2022高考英語閱讀理解專題強化練習之說明文（A）You'veprobablybeentoanartmuseumgiftshop.Locatedtowardthemuseumexit,agiftshopisanunmissablestopwhereyoucantakehomeaclassicpieceofartindozensofways.ItemsinspiredbyVanGogh,forexample,rangefromateapot,toanumbrella,ajournal,andofcourse,atotebag.Thoughfrequentsightingofthesameartworkmaystarttofeelabsurd,allthismerchandise（貨品）isthoughtfullyplannedout."WeareheretosupporttheMetropolitanMuseumofArtfinanciallyandoneofthemaingoalsofthemuseumintermsofeducation."LeanneGraeffistheheadofdesignandproductdevelopmentfortheMETstore,“Ourdecisionscanbepowerfullythankstothemere-exposureeffect—apsychologicalphenomenonwhererepeatedexposuretosomethingmakesyoulikeitmore.”Aclassicexampleis：whenyouhearasongforthefirsttimeandhateit，butafteracouplemorelistens,youstarttolikeit.SoitiswithwatchingaTVcommercial.Inanartstore,seeinganartworkfrequentlyhighlightstheideathattheparticularpieceofartisimportant.Youstarttoappreciateitandfeelconnectedtoit.Traditionally,museumsmakeconsiderableprofitsbysellingthingsrelatediobigexhibitionslikeVanGoghpaintings.Butthatmodelischanging.-Thosebigshowsputsusinaverychallengingpositionofbeingreliantonwhetherpeoplecometoseeaparticularshow,orwhetherornotthere'sproductthatisappropriatetodevelopforthatparticularshow,"Leanneexplains.Abettertacticmightberelyingonmuseum-goersthemselvestodrivestockingdecisions.Gettingoutinthemuseumwhilepeoplearewalkingaround,reallytryingtounderstandwhatthey’rethinkingaboutwhentheyfinallydomakeitintothestoreissomethingthatwealwaystrytokeeptopofmind.1：AccordingtoLeanneGraeff,whataretheitemsintheMETstoremeanttodo?A.Tomakevisitorsfeelabsurd.B.Tohelpfundseverallocalmuseums.C.Tostronglyimpressvisitorswithart.D.Totryoutthemere-exposureeffect,2：Howdoestheauthorclarifythemere-exposureeffect?A.Bydrawingcomparisons.B.Byusingstatistics.C.Bypresentingarguments.D.Bygivingexamples.3：WhatdoesLeanneprobablyagreewithintermsofbigshows?A.Theyfailtoappealtovisitors.B.Theycausepressureontheartstore.C.Theyforcethestoretochangeitslocation.D.Theymakeappropriateproductsavailable.4：Whatdoestheunderlinedword"tactic"inthelastparagraphreferto?A.Apricingsystem.B.Abusinesstrap.C.Aproductdevelopmentmethod.D.Acustomercomplaintresponse.（B）Thewidespreadapplicationofinternettechnologyhasmadeourliveseasierbutposesabigchallengetoseniorcitizens,whoarenotalwayscomfortablewithsmartphonesandsomanynewapps. InChina,onlyafewseniorcitizensareabletoenjoythebenefitsthatnewtechnologiesoffer.AccordingtotheNationalBureauofStatistics,thenumberofpeopleaged60andabovewas253.88millionin2019,thatis18JpercentofChina'spopulation.Butonly23percentoftheseniorcitizenswereabletoaccesstheinternet.Thatmeansmorethanthree-fourthsoftheelderlyaredeprived（剝奪）ofthedigitalconvenience.Failuretoaccesstheinternetorusesmartphoneshasincreaseddifficultiesforthem.Theycannoteventakeataxieasilyinthiseraofappcabs.Therehavebeenreportsofmanyshopsturningawayelderswhodon'tknowhowtopayusingsmartphones,insteadoflettingthempayincash.Manyelderswhocan'tusesmartphonesarefacingdifficultiesduringthispandemic（流行?。?astheycannotaccesstheinternet-basedhealthcoderequiredforentryintomanypublicplacesaspartoftheepidemicpreventionandcontrolmeasures.Newtechnologiesbecomepopularbecausetheyareoftenofgreatuseinourdailylives.Butmanyseniorcitizens,especiallythoselivinginruralareasorthosewhosegrownupchildrendon'tlivewiththem,cannotaccesstheinternetorsmart'phones,eitherbecauseoffinancialrestrictionsorbecausetheycannotlearnnewthingsbeyondacertainpoint.Thedigitalgapbetweentheelderlyandtheyoungisbecomingmorepronounced. However,theseniorcitizensshouldnotbecomeasilentgroupdeprivedofdigitalbenefits<Itissociety'sresponsibilitytohelpthembridgethedigitalgap,andbepatientwiththemwhentheyfacedifficultieskeepingpacewithtimes.1.Whatdowelearnfromthetext? A.Notalltheelderlyareabletoenjoythesmartlifeservices.B.Internettechnologyhasmadeeveryone'slifeeasier.C.Aboutone-fourthpeoplehaveeasyaccesstotheinternet.D.Smartphonesandappsarenotdesignedfortheelderly.2.WhatfactdotheexamplesinParagraph3present?A.Manyeldersdon'tknowhowtohireataxi.B.Manyeldersalwaysgoshoppingwithouttheirsmartphones.C.Manyeldershavetroubleinusingthehealthcode.D.Manyeldersarenotallowedtoenterpublicplacesduringthepandemic.3.WhichistheclosestinmeaningtotheunderlinedwordinParagraph4?A.Predictable. B.Obvious. C.Avoidable. D.Narrow.4.Whatcanweinferfromthelasttwoparagraphs?A.Digitalgapmakeseverythingharder,B.Grownupchildrenshouldlivewiththeelderlywithdigitalproblems.C.Thesocietyshouldberesponsiblefortheelderly'sdigitalproblems.D.Theinternettechnologyprovideseasylivesforseniorsinallrespects.（C）Dogsbegantobranchoutfromwolvestensofthousandsofyearsago，whentheirwildancestorsstartedinteractingwithhumans．Overtime，domesticationshapedtheirbehavior，andtodaypetdogsareespeciallyexpertatunderstandingcues(暗示)fromhumans．Forexample，whenapersonpointsatabowl，apetdogwillusuallyapproachit．Allkindsofcomplexpointinggestureshavebeentriedwithpetdogs，andtheyseemtodowel1．Wolvesareadifferentstory，however．Whenthesameexperimentsaredonewithwolves，theyseemtobequitepooratit．Sothere’sthisbigopenquestionofhowdogsbecamedogs．Bhadra，anIndianbehavioralbiologist，isinterestedinwhetherdogsrequiretrainingtounderstandcueslikepointingorifthebehaviorisinborn．MoststudieshavefocusedonpetdogsindevelopedcountriesbutBhadrathinksit’sanerrortoneglecthowstraydogsrespondtohumancues．InIndia，there’sahugepopulationofstraydogsthatliveonthestreetsforgenerations．Theresearchersfeltthatthefree-rangingdogswereaverynicesystem，whichcouldgivetheminputsaboutwhatdogscouldhavebeenlikebeforebeingmadepartsofhumanfamilies．Forthestudy，theresearchersapproachedstraydogsontheIndianstreets．Oneexperimenterpresentedthedogswithapieceofrawchickeninaplasticbowl．Abouthalfofthetime，thedogsranaway，scared．Butthefriendlierdogsthatstuckaroundweretestedfortheirabilitytorespondtopointing．Onceadogprovedinterested，thefirstexperimenterputchickeninoneoftwobowlsandcoveredbothbowls．Asecondexperimenter，whohadnoknowledgeofwhichbowlcontainedthemeatandthuscouldn’tgivesubconsciouscueinformation，pointedatoneofthebowlswhilethedogwatched．About80percentactuallyfollowedthepointandwenttothebowlthatthesecondexperimenterpointedtoward．Bhadrathinksthisdemonstrationprovidesevidencethattrainingisnotrequiredfordogstounderstandcomplexpointingcues．Perhapsfurtherstudieswithstraydogscanhelprevealmoreaboutwhatmakesdogsthebestfriendsofhumanbeings．1．Whatdoestheexampleinparagraph1showaboutpetdogs?A．Theycanfigureoutsomehumangestures．B．They’reparticularlyattachedtotheirowners．C．Theymaymakesenseofspecifichumanspeech．D．They’reeasilydistinguishedfromwolvesinintelligence．2．Whatdoestheunderlinedword“neglect”inparagraph3mean?A．Ignore． B．Estimate． C．Guarantee． D．Claim．3．Howdidthesecondexperimentergivedogsdirections?A．Bymistake． B．Inalogicalmanner．C．Atrandom． D．Throughtrialanderror．4．Inwhichsectionofanewspapercanwereadthetext?A．Environment． B．Technology． C．Discovery． D．Chemistry．（D）ANewZealandcouncil（市議會）hasannouncedamonth-longroadclosureinordertoallowasealionandherpuptoreachtheoceansafely.JohnWilsonOceanDriveinDunedinwillbeclosedaftertheNewZealandsealionsmadetheirhomeatanearbygolfcourse（球場）andstarted"regularlycrossingtheroadtogettothebeach,"accordingtoaFacebookpostfromDunedinCityCouncil.“Youcanstillvisittheareaonfootorbybicycle,butpleasegivethesealionslotsofspace,"continuedthepost.Localsapplaudedthedecision,andoneevencalledfortheclosuretobemadepermanent.“Nodogsshouldbeonthebeach,either,"wroteGayleneSmith."Weneedtoprotectourbeautifulsealife?"Dogsareknowntoattacksealions,andChisholmLinksGolfCourse,wherethesealionshavemadetheirhome,alsopostedadvicetodogwalkersinaFacebookupdate."We'reluckytohavesealionsonourcoastlineandweneedtosharethespacewiththem,asthisiswhatmakesourcoastlinesounique!"wrotethecourseonFacebook.ThecouncilwentontoexplainthatNewZealandsealionsareendangered,andareoneoftheworld'srarestspeciesofsealion.Thereareanestimated12,000NewZealandsealionsleft,accordingtotheDepartmentofConservation.Underlocallaw,anyonewhokillsasealioncouldfaceuptotwoyearsinprisonorafineofuptoNZ$250,000(US$178,000).1.WhatdecisionhastheDunedinCityCouncilmade?A.Closinganoceandriveforamonth.B.Closingthenearbybeachtemporarily.C.Forbiddingentryintoagolfcourse.D.Forbiddingwalkingdogsoutside.2.HowdidtheCityCouncilannouncethedecision?A.ByinformingonTV.B.BypostingonFacebook.C.Byadvertisinginanewspaper.D.Bysendingoutnotices.3.Whatistheattitudeofthelocalpeopletowardtheclosure?A.Doubtful. B.Supportive. C.Uncaring. D.Critical.4.WhatcanwelearnaboutNewZealandsealionsfromthetext?A.Theyareunderlegalprotection.B.Theyareacommonspecies.C.Theyareafraidofhumans.D.Theyarebeingkilledbydogs.（E）Morethanoneinfivespeciesofmapletreesfacesextinction,ashockingnewreporthasrevealed.Thetreesareexperiencingavastdeclineinhabitat,duetourbandevelopment,timber(木對木）

harvesting,andagriculturalexpansion.’’Timeisrunningoutfortheworld’sbiodiversity,”said

DouglasJustice,associatedirectorattheUniversityofBritishColumbiaBotanicalGarden."Every

recentsurveyofplants

and

animals

in

the

wild

pointstothis."Hecontinued,“This

is

happeningnearlyeverywherethatrarer

maples

exist.And

becauseofclimatechange,

thenarrow

habitats

thatsupportspeciesatthetopsofmountainsarequicklydisappearing."Thetreescanbefoundinsub-tropicalandtropical(赤道的）regions,asfarsouthasIndonesia.TheonlyspeciesfoundintheUK,thefieldmapleisnotunderthreat.Notonlyarethetreesapopular

ornamental

(裝飾的）featureinparksandpublicspaces,butalsotheyareakeypartofthenatural

ecosysteminwoodlands,aswellasbeinganimportanttimbercropinseveralcountries.Chinaishometothelargestproportion(比例）ofmapleswith92species.Ithasseenanumberoftreesbecomeendangeredduetourbanexpansion.Some14ofthe23mapletreesatriskof

extinctioninthecountryareonlyfoundinChinaandhavesmallpopulationsandlimitedgeographical

ranges.

“Westillhaveanopportunitytosavespeciesfromdisappearance,butitwilltakeexpertise,

resourcesandthecooperativeeffortsbytheworld'sbotanicalgardenstomakeitwork,"Justiceadded.OnespeciesinMexico,theAcerbinzayedii,isin"desperateneedofconversation"despiteonlybeingdiscoveredin2017."Itisatriskfromclimatechangeinitscloudforesthabitatandthreatened

bygrazing,logging,andforestfires,*'thereportadds.Thereportrecommendsdeveloping

conversationplans,monitoringspeciescurrentlynotatrisktoensurepopulationsaremaintained

(保

持），andaddingthosemissingmaplespeciestoseedbanksandthelike.BGCI(BotanicGardensConversationInternational)isnowestablishingaconversationprogramtoaddresstheconservationneedsofmaplespecies.Maplespecialistswillworktogethertodevelop

comprehensivestrategiestomanageanddeliverconservationactionpointsforthespecies.1.Whatisthemajorreasonformapletrees'distinction?A.Alackofscientificresearch.

B.

Therarityofthenewspecies.C.Thelossesoftheirhabitats.

D.

Problemswiththedistribution.2.What’sJustice'sattitudetosavingmapletrees?A.Hopeful.

B.

Skeptical.

C.

Reserved.

D.

Negative.3.Whatarethelasttwoparagraphsintendedtotellus?A.Thereisnoguaranteeofmaintainingthetreepopulations.B.Itcanneverbetoolatetojoinhandstoprotectthespecies.C.Allmapletreesofthespeciesareontheedgeofextinction.D.

Effectivemeasuresshouldbetakentoconservemapletrees.4.Whatcanbeasuitabletitleforthepassage?A.Timeisrunningoutformaple

trees

B.

MapletreesarevitaltotheecosystemC.Mapletreeswillstandtallinnature

D.

Climatechangeputsmapletrees

atrisk（F）WhitesandbeachesoftheCocosIslands,whichareknownasagorgeoustouristdestinationsurroundedbygreenishbluewater,havenowbeenfilledwithplasticwasteslikeabandonedplasticwaterbottles,toothbrushes,andcigarettelighters.JenniferLavers,amarinescientist,wenttothesetropicalislandswithherresearchteam.Knowingthatlotsofbeacheswerepollutedbyplasticwastes,theteamconductedacarefulscientificexaminationonthecoast,onlytofindtheproblemcausedbypiecesoftrashhumansleftwasworsethanexpected.Notallplasticsaretoblame.Theyarenecessaryinplaceslikehospitalsandairplanes,andmakeourvehicleslighterandmoreefficient.However,otherplastics,especiallydisposable(一次性的)plastics,accountforthegrowingmessonthebeaches.Islandsallovertheworldarejammedwithplastics.AndtheCocosIslandsarenoexception.Itrequiresthegreatesteffortofalltimetocontrolplasticpollutioninmodernsociety.Nomatterhowtallthehurdles(欄架)are,somethinghastobedone.Apparently,demandfordisposableplasticsmustbereducedgreatly.“Whydon’twecarryaroundbagsthatwecanuseoverandoveragain?”askedRichardGross,achemistwhoresearchesinnovativewaystomakemoresustainableplastics.“Let’scarryaroundreusablelunchboxes.Weshouldunderstandhowseriousthesituationis.”Althoughitisimportantforindividualstomakeanefforttoavoidusingdisposableplastics