PresentPerfectSimple–PresentPerfectProgressive現(xiàn)在完成時—現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時PresentPerfectSimplePresentPerfectProgressivecomparePresentPerfectSimpleFormofPresentPerfectPositiveNegativeQuestionI/you/we/theyIhavespoken.Ihavenotspoken.HaveIspoken?he/she/itHehasspoken.Hehasnotspoken.Hashespoken?Thepresentperfectsimpleexpressesanactionthatisstillgoingonorthatstoppedrecently,buthasaninfluenceonthepresent.Itputsemphasisontheresult.過去發(fā)生或已經(jīng)完成的動作對現(xiàn)在造成的影響或結(jié)果，或從過去已經(jīng)開始，持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動作或狀態(tài)。UseofPresentPerfect

1、putsemphasisontheresultExample:Shehaswrittenfiveletters.2、actionthatisstillgoingonExample:Schoolhasnotstartedyet.3、actionthatstoppedrecentlyExample:Shehascookeddinner.4、finishedactionthathasaninfluenceonthepresent

Example:Ihavelostmykey.5、actionthathastakenplaceonce,neverorseveraltimesbeforethemomentofspeakingExample:IhaveneverbeentoAustralia.SignalWordsofPresentPerfectAlreadyEverjustneverNotyetsofartillnowUptonowPositiveNegativeQuestionI/you/we/theyIhavespoken.Ihavenotspoken.HaveIspoken?he/she/itHehasspoken.Hehasnotspoken.Hashespoken?表示從過去某一時間開始一直延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動作。這一動作可能剛剛開始，也可能仍在繼續(xù)，并可能延續(xù)到將來。FormofPresentPerfectPresentPerfectProgressiveThepresentperfectprogressiveexpressesanactionthatrecentlystoppedorisstillgoingon.Itputsemphasisonthedurationorcourseoftheaction.Examplesof

TypicalTimeExpressionsUptonow

Recentlyfor

latelysince

recentlyallmorningalldaySignalWordsofPresentPerfectProgressivealldayfor4yearssince1993howlong?thewholeweekPresentPerfectSimplePresentPerfectProgressiveirregularverbs:formof'have'+3rdcolumnofirregularverbsExample:I/you/we/theyhavespokenhe/she/ithasspokenregularverbs:formof'have'+infinitive+edExample:I/you/we/theyhaveworkedhe/she/ithasworkedformof'have'+been+verb+ingExample:I/you/we/theyhavebeenspeakinghe/she/ithasbeenspeakingExceptionsExceptionswhenadding'ed':whenthefinalletterise,onlyadddExample:love-lovedafterashort,stressedvowel,thefinalconsonantisdoubledExample:admit-admittedfinallisalwaysdoubledinBritishEnglish(notinAmericanEnglish)Example:travel-travelledafteraconsonant,finalybecomesi(but:notafteravowel)Example:worry-worriedbut:play-playedExceptionswhenadding'ing':silenteisdropped.(but:doesnotapplyfor-ee)Example:come-coming

aber:agree-agreeingafterashort,stressedvowel,thefinalconsonantisdoubledExample:sit-sittingafteravowel,thefinalconsonantlisdoubledinBritishEnglish(butnotinAmericanEnglish).Example:travel-travellingfinaliebecomesy.Example:lie-lyingPresentPerfectSimplePresentPerfectProgressiveEmphasisoncompletionIhavedonemyhomework.(Meaning:Myhomeworkiscompletednow.)EmphasisondurationIhavebeendoingmyhomework.(Meaning:That'showIhavespentmytime.Itdoesnotmatterwhetherthehomeworkiscompletednow.)Emphasisoncompletionorduration?Doyouwanttoemphasisethecompletionofanactionoritscontinuouscourse(howhassomebodyspenthistime)?PresentPerfectSimplePresentPerfectProgressivedesiredresultIhavewashedthecar.(Result:Thecariscleannow.)unwantedsideeffectWhyareyousowet?-Ihavebeenwashingthecar.(sideeffect:IbecamewetwhenIwaswashingthecar.Itdoesnotmatterwhetherthecariscleannow.)Resultorsideeffect?Doyouwanttoexpressthatacompletedactionledtoadesiredresultorthattheactionhadanunwantedsideeffect?PresentPerfectSimplePresentPerfectProgressivesincethelasttimeIhaven'tplayedthatgameforyears.(Meaning:It'syearsagothatIlastplayedthatgame.)sincethebeginningIhaven'tbeenplayingthatgameforanhour,onlyfor10minutes.(Meaning:It'snotevenanhouragothatIstartedtoplaythatgame.)Time+negation:lasttimeorbeginningofanaction?Innegativesentences:Doyouwanttoexpresshowmuchtimehaspastsincethelasttimetheactiontookplaceorsincethebeginningoftheaction?PresentPerfectSimplePresentPerfectProgressivepermanentJameshaslivedinthistownfor10years.(Meaning:Heisapermanentresidentofthistown.)temporaryJameshasbeenlivinghereforayear.(Meaning:Thissituationisonlytemporary.Maybeheisanexchangestudentandonlyhereforoneortwoyears.)Permanentortemporary?Ifanactionisstillgoingonandwewanttoexpressthatitisapermanentsituation,wewouldusuallyusethePresentPerf