Reading 精講精練2017-Whatdidresearchersfindpuzzlingaboutthefirst-nightWhatdowelearnaboutDr.Yuka ngherWhatdidDr.SasakidowhenshefirstdidherWhatdidDr.Sasakidowhenre-runningherWhatdidDr.SasakifindabouttheparticipantsinherThatpeopleoftenexperiencetroubleslee adifferentbedinunfamiliarsurroundingsisaphenomenonknownasthe“first-night”effect.Ifa staysinthesameroomthefollowingnighttheytendtosleepmoresoundly.YukaSasakiandhercolleaguesatBrownUniversitysetouttoinvestigatetheoriginsofthiseffect.Dr.Sasakiknewthefirst-nighteffectprobablyhassomethingtodowithhowhumansevolved.Thepuzzlewaswhatbenefitwouldbegainedfromitwhenperformancemightbeaffectedthefollowingday.……

Whatdidfindpuzzlingaboutthefirst-nighteffect?Towhatextentitcantroublepeople.Whatroleithasplayedinevolution.maytriggerit.InwhatwayitcanbeShealsoknewfrompreviousconductedonbirdsanddolphinsthattheseanimalsputhalfoftheirbrainstosleepatatimesothattheycanrestwhileremainingalertenoughtoavoidpredators(捕食者).Thisledhertowonderifpeoplemightbe ngthesamething.

Whatdowelearnabout ng Shefoundbirdsanddolphinsremainalertwhileasleep.Shefoundbirdsanddolphinssleepinmuchthesameway.ShegotsomeideafrompreviousstudiesonbirdsandSheconductedstudiesonbirds’anddolphins’slee Totakeacloserlook,herteamstudied35healthypeopleastheysleptintheunfamiliarenvironmentoftheuniversity’sDepartmentofPsychologicalSciences.Theparticipantseachsleptinthedepartmentfortwonightsandwerecarefullymonitoredwithtechniquesthatlookedattheactivityoftheirbrains.Dr.Sasakifound,asexpected,theparticipantssleptlesswellontheirfirstnightthantheydidontheirsecond,takingmorethantwiceaslongtofallasleepandsleelessoverall.Duringdeepsleep,theparticipants’brainsbehavedinasimilarmannerseeninbirdsanddolphinsOnthefirstnightonly,thelefthemispheres(半球)oftheirbrainsdidnotsleepnearlyasdeeplyastheirrighthemispheresdid.

WhatdidDr.SasakidoshefirstdidherShemonitoredthebrainactivityofparticipantssleeinanewenvironment.Sherecruited35participantsfromherDepartmentofPsychologicalSciences.Shestudiedthedifferencesbetweenthetwosidesofparticipants’ShetestedherfindingsaboutbirdsanddolphinsonhumanCuriousifthelefthemisphereswereindeedremainingawaketoprocessinformationdetectedinthesurroundingenvironment,Dr.Sasakire-rantheexperimentwhilepresentingtheslee participantswithamixofregularlytimedbeeps(蜂鳴聲)ofthesametoneandirregularbeepsofadifferenttoneduringthenight.Sheworkedoutthat,ifthelefthemispherewasstayingalerttokeepguardinastrangeenvironment,thenitwouldreacttotheirregularbeepsbystirringpeoplefromsleepandwouldignoretheregularlytimedones.Thisispreciselywhatshefound.

WhatdidDr.Sasakidore-runningher yzedthenegativeeffectofirregulartonesonSherecordedparticipants’adaptationtochangedSheexposedherparticipantstotwodifferentstimuli.Shecomparedtheresponsesofdifferentparticipants.Curiousifthelefthemisphereswereindeedremainingawaketoprocessinformationdetectedinthesurroundingenvironment,Dr.Sasakire-rantheexperimentwhilepresentingtheslee participantswithamixofregularlytimedbeeps(蜂鳴聲)ofthesametoneandirregularbeepsofadifferenttoneduringthenight.Sheworkedoutthat,ifthelefthemispherewasstayingalerttokeepguardinastrangeenvironment,thenitwouldreacttotheirregularbeepsbystirringpeoplefromsleepandwouldignoretheregularlytimedones.Thisispreciselywhatshefound.

WhatdidDr.SasakiabouttheparticipantsinherTheytendedtoenjoycertaintonesmorethanTheytendedtoperceiveirregularbeepsasathreat.Theyfeltsleepywhenexposedtoregularbeeps.Theydifferedintheirtoleranceofirregulartones.WhatdoestheauthorsayistheproblemwithWhydoworkingwomenofchild-bearingagetendtofeeldrainedofenergy?WhatmayhinderthefutureprospectsofcareerMenandwomandifferintheirapproachtoresolving sinthat WhatisimportanttoagoodIt’stimetoreevaluatehow atwork.Beingoverworkedor mittedathomeandonthejobwillnotgetyouwhereyouwanttobeinlife.Itwillonlyslowyoudownandhinderyourcareergoals.Didyouknowwomenaremorelikelythanmentofeelexhausted?Nearlytwiceasmanywomenthanmenages18-44reportedfeeling“verytired”or“exhausted”,accordingtoarecentstudy.

Whatdoestheauthorsayistheproblemwithwomen?Theyareoftenunclearaboutthecareergoalstoreach.TheyareusuallymorecommittedathomethanontheTheytendtobeover-optimisticabouthowfartheycouldgo.Theytendtopushthemselvesbeyondthelimitsoftheirability.Thismaynotbesurprisinggiventhatthisis rangewhenwomenhavechildren.It'salso rangewhenmanywomenaretryingtobalancecareersandhome.Onereasonwomenmayfeelexhaustedisthattheyhaveahardtimesaying"no."Womenwanttobeableto tallvolunteerforschoolpartiesorcookdeliciousmeals-andsotheiranswertoanyrequestisoften“Yes,Ican.”

Whydoworkingwomenchild-bearingagetendtofeeldrainedofenergy?TheystruggletosatisfythedemandsofbothworkandTheyaretoodevotedtoworkandunabletorelaxasaresult.Theydotheirbesttocooperatewiththeirworkmates.Theyareobligedtotakeuptoomanyresponsibilities.Womenstruggletosay“no”intheworkplaceforsimilarreasons,includingthedesiretobelikedbytheircolleagues.Unfortuna y,thisinabilitytosay"no"maybehurtingwomen'sheathaswellastheircareer.

WhatmayhinderfutureprospectsofcareerTheirunwillingnesssayTheirdesiretobeconsideredpowerful.Anunderestimateoftheirownability.AlackofcouragetofaceAttheworkplace, asawaytopositionthemselves,whilewomenoften orstrivetobethepeacemaker,becausetheydon'twanttobeviewedasaggressiveordisruptiveatwork.Forexample,there’saproblemthatneedstobeaddressed y,resultinginadisputeovershouldbetheonetofixit.Menaremorelikelytofacethatdisputefromthe ofwhatbenefitsthemmost,whereaswomenmayapproachthesamedisputefromtheofwhat'stheeasiestandquickestwaytoresolvetheproblem-evenifthatmeans theboringworkthemselves.

Menandwomanintheirapproachtoresolvingsin womentendtobeeasilymenaregenerallymorementendtoputtheiralinterestsfirstwomenaremu readytocompromiseThisdifferenceinhandling bethedecidingfactoronwhogetspromotedtoaleadershippositionandwhodoesnot.Leadershavetobeabletodelegateandmanageresourceswisely–includingstaffexpertise.Shoulderingmoreoftheworkloadmaynotearnyouthatpromotion.Instead,itmayhighlightyourinabilitytodelegateeffectively.

WhatistoagoodATheabilitytoThecouragetoadmitfailureAstrongsenseof 選詞填I(lǐng))J)K)L)M)N)G) O)H)選詞填名 動 Aratorpigeonmightnotbetheobviouschoicetotendtowhoissick,butthesecreatureshavesome 26 skillsthatcouldhelpthetreatmentofhumandiseases.名 動 形容 Pigeonsareoftenseenasdirtybirdsandan 27,buttheyarethelatestinalonglineofanimalsthathavebeenfoundtohaveabilitiestohelphumans.Despitehavingabrainnobiggerthan 28ofyourfinger,pigeonshaveaveryimpressive memory.Recentlyitwasshownthattheycouldbetrainedtobeasaccurateashumansatdetectingbreastcancerinimages.名 動 形容 Ratsare 30 withspreadingdiseaseratherthan31it,thislong-tailedanimalishighly .Insidearat'snoseareupto1,000differenttypesofolfactoryreceptors（嗅覺感受器）whereashumansonlyhave100to200types.Thisgivesratstheabilitytodetect 33 smells.Asaresult,someratsarebeingputtoworkdetectTB（肺結(jié)核）.Whentheratsdetectthesmell,theystopandrubtheirlegsto 34 asampleisinfected.名 動 形容 Traditionally,ahundredsampleswouldtakelabtechniciansthantwodaysto ,butforaratittakeslessthan20minutes.Thisratdetectionmethoddoesn'trelyonspecialistequipment.Itisalsomoreaccurate—theratsareabletofindmoreTBinfectionsand,therefore,savemorelives.名 動 形容 n-ClassExamsMakeStudentsStudyElderlystudentsfindithardtokeepupwiththerapidchangesinSomebelievetake-homeexamsmayaffectstudents'performanceinothercourses.Certainprofessorsbelievein-classexamsareultima ymorehelpfultostudents.In-classexamsarebelievedtodiscouragecheatinginTheauthorwashappytolearnshecoulddosomeexamsatn-ClassExamsMakeStudentsStudyStudentswhoputofftheirworkuntilthelastmomentoftenfindtheexamsmoredifficultthantheyactuallyare.DifferentstudentsmaypreferdifferenttypesofMostprofessorsagreewhethertogiveanin-classoratake-homeexamdependsontypeofcoursebeingtaught.TheauthordroppedoutofcollegesomefortyyearsSomestudentsthinktake-homeexamswilleatuptheirfreeIhavealwaysbeenapoortest-taker.SoitmayseemratherthatIhavereturnedtocollegetofinishthedegreeIleftundonesomefourdecadesago.IammakingmywaythroughColumbiaUniversity,surroundedbystudentswhoquicklysupplytheverbalanswerwhileIamstillprocessingthequestion.Sincethereisnowayformetoavoidexams,Iamcurrentlyquestioningwhatkindarethemosttaxingandultimaybeneficial.Ihavealreadysweatedthroughnumerousin-classmidtermsandfinals,andnowIhaveaprofessorwhoissuestake-homeones.IwasexcitedwhenIlearnedthis,figuringIhadafullweektodotheresearch,readthetexts,andwriteitallup.Infact,Iwasstillrewritingmymidtermthemorningitwasdue.TosayIhadlostthethreadisputtingitmildly.ElderlystudentsfindithardtokeepupwiththerapidchangesinSomebelievetake-homeexamsmayaffectstudents'performanceinotherCertainprofessorsbelievein-classexamsareultimaymorehelpfultostudents.39.In-classexamsarebelievedtodiscouragecheatinginexams.TheauthorwashappytolearnshecoulddosomeexamsatStudentswhoputofftheirworkuntilthelastmomentoftenfindtheexamsdifficultthantheyactuallyDifferentstudentsmaypreferdifferenttypesofMostprofessorsagreewhethertogiveanin-classoratake-homeexamdependsontypeofcoursebeingtaught.TheauthordroppedoutofcollegesomefortyyearsSomestudentsthinktake-homeexamswilleatuptheirfreeAsIwassufferingthroughmyweekofoverthinkingthematerialandguessingmygraspofit,Ididsomeofmyownpollingamongstudentsandprofessors.DavidEisenbach,whoteachesapopularclassonU.S.satColumbia,prefersthein-classvariety.Hebelievesstudentsultimaylearnmoreandencouragesthemtoformstudygroups.“Thatwaytheysocializeoverhistoryoutsidetheclass,whichwouldn’thappenwithoutthepressureofanin-classexam,”heexplained,“Furthermore,in-classexamsforcestudentstolearnhowperformunderpressure,andessentialworkElderlystudentsfindithardtokeepupwiththerapidchangesinSomebelievetake-homeexamsmayaffectstudents'performanceinotherCertainprofessorsbelievein-classexamsareultimaymorehelpfultostudents.39.In-classexamsarebelievedtodiscouragecheatinginexams.TheauthorwashappytolearnshecoulddosomeexamsatStudentswhoputofftheirworkuntilthelastmomentoftenfindtheexamsdifficultthantheyactuallyDifferentstudentsmaypreferdifferenttypesofMostprofessorsagreewhethertogiveanin-classoratake-homeexamdependsontypeofcoursebeingtaught.TheauthordroppedoutofcollegesomefortyyearsSomestudentsthinktake-homeexamswilleatuptheirfreeHealsosaysthereislesschanceofcheatingwithin-classvariety.In2012,125studentsatHarvardwerecaughtupinascandalwhenitwasdiscoveredtheyhadcheatedonatake-homeexamforaclassentitled“IntroductionToCongress.”Somecollegeshavewhattheycallan“honorcode,”thoughifyouaresmartenoughtogetintotheseschools,youareeithersmartenoughtogetaroundanycodesorhopefully,tooethicaltoconsiderngso.AsIsatblockedandcluelessfortwosoliddays,ImomentarilywonderedifIcouldn’tjustcallanexpertonthesubjectmatterwhichIwastackling,orsomeonewhotooktheclasspreviously,togetmegoing.ElderlystudentsfindithardtokeepupwiththerapidchangesinSomebelievetake-homeexamsmayaffectstudents'performanceinotherCertainprofessorsbelievein-classexamsareultimaymorehelpfultostudents.39.In-classexamsarebelievedtodiscouragecheatinginexams.TheauthorwashappytolearnshecoulddosomeexamsatStudentswhoputofftheirworkuntilthelastmomentoftenfindtheexamsdifficultthantheyactuallyDifferentstudentsmaypreferdifferenttypesofMostprofessorsagreewhethertogiveanin-classoratake-homeexamdependsontypeofcoursebeingtaught.TheauthordroppedoutofcollegesomefortyyearsSomestudentsthinktake-homeexamswilleatuptheirfreeFollowingtheHarvardscandal,MaryMiller,formerdeanofstudentsatYale,madeanimpassionedappealtoherschool’sprofessorstorefrainfromtake-honeexams.“Studentsriskhealthandwellbeing,aswellasperformanceinotherend-of-termwork,whenfacultyofferstake-homeexamswithoutclear,time-limitedboundaries,”shetoldme.“Researchnowshowsthatregularquizzes,shortessays,andotherassignmentsoverthecourseofatermbetterenhancelearningandElderlystudentsfindithardtokeepupwiththerapidchangesinSomebelievetake-homeexamsmayaffectstudents'performanceinotherCertainprofessorsbelievein-classexamsareultimaymorehelpfultostudents.39.In-classexamsarebelievedtodiscouragecheatinginexams.TheauthorwashappytolearnshecoulddosomeexamsatStudentswhoputofftheirworkuntilthelastmomentoftenfindtheexamsdifficultthantheyactuallyDifferentstudentsmaypreferdifferenttypesofMostprofessorsagreewhethertogiveanin-classoratake-homeexamdependsontypeofcoursebeingtaught.TheauthordroppedoutofcollegesomefortyyearsSomestudentsthinktake-homeexamswilleatuptheirfreeMostcollegeprofessorsagreethekindofexamtheylargelydependsonthesubject.Atative-basedone,forexample,isunlikelytobesenthome,whereonecouldasktheirolderbrothersandsisterstohelp.Vocational-typeclasses,suchascomputerscienceorjournalism,ontheotherhand,areoftenmoreresearch-orientedandlendthemselvestotake-hometesting.ChrisKoch,whoteaches“HistoryofBroadcastJournalism”atMontgomeryCommunityCollegeinRockville,Maryland,pointsoutthatreportingisaboutinvestigationratherthanthememorizationofminutedetails.“Inmyfield,it’snotwhatyouknow—it’swhatyouknowhowtofindout,”saysKoch.“Thereiswaytoomuchinformation,andmorecomingallthetime,foranyonetoremember.Iwantmystudentstosearchouttheanswerstoquestionsbyusingalltheresourcesavailabletothem.ElderlystudentsfindithardtokeepupwiththerapidchangesinSomebelievetake-homeexamsmayaffectstudents'performanceinotherCertainprofessorsbelievein-classexamsareultimaymorehelpfultostudents.39.In-classexamsarebelievedtodiscouragecheatinginexams.TheauthorwashappytolearnshecoulddosomeexamsatStudentswhoputofftheirworkuntilthelastmomentoftenfindtheexamsdifficultthantheyactuallyDifferentstudentsmaypreferdifferenttypesofMostprofessorsagreewhethertogiveanin-classoratake-homeexamdependsontypeofcoursebeingtaught.TheauthordroppedoutofcollegesomefortyyearsSomestudentsthinktake-homeexamswilleatuptheirfreeStudents’test-formpreferencesvary,too,oftenonthesubjectandcoursedifficultyIprefertake-homeessaysbecauseitisthenreallyaboutthewriting,soyouhavetimetoeditanddomoreresearch,”saysElizabethDresserajunioratBarnard.Thenthereisthestressfactor.FrancescaHaass,asenioratMiddlebury,says,“Ifindthein-classonesaremorestressfulintheshortterm,butthereisimmediatereliefasyouswallowinformationlikemad,andthenyougettoforgetitall.Take-homesrequirethoughtfulengagementwhichcanleadtolongertermstressasthereisneveramomentwhenthetimeisup.”Meanwhile,OliviaRubin,asophomoreatEmory,saysshehardlyevenconsiderstake-homestrueexams.“Ifyouunderstandthematerialandhavetheabilitytoarticulate(說出)yourthoughts,theyshouldbeabreeze.”ElderlystudentsfindithardtokeepupwiththerapidchangesinSomebelievetake-homeexamsmayaffectstudents'performanceinotherCertainprofessorsbelievein-classexamsareultimaymorehelpfultostudents.39.In-classexamsarebelievedtodiscouragecheatinginexams.TheauthorwashappytolearnshecoulddosomeexamsatStudentswhoputofftheirworkuntilthelastmomentoftenfindtheexamsdifficultthantheyactuallyDifferentstudentsmaypreferdifferenttypesofMostprofessorsagreewhethertogiveanin-classoratake-homeexamdependsontypeofcoursebeingtaught.TheauthordroppedoutofcollegesomefortyyearsSomestudentsthinktake-homeexamswilleatuptheirfreeHowstudentsultimayhandlestressmaydependonaltest-takingabilities.Therearepeoplewhoalwayswaituntilthelastminute,andmakeitmuchharderthanitneedstobe.Andthentherethosewho,notknowingwhatquestionsarecomingatthem,andhavingnoresourcestoreferto,canfreeze.Andthentherearewerarefolkswhofitboththosedescriptions.Yes,myadvancedagemustfactorintotheequation(等式inpartbecauseofmyinabilitytoaccesstheinformationasquicklyAsanotherreturningstudentatColumbia,KateMarbertoldme,Wearelearningnotonlyallthisinformation,butessentiallyhowtolearnagain.Ourfellowstudentshavejustcomeoutofhighschool.Alothaschangedsincewewerelastinschool.”ElderlystudentsfindithardtokeepupwiththerapidchangesinSomebelievetake-homeexamsmayaffectstudents'performanceinotherCertainprofessorsbelievein-classexamsareult