EnvironmentalEcology:

ConceptsandApplicationsEnvironmentalEcology:

Conce1Chapter1Introduction:WhatIsEcologyChapter1I2WhatIsEcology?EcologyisthestudyoftheinteractionsbetweenorganismsandtheirenvironmentTheenvironmentisacombinationofthephysicalenvironment(temperature,wateravailability,etc.)andanyinfluencesonanorganismexertedbyotherorganisms(thebioticenvironment)ConceptofEcologyWhatIsEcology?Ecology3EnvironmentalEcology12環(huán)境生態(tài)學(xué)課件4EnvironmentalEcology12環(huán)境生態(tài)學(xué)課件5FivewarblerspeciesfeedindifferentzonesinsprucetreeWhatIsEcology?TheEcologyofForestBirdsFivewarblerspeciesfeedind6MacArthur’sworkstimulatednumerousstudiesofcompetitionamongmanygroupsoforganisms,includingwarblers.Someofthesestudiesproducedresultsthatsupportedhisworkandothersproduceddifferentresults.Alladdedtoourknowledgeofcompetitionbetweenspeciesandofwarblerecology.TheEcologyofForestBirdsWhatIsEcology?MacArthur’sworkstimulatednu7Ecologist:DouglassMorseQuestion:whetherwarblersusethesamefeedingzonesintheabsenceofoneormoreoftheotherspecie??TheEcologyofForestBirdsWhatIsEcology?Ecologist:DouglassMorseTheE8ThestudiesofMacArthurandMorseshowhowfieldstudiescanbeusedtoaddressimportantecologicalquestionFieldstudiescanalsobecombinedwithlaboratorystudiestoyieldevenmoredetailedinformationaboutecologicalsystemsTheEcologyofForestBirdsWhatIsEcology?ThestudiesofMacArthurandM9Bumblebee---Liveinmostofthecoolregionsoftheearth.Buthowtheymaintainawarmbodytemperatureinacoolenvironment???EcologistHeinrichrealizedthatinordertounderstandtheecologyofbumblebees,heneededtoquantifytheirgainsandlossesofenergyHeusedtheFieldandLaboratoryStudiesTheEcologyofBumblebeesWhatIsEcology?Bumblebee---Liveinmostofth10EnvironmentalEcology12環(huán)境生態(tài)學(xué)課件11Forecologistswhostudythebudgetsofnutrientssuchasnitrogen,phosphorus,orcalcium,oneofthefirststepsistoinventorytheirdistributionwithinanecosystemNaliniNadkarni---inventoriesbyherchangedourideasofhowtropicalandtemperaterainforestsarestructuredandhowtheyfunctionForestNutrientBudgetsWhatIsEcology?Forecologistswhostudytheb12WhatIsEcology?ForestNutrientBudgetsWhatIsEcology?Forest13TheearthanditslifearealwayschangingHowever,manyofthemostimportantchangesoccuroversuchalongperiodoftimeoratsuchlargespatialscalesthattheyaredifficulttostudyTwoapproachesthatprovideinsightsintolong-termandlarge-scaleprocessesarestudiesofpollenpreservedinlakesedimentsandtheoreticalmodelingVegetationChangesWhatIsEcology?Theearthanditslifearealw14VegetationChangesWhatIsEcology?VegetationChangesWhat15IndividualspopulationsCommunitiesecosystemsTheNatureandScopeofEcologyTherearemailyfouridentifiablesubdivisionsofscalewhichecologistsinvestigate:(i)Consideringtheresponseofindividualstotheirenvironments(ii)Examiningtheresponseofpopulationsofasinglespeciestotheenvironment,andconsideringprocessessuchasabundanceandfluctuations(iii)Thecomposition,structureandfunctionofcommunities(thepopulationsoccurringinadefinedarea),andtheirdynamics(iv)Theprocessesoccurringwithinecosystems(thecombinationofacommunityandtheabioticcomponentsoftheenvironment),suchasenergyflow,foodwebsandthecyclingofnutrientsIndividualsTheNatureandScop16UsefulGuideofStudyingEcologyRule1:EcologyisascienceEcologyisapurelyscientificdisciplinewhichaimstounderstandtherelationshipsbetweenorganismsandtheirwiderenvironment.ItisimportanttosegregatepoliticalandsocialimpactsofecologicalunderstandingfromthescientificviewpointUsefulGuideofStudyingEcolo17Rule2:EcologyisonlyunderstandableinthelightofevolutionThehugediversityoforganisms,andthewealthofvarietyintheirmorphologies,physiologiesandbehaviorarealltheresultsofmanymillionsofyearsofevolution.Thusevolutionaryhistoryhasleftanindelible（難以磨滅的）impressiononeachandeveryindividualItisonlypossibletomakesenseofthepatternswefindtodayinthelightofthisevolutionarylegacyUsefulGuideofStudyingEcologyRule2:Ecologyisonlyunders18Rule3:NothinghappensforthegoodofthespeciesAverycommonmisconceptionistheideathatpatternsofbehaviorinorganismswhichappeartobecostlytoanindividualoccurforthegoodofthespecies.ThisisabsolutelyandcompletelywrongNaturalselectionwillfavorthosegeneswhicharepassedontothemostoffspring,evenifthesegenesmaycauseareductioninthespecies’populationsizeUsefulGuideofStudyingEcologyRule3:Nothinghappensforth19Rule4:GenesandenvironmentarebothimportantTheenvironmentthatanorganismfindsitselfinplaysanimportantroleindeterminingtheoptionsopentothatindividual.Thegeneswhichdefineanorganism’smakeuparealsooffundamentalimportanceTounderstandecology,itisimportanttoappreciatethefundamentalnatureofbothofthesefactorsandthefactthattheyinteractUsefulGuideofStudyingEcologyRule4:Genesandenvironment20Rule5:UnderstandingcomplexityrequiresmodelsEcologyisacomplexsubject,withhugevariationatalmosteveryscale-millionsofspecies,eachwithconsiderablegeneticvariation,varyingnumbersandever-changingbehaviorsinacomplexanddynamicenvironmentTounderstandit,itisnecessarytoclearlyidentifyspecificquestionsandthenformulatehypotheseswhichcanbetestedItisoftenveryusefultoframethehypothesisinmathematicaltermstoavoidambiguityandconfusionwhichareofteninevitableinaverbalmodelMathematicalmodelsarewidelyusedinecologyUsefulGuideofStudyingEcologyRule5:Understandingcomplexi21Rule6:‘Story-telling’isdangerousInattemptingtoexplainecologicalpatternsorrelationships,itiseasytoslipintoamake-believeworldwhereeveryobservationisreadilyexplainedbysomeadhoc(特別的)assertion–‘story-telling’ThetemptationtoadvancehypothesesasfactsshouldbeavoidedatallcostsUsefulGuideofStudyingEcologyRule6:‘Story-telling’isdan22Rule7:herearehierarchiesofexplanationsForanyobservationthereisoftenanimmediatecausethatcanbediagnosed.OftenthiscausalexplanationisinsufficientlyinformativeandweneedtoprobedeepertoreachafullergraspofthesituationEvenifaphenomenonis‘explained’,theremaywellbefurtheranddeeperexplanationswhichallowustoseethefullerpictureUsefulGuideofStudyingEcologyRule7:herearehierarchieso23Rule8:TherearemultipleconstraintsonorganismsWhilstthetotaldiversityofform,functionandenvironmentalresilienceexhibitedbyorganismsisawe-inspiring,eachindividual(and,toaslightlylesserextent,eachspecies)operateswithinarelativelynarrowrangeofconstraintsConstraintsfundamentallytaketwoforms,(i)physicaland(ii)evolutionary.Evolutioncabneverreach‘perfection’becauseoftheseconstraintsandorganismsareessentiallyhotchpotches(雜燴)ofnumerouscompromises(妥協(xié))UsefulGuideofStudyingEcologyRule8:Therearemultiplecon24Rule9:ChanceisimportantChanceeventsplayacriticalroleinecology.Theopeningofagapinaforestcanopyorthebreachingofasandduneafterastormwillhaveamajorimpactontheecologyofthelocalfaunaandflora,butbothareunpredictableineithertimeorlocationTheimportanceofchanceeventsinecologydoesnotmeanecologicalpatternsarewhollyunpredictable,butitnecessarilyplacesboundariesonthepotentiallevelofpredictivedetail

“Edge-effect”UsefulGuideofStudyingEcologyRule9:ChanceisimportantUse25Rule10:TheboundariesofecologyareinthemindoftheecologistEcologyisabroadscience,coveringbothorganismsandphysicalenvironmentsandhenceexcludeslittleaspotentiallyrelevantMathematics,chemistryandphysics，systembiologyaretoolsessentialtotheunderstandingofecologyUsefulGuideofStudyingEcologyRule10:Theboundariesofeco26WhatIsEnvironmentalEcology?Thechangesofecosystemresponsetothejammingofhumanbeing,theecologicaleffectsofpollution,disturbanceandotherstressesontheecosystem,andthesolutionstoremedy,reconstructandprotecttheruinateenvironmentInaword,EnvironmentalEcologyistointerprettheinteractionsbetweenhumanbeingsandtheirenvironmentusingthetheoryofecology,andtocreatesolutionstorescuetheenvironmentalproblemsEnvironmentalEcology:SilentSpring,RachelCarson(USA),1962WhatIsEnvironmentalE27Introduction:WhatisEcology?2EcologicalFactors:Individuallevel4Populations:Distributionandabundance,populationdynamics,populationgrowth,interactionamongpopulations(competition,exploitation,mutualism)8Communities:Speciesabundanceanddiversity;communitystructureandfunction;communitydynamics;successionandstability8EcosystemsandLarge-scaleEcology:Productionandenergyflow;nutrientcyclingandretention;LandscapeEcology;globalecology6ApplicationsofEcologyinEnvironmentalStudies:Environmentalmonitoringandenvironmentalpollutioncontrol8BriefContentsIntroduction:WhatisEcology?28Chapter2

Individuals:EcologicalfactorsChapter2

Individuals:Ecologi29WhatIsEcologicalFactorsEcologicalfactors:Theenvironmentelementsthatcouldhaveadirectorindirectimpactonorganisms’growth,development,reproduction,behavior,distribution,andetc.Differentiate:

·Environmentalfactorsvs.Ecologicalfactors

·

Ecologicalenvironmentvs.Habitat

Ecologicalenvironment:alltheecologicalfactors

Habitat：targetindividualsWhatIsEcologicalFactorsEcol30ThegeneralcharacteristicsoftheroleofecologicalfactorsAvarietyofecologicalfactorsintheenvironmentarenotisolated,butinterrelated,mutualpromotionandmutualrestraint.Onesinglefactorchanges,otherfactorsareboundtocausevaryingdegreesofe.g.WastewatertreatmentplantComprehensiveeffectThegeneralcharacteristicsof31Foranyindividual,amongalltheecologicalfactors,thereisanecologicalfactorthatplaysadecisiveroleforitslife,knownastheleadingfactor/dominantfactor.Thevarietyofdominantfactorswillcausechangesinotherfactorse.g.anaerobicwastewatertreatreactorisactuallyaconstructedecosystem.Amongalltheoperatingparameters(ecologicalfactors),likeinfluentconcentration,loadingrate,pHvalue,temperature,anaerobicconditionisthedominantfactorforthemicrobialcommunitiesinthesysteme.g.photo-synthesisforplantTheroleofdominantfactorsThegeneralcharacteristicsoftheroleofecologicalfactorsForanyindividual,amongall32Atdifferentgrowthanddevelopmentstage,oneorganismmighthavevariousneedsfortheecologicalfactorsTherefore,theimpactofoneecologicalfactorontheorganismisvariableunderdifferentstagee.g.salmon’smigrationPeriodicaleffectThegeneralcharacteristicsoftheroleofecologicalfactorsAtdifferentgrowthanddevelo33Irreplaceable:Theroleofecologicalfactorsontheorganismcannotbereplaced.e.g.photoforplantsCompensate:Acombinationofseveralecologicalfactors,becauseofafactorintheamountofthedeficiencycouldbecompensatedbyotherfactorsinsomeextentsothattoobtainasimilarecologicaleffect.e.g.CO2couldcompensatethephotodeficiencypartiallyfortheplantgrowthIrreplaceableandCompensateThegeneralcharacteristicsoftheroleofecologicalfactorsIrreplaceable:Theroleofeco34Limitingfactors:Theenvironmentfactorsthatplayrestrictiveroleforbiologicalgrowth,development,reproduction,behavioranddistribution.Dominantfactorvs.limitingfactorTheroleofLimitingecologicalfactorsThegeneralcharacteristicsoftheroleofecologicalfactorsLimitingfactors:Theenvironm35e.g.Trendanalysisoverthepast20yearshaveoccurredintheBohaiSeanutrientsaltswithvaryingdegreesofchangesintrophicstructurehaveundergonesignificantchanges,expressedasN/Pratioincreases,Si/NratiodecreasedNitrogenstatusofthewatersoftheBohaiSeaisgraduallyrestrictedtothephosphoruslimitthedirectionofevolution,ifthetrendofevolutionhere,willinevitablyleadtorestrictionsonphosphorusandsilicon.Fortheanalysisofvariationofrestrictivefactor,weproposedtheprogramofcontrollingtheoutbreakofredtideTheroleoflimitingecologicalfactorsThegeneralcharacteristicsoftheroleofecologicalfactorse.g.Trendanalysisoverthep36Twoclassicallaws---①

Liebigminimumfactor

﹡Plantgrowthdependsonthesituationinthesmallestamountoffood﹡Twocomplementarylawofthesmallestfactor:

·Appliesonlytomaterialandenergyinputsandoutputsinastablestate·NeedtoconsidertheinteractionbetweenecologicalfactorsTheroleoflimitingecologicalfactorsThegeneralcharacteristicsoftheroleofecologicalfactorsCannikinregulationTwoclassicallaws---①Liebig37Twoclassicallaws---②ShelfordPatienceLaw

TheroleoflimitingecologicalfactorsThegeneralcharacteristicsoftheroleofecologicalfactorsBiologicaltolerancecanchangewiththechangeofseasons,environmentalconditionsTwoclassicallaws---②Shelf38·Eachspeciesadapttothesizeofthescopeofenvironmentalfactors,dependingonthekindsofgenetictraits·Eco-widthexpression:steno-orsteno-﹡EcologicalamplitudeThegeneralcharacteristicsoftheroleofecologicalfactorsTheroleoflimitingecologicalfactorsEcologicalamplitudehasanimportantinfluenceontheirdistribution﹡EcologicalamplitudeThegener39Biologicaltolerancetotemperature﹡EcologicalamplitudeThegeneralcharacteristicsoftheroleofecologicalfactorsTheroleoflimitingecologicalfactorsThesignificanceoftheecologicalamplitude:Inwastewaterbio-treatmentprocess,frequentfluctuationsinwaterqualityandquantity.Whileinthedesignandoperationoftheprocesses,weshouldensurethescopeofsuchvolatilitytosoastoincreasetheperformanceofthetreatmentsystemBiologicaltolerancetotemper40

·EffectiveTemperatureRule:K=N(T-T0)K：Effectivetemperature

N：daysT：averagelocaltemperatureT0：biologicalzero(orcritical)temperatureforgrowthofthisorganism

·ThesignificanceofEffectiveTemperatureRuleinagricultureproduction﹡Temperature---①InfluenceoftemperatureonorganismsThegeneralcharacteristicsoftheroleofecologicalfactorsTypicalecologicalfactorsandthebiologicaladaptation·EffectiveTemperatureRule:41

·Thedistributionoforganisms:Areasofhightemperaturemulti-species,andviceversaless

·Biologicalpatternsofadaptation:Plant:thewaxyleavesoftropicalplantsAnimal:BergmanLaw;AllenLaw﹡Temperature---②BiologicaladaptiontothetemperatureThegeneralcharacteristicsoftheroleofecologicalfactorsTypicalecologicalfactorsandthebiologicaladaptatione.g.BergmanLaw:temperatureaffectsnotonlythethegrowthrateofanimals,alsoaffecttheirshapes,i.e.thesamespeciesgrowingincoldareasareusuallyinlargeindividualsthanthatintropicalareas·Thedistributionoforgani42

·TheecologicalroleofwaterfactorsWaterisanimportantconditionforbiologicalsurvivalWaterisanimportantcomponentoforganismsWaterisagoodsolvent,isthecarrierofnutrientsabsorbed﹡Water---①InfluenceofwateronorganismsThegeneralcharacteristicsoftheroleofecologicalfactorsTypicalecologicalfactorsandthebiologicaladaptation·EffectsofmainchemicalfactorsinwaterDissolvedoxygen:AffectthedivisionofaquaticandmetabolicactivitypH:Ammonia:Nutrientsalts:·Theecologicalroleofwat43﹡Water---②

BiologicaladaptiontowaterThegeneralcharacteristicsoftheroleofecologicalfactorsTypicalecologicalfactorsandthebiologicaladaptation﹡Water---②Biologicaladapti44EnvironmentalEcology:

ConceptsandApplicationsEnvironmentalEcology:

Conce45Chapter1Introduction:WhatIsEcologyChapter1I46WhatIsEcology?EcologyisthestudyoftheinteractionsbetweenorganismsandtheirenvironmentTheenvironmentisacombinationofthephysicalenvironment(temperature,wateravailability,etc.)andanyinfluencesonanorganismexertedbyotherorganisms(thebioticenvironment)ConceptofEcologyWhatIsEcology?Ecology47EnvironmentalEcology12環(huán)境生態(tài)學(xué)課件48EnvironmentalEcology12環(huán)境生態(tài)學(xué)課件49FivewarblerspeciesfeedindifferentzonesinsprucetreeWhatIsEcology?TheEcologyofForestBirdsFivewarblerspeciesfeedind50MacArthur’sworkstimulatednumerousstudiesofcompetitionamongmanygroupsoforganisms,includingwarblers.Someofthesestudiesproducedresultsthatsupportedhisworkandothersproduceddifferentresults.Alladdedtoourknowledgeofcompetitionbetweenspeciesandofwarblerecology.TheEcologyofForestBirdsWhatIsEcology?MacArthur’sworkstimulatednu51Ecologist:DouglassMorseQuestion:whetherwarblersusethesamefeedingzonesintheabsenceofoneormoreoftheotherspecie??TheEcologyofForestBirdsWhatIsEcology?Ecologist:DouglassMorseTheE52ThestudiesofMacArthurandMorseshowhowfieldstudiescanbeusedtoaddressimportantecologicalquestionFieldstudiescanalsobecombinedwithlaboratorystudiestoyieldevenmoredetailedinformationaboutecologicalsystemsTheEcologyofForestBirdsWhatIsEcology?ThestudiesofMacArthurandM53Bumblebee---Liveinmostofthecoolregionsoftheearth.Buthowtheymaintainawarmbodytemperatureinacoolenvironment???EcologistHeinrichrealizedthatinordertounderstandtheecologyofbumblebees,heneededtoquantifytheirgainsandlossesofenergyHeusedtheFieldandLaboratoryStudiesTheEcologyofBumblebeesWhatIsEcology?Bumblebee---Liveinmostofth54EnvironmentalEcology12環(huán)境生態(tài)學(xué)課件55Forecologistswhostudythebudgetsofnutrientssuchasnitrogen,phosphorus,orcalcium,oneofthefirststepsistoinventorytheirdistributionwithinanecosystemNaliniNadkarni---inventoriesbyherchangedourideasofhowtropicalandtemperaterainforestsarestructuredandhowtheyfunctionForestNutrientBudgetsWhatIsEcology?Forecologistswhostudytheb56WhatIsEcology?ForestNutrientBudgetsWhatIsEcology?Forest57TheearthanditslifearealwayschangingHowever,manyofthemostimportantchangesoccuroversuchalongperiodoftimeoratsuchlargespatialscalesthattheyaredifficulttostudyTwoapproachesthatprovideinsightsintolong-termandlarge-scaleprocessesarestudiesofpollenpreservedinlakesedimentsandtheoreticalmodelingVegetationChangesWhatIsEcology?Theearthanditslifearealw58VegetationChangesWhatIsEcology?VegetationChangesWhat59IndividualspopulationsCommunitiesecosystemsTheNatureandScopeofEcologyTherearemailyfouridentifiablesubdivisionsofscalewhichecologistsinvestigate:(i)Consideringtheresponseofindividualstotheirenvironments(ii)Examiningtheresponseofpopulationsofasinglespeciestotheenvironment,andconsideringprocessessuchasabundanceandfluctuations(iii)Thecomposition,structureandfunctionofcommunities(thepopulationsoccurringinadefinedarea),andtheirdynamics(iv)Theprocessesoccurringwithinecosystems(thecombinationofacommunityandtheabioticcomponentsoftheenvironment),suchasenergyflow,foodwebsandthecyclingofnutrientsIndividualsTheNatureandScop60UsefulGuideofStudyingEcologyRule1:EcologyisascienceEcologyisapurelyscientificdisciplinewhichaimstounderstandtherelationshipsbetweenorganismsandtheirwiderenvironment.ItisimportanttosegregatepoliticalandsocialimpactsofecologicalunderstandingfromthescientificviewpointUsefulGuideofStudyingEcolo61Rule2:EcologyisonlyunderstandableinthelightofevolutionThehugediversityoforganisms,andthewealthofvarietyintheirmorphologies,physiologiesandbehaviorarealltheresultsofmanymillionsofyearsofevolution.Thusevolutionaryhistoryhasleftanindelible（難以磨滅的）impressiononeachandeveryindividualItisonlypossibletomakesenseofthepatternswefindtodayinthelightofthisevolutionarylegacyUsefulGuideofStudyingEcologyRule2:Ecologyisonlyunders62Rule3:NothinghappensforthegoodofthespeciesAverycommonmisconceptionistheideathatpatternsofbehaviorinorganismswhichappeartobecostlytoanindividualoccurforthegoodofthespecies.ThisisabsolutelyandcompletelywrongNaturalselectionwillfavorthosegeneswhicharepassedontothemostoffspring,evenifthesegenesmaycauseareductioninthespecies’populationsizeUsefulGuideofStudyingEcologyRule3:Nothinghappensforth63Rule4:GenesandenvironmentarebothimportantTheenvironmentthatanorganismfindsitselfinplaysanimportantroleindeterminingtheoptionsopentothatindividual.Thegeneswhichdefineanorganism’smakeuparealsooffundamentalimportanceTounderstandecology,itisimportanttoappreciatethefundamentalnatureofbothofthesefactorsandthefactthattheyinteractUsefulGuideofStudyingEcologyRule4:Genesandenvironment64Rule5:UnderstandingcomplexityrequiresmodelsEcologyisacomplexsubject,withhugevariationatalmosteveryscale-millionsofspecies,eachwithconsiderablegeneticvariation,varyingnumbersandever-changingbehaviorsinacomplexanddynamicenvironmentTounderstandit,itisnecessarytoclearlyidentifyspecificquestionsandthenformulatehypotheseswhichcanbetestedItisoftenveryusefultoframethehypothesisinmathematicaltermstoavoidambiguityandconfusionwhichareofteninevitableinaverbalmodelMathematicalmodelsarewidelyusedinecologyUsefulGuideofStudyingEcologyRule5:Understandingcomplexi65Rule6:‘Story-telling’isdangerousInattemptingtoexplainecologicalpatternsorrelationships,itiseasytoslipintoamake-believeworldwhereeveryobservationisreadilyexplainedbysomeadhoc(特別的)assertion–‘story-telling’ThetemptationtoadvancehypothesesasfactsshouldbeavoidedatallcostsUsefulGuideofStudyingEcologyRule6:‘Story-telling’isdan66Rule7:herearehierarchiesofexplanationsForanyobservationthereisoftenanimmediatecausethatcanbediagnosed.OftenthiscausalexplanationisinsufficientlyinformativeandweneedtoprobedeepertoreachafullergraspofthesituationEvenifaphenomenonis‘explained’,theremaywellbefurtheranddeeperexplanationswhichallowustoseethefullerpictureUsefulGuideofStudyingEcologyRule7:herearehierarchieso67Rule8:TherearemultipleconstraintsonorganismsWhilstthetotaldiversityofform,functionandenvironmentalresilienceexhibitedbyorganismsisawe-inspiring,eachindividual(and,toaslightlylesserextent,eachspecies)operateswithinarelativelynarrowrangeofconstraintsConstraintsfundamentallytaketwoforms,(i)physicaland(ii)evolutionary.Evolutioncabneverreach‘perfection’becauseoftheseconstraintsandorganismsareessentiallyhotchpotches(雜燴)ofnumerouscompromises(妥協(xié))UsefulGuideofStudyingEcologyRule8:Therearemultiplecon68Rule9:ChanceisimportantChanceeventsplayacriticalroleinecology.Theopeningofagapinaforestcanopyorthebreachingofasandduneafterastormwillhaveamajorimpactontheecologyofthelocalfaunaandflora,butbothareunpredictableineithertimeorlocationTheimportanceofchanceeventsinecologydoesnotmeanecologicalpatternsarewhollyunpredictable,butitnecessarilyplacesboundariesonthepotentiallevelofpredictivedetail

“Edge-effect”UsefulGuideofStudyingEcologyRule9:ChanceisimportantUse69Rule10:TheboundariesofecologyareinthemindoftheecologistEcologyisabroadscience,coveringbothorganismsandphysicalenvironmentsandhenceexcludeslittleaspotentiallyrelevantMathematics,chemistryandphysics，systembiologyaretoolsessentialtotheunderstandingofecologyUsefulGuideofStudyingEcologyRule10:Theboundariesofeco70WhatIsEnvironmentalEcology?Thechangesofecosystemresponsetothejammingofhumanbeing,theecologicaleffectsofpollution,disturbanceandotherstressesontheecosystem,andthesolutionstoremedy,reconstructandprotecttheruinateenvironmentInaword,EnvironmentalEcologyistointerprettheinteractionsbetweenhumanbeingsandtheirenvironmentusingthetheoryofecology,andtocreatesolutionstorescuetheenvironmentalproblemsEnvironmentalEcology:SilentSpring,RachelCarson(USA),1962WhatIsEnvironmentalE71Introduction:WhatisEcology?2EcologicalFactors:Individuallevel4Populations:Distributionandabundance,populationdynamics,populationgrowth,interactionamongpopulations(competition,exploitation,mutualism)8Communities:Speciesabundanceanddiversity;communitystructureandfunction;communitydynamics;successionandstability8EcosystemsandLarge-scaleEcology:Productionandenergyflow;nutrientcyclingandretention;LandscapeEcology;globalecology6ApplicationsofEcologyinEnvironmentalStudies:Environmentalmonitoringandenvironmentalpollutioncontrol8BriefContentsIntroduction:WhatisEcology?72Chapter2

Individuals:EcologicalfactorsChapter2

Individuals:Ecologi73WhatIsEcologicalFactorsEcologicalfactors:Theenvironment