchitectofourpurposes.

10.單選題

Each（）effortababymakesatspeechisasignofintellectualdevelopment.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.cordial

B.compact

C.clumsy

D.chronic

【答案】C

【解析】考查形容詞辨析。A選項(xiàng)cordial“熱情的，真誠(chéng)的”；B選項(xiàng)compact“體積小的，精制的”；C選項(xiàng)clumsy“笨拙的，不靈活的”；D選項(xiàng)chronic“長(zhǎng)期的，慢性的”。句意：嬰兒在說(shuō)話時(shí)的每一次（）努力都是智力發(fā)展的標(biāo)志?！懊恳淮螣崆榈?體積小的/長(zhǎng)期的努力”都沒(méi)有“笨拙的”更合適，因此C選項(xiàng)正確。

11.填空題

Forseveralyears,scientistshavebeentestingasubstancecalledinterferon(干擾素)，a36wonderdrugthatisprovingtobeeffectiveintreatingavarietyofailments,includingvirusinfections,bacterialinfections,andtumors.To37,thenewdrughasprovokednonegativereactionofsufficientsignificanceto38itsuse.Butinspiteofitssuccess,lastyearonlyonegramwasproducedintheentireworld.

Thereasonforthe39liesinthestructureofinterferon.Aspeciesofspecificprotein,theinterferonproducedfromoneanimalspeciescannotbeusedin40anotheranimalspecies.Inotherwords,totreathumanbeings,onlyinterferonproducedbyhumanbeingsmaybeused.Thedrugisproducedbyinfectingwhitebloodcellswithavirus.Fortunately,itisso41thattheamountgiveneachpatientperinjectionisverysmall.

Unlikeantibiotics,interferondoesnotattackgermsdirectly.42,itmakesunaffectedcellsresistanttoinfection,and43themultiplicationofviruseswithincells.

Asyoumightconclude,oneofthemost44usesofinterferonhasbeeninthetreatmentofcancer.Dr.HansStrander,researchphysicianatSweden’sfamousKarolinskaInstitute,hastreatedmorethanonehundredcancerpatientswiththenewdrug.45agroupofselectedpatientswhohad46surgicalproceduresforadvancedcancer,halfweregivenconventionaltreatmentsandtheotherhalfweregiveninterferon.The47rateoverathree-yearperiodwas70percentamongthosewhoweretreatedwithinterferonas48withonly10to30percentamongthosewhohasreceivedthe49treatments.

IntheUnitedStates,alarge-scaleprojectsupportedbytheAmericanCancerSocietyisnowunder50.Iftheexperimentissuccessful,interferoncouldbecomeoneofthegreatestmedicaldiscoveriesofourtime.

36.A.possibleB.adequateC.potentialD.capable

37.A.timeB.stageC.dateD.period

38.A.determineB.discourageC.decreaseD.disclose

39.A.uniquenessB.peculiarityC.featureD.scarcity

40.A.treatingB.producingC.operatingD.handling

41.A.potentB.slightC.obviousD.obscure

42.A.HoweverB.MoreoverC.HenceD.Instead

43.A.m