年考研英語(yǔ)一試題及參考

SectionⅠUseofReadthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandmark[A],[C]or[D]onANSWERSHEET1.(10AncientGreekphilosopherAristotleviewedlaughteras“abodilyexerciseprecioustohealth.” someclaimstothecontrary,laughingprobablyhaslittleinfluenceonphysicalfilnessLaughterdoesshort-termchangesinthefunctionoftheheartanditsbloodvessels,heartrateandoxygenconsumptionButbecausehardlaughterisdifficultto,agoodlaughisunlikelytohavebenefitstheway,say,walkingorjoggingdoes.,insteadofstrainingmusclestobuildthem,asexercisedoes,laughterapparentlyplishesthe,studiesdatingbacktothe1930’sindicatethatlaughter.muscles,Suchbodilyreactionmightconceivablyhelptheeffectsofpsychologicalstress.Anyway,theactoflaughingprobablydoesproduceothertypesof feedback,thatimproveanindividual’semotionalstate. oneclassicaltheoryofemotion,ourfeelingsarepartiallyrootedphysicalreactions.Itwasarguedattheendofthe19thcenturythathumansdonotcry aresadbutthey esadwhentetearsbegintoflow.Althoughsadnessalso tears,evidencesuggeststhatemotionscanflow responses.Inanexperimentpublishedin1988,socialpsychologistFritz.1.[A][B][D]2.[A]3.[A][B][C][D]4.[A][C][D]5.[A]6.[A]In[B]In[C]In[D]In7.[A][D]8.[A][B][C]9.[A][B][C][D]10.[A][B][C]subcinscious11.[A]Except[B]According[C]Due [D]As12.[A][B][C] 13.[A][B][C] [D]14.[A][B][C] [D]15.[A][C] [D]16.[A][B][C] [D]17.[A][B][C] [D]18.[A][B][C] [D]19.[A][B][C] [D]20.[A][B][C] [D]SectionⅡReadingPartAReadingthefollowingfourstexts.AnswerthequestionbeloweachtextbyChoosing[A],[B],[C]or[D].MarkyouransweronANSWERSHEET1.(40points)ThedecisionoftheNewYorkphilharmonictohireAlanGilbertasitsnextmusicdirectorhasbeenthetalkoftheclassical-musicworldeversincethesuddenannouncementofhisappointmentin2009.Forthemostpart,theresponsehasbeenfavorable,tosaytheleast“Hooray!Atlast!”wroteAnthonyTommasini,asober-sidedclassical-musiccriticOneofthereasonwhytheappiontmentcameassuchasurprise,however,isthatGilberiscommparativelylittleknownEvenTommasini,whohadadvocatedGilbert’sappointmentintheTimes,callshim“anunpretentiousmusicianwithnoairoftheformidableconductorabouthim.”AsadescriptionofthenextmusicdirectorofanorchestrathathashithertobeenledbymusicianslikeGustavMahlerandPierreBoulez,thatsemmslikelytohavestruckatleastsomeTimesreadersasfaintprwiseFormypart,IhavenoideawhetherGilbertisagreatconductororevenagoodone.Tobesure,beperformsanimpressivevarietyofinterestingcomposition,butitisnotnecessaryformetovisitAveryFisherHall,oranywhereelse,tohearinterestingorchestralmusic.AllIhavetodoistogotomyCDshelf,orbootupmycomputeramddownloadstillmorerecordedmusicformiTumesDevotedconcertgoerswhoreplythatrecordingarenosubstituteforliveperformancearemissingthepoint.Forthetime,attention,andmoneyoftheart-lovingpublic,classicalinstrumentalistsmustcompetenotonlywithoperahouses,dancetroupes,theeatercompanies,andmuseums,butalsowiththerecorsedperformancesofthegreatclassicalmusiciansofthe20thcentury.Thererecordingarecheap,availableeverwhere,andveryoftenmuchhigherinartisticqualitythantoday’schoosing.ThewidespreadavailabilytyofsuchrecordinghasthusbroughtaboutactisisintheinstitutionofthetraditionalclassicalcouncertOnepossiblereponseisforclassicalperformerstoprogramattravtivenewmusicthatisnotyetavailableonrecors.Gilbert’sowninterestinnewmusichasbeenwidelynoted:AlexRoss,aclassical-musiccritic,hasdescribedhimasamanwhoiscapableofturningthePhiharmonicinto“amarkedlydifferent,morevibrantorganization”Butwhatwillbethenatureofthatdifference?Merely,expandingtheorchestra’srepertorrewillnotbeenough.IfGilbertandthrPhilharmonicaretosucceed,theymustfirstchangetherelationshipbetweenAmerica’aolderestorchestraandthenewaudienceithopstoattract.WelearnfromPara1thatGilbert’sappointmenthas[A]incuredcriticism[B]raisedsuspicion[C]raceivedacclaim[D]aroundTommasiniregardsGilbertasanartistwhoisTheautherbelievesthatthedevoted[A]ingoretheexpenseofliveperformance[B]rejectmostkindsofrecordedperformance[C]exaggeratethevarietyofliveperformanc[D]overestimatethevarietyofliveperformanceAccordingtothetext,whichofthefollowingistrueofrecordings?[A]Theyareofteninterrortoliveconcertsinquality[B]Theyareeasilyaccessibletothegenralpublic[C]Theyhelpimprovethequalityofmusic[D]TheyhaveonlyconveredmasterpiecesRegardingGilbert’sroleinrevitalixingthePhilharmonic,theauthirfeelsWhenLiamMcGeedepartedasofBankofAmericainAugust,hisexpanationwassurprisinglystraightup.Ratherthancloakinghisexitintheusualvagueexcuses,hecamerightoutandsaidhewasleavingtopresuemygoalofrunningacompany,broadcastinghisambition"wasverymuchmydecision,"McGeesays.Withintwoweeks,hewastalkingforthefirsttimewiththeboardofHartfordFinancialServicesGroup,whichnamedhimCEOandchairmanonSeptember29.MaGeesaysleavingwithoutapositionlinedupgavehimtimetorefectonwhatkindofcompanyhewantedtorun.Italsosentaclearmessagetotheoutsideworldabouthisaspirations.AndMcGeeisn'talone.InrecentweekstheNO.2executivesAvonandAmericanExpressquitwiththeexplanationthattheywerelookingforaCEOpost.Asboardsscrutinizesuccessionplansinresponsebusinessenvironmentalsohasseniormanagerscautiousoflettingvaguepronouncementscloudtheirreputations.Asthefirstsignsofrecoverybegintotakehold,deputychiefsmaybemorewillingtomakethejumpwithoutanet.Inthethirdquarter,CEoturnoverwasdown23%fromayearagoasnervousboardsstuckwiththeleaderstheyhad,accordingtoLiberumResearch.Astheeconomypicksup,opportunitieswillaboundforaspiringleaders.Thedecisiontoquitaseniorpositiontolookforabetteroneisunconventional.ForyearsexecutivesandheadhuntershaveadheredtotherulethatthemostattractiveCEOcandidatesaretheoneswhomustbepoached.SaysKrnFerryseniorpartnerDennisCarey,"Ican'tthinkofasinglesearchI'vedonewhereaboardhasnotinstructedmetolookatsittingCEOsfirst."Thosewhojumpedwithoutajobhaven'talwayslandedintoppositionsquickly.EllenMarramquitaschiefofTropicanaadecadeage,sayingshewantedtobeaCEO.ItwasayearbeforeshebecameheadofatinyInternet-basedcommoditiedexchange.RobertWillumstadleftCItigroupin2005withambitionstobeaCEO.HefinallytookthatpostatamajorfinancialinstiturionthreeyearsManyrecruiterssaytheolddisgraceisfadingfortopperformers.Thefinancialcrisishasmadeitmoreacceptabletobebetweenjobsortoleaveabadon."Thetraditionalrulewasit'ssafertostaywhereyouare,buthat'sbeenfundamentallyinverted,"saysoneheadhunter."Thepeoplewho'vebeenhurttheworstarethosewho'vestayedtoolong"WhenMcGeeannouncedhisdeparture,hismannercanbestbedescribedasbeing(A.ArrogantB.frankC.self-centeredD.AccordingtoParagraph2,seniorexecutivesquittingmaybespurredby(theirexpectationofbetterfinancialtheirneedtoreflectontheirprivatetheirstrainedrelationswiththetheirpursuitofnewcareerTheword"poached"(Line3,Paragraph4)mostprobablymeans(A.approvedofB.attendedtoC.huntedforD.guardedItcanbeinferredfromthelastparagraphthat(topperformersusedtoclingtotheirloyaltyoftopperformersisgettingout-topperformerscaremoreaboutit'ssafertosticktothetraditionalWhichofthefollowingisthebesttitlefortheCEOs:wheretoCEOs:AlltheWayTopmanagersJumpwithoutaTheOnlywayoutforTopTheroughguidetomarketingsuccessusedtobethatyougotwhatyoupaidfor.Nolonger.Whiletraditional"paid"media-suchasevisioncommercialsandprintadvertisements-stillplayamajorrole,companiestodaycanexploitmanyalternativeformsofmedia.Consumerspassionateaboutaproductmaycreate"owned"mediabysendinge-mailalertsaboutproductsandsalestocustomersregisteredwithitsWebesite.Thewayconsumenrsnowapproatchtheboardrangeoffactorsbeyondconventionalpaidmedia.Paindandownedmediaarecontrolledbymarketerspromotingtheirownproducts.Forearnedmedia,suchmarketersactastheinitiatorsforusers'responses.Butinsomecases,onemarketer'sownedmedia eanothermarketer'spaidmedia-forinstance,whenan merceretailersellsadspaceonitsWebsite.Wedifinesuchsoldmediaasownedmediawhosetrafficissostrongthaotherorganizationpalcetheircontentor merceengineswithinthatenvironment.Thiestrend,whichwebelieveisstillinitsinfance,effectivelybeganwithretailersandtravelproviderssuchasairlinesandhosandwillnodoubtgofurtherJohn&JOhnson,forexample,hascreatedBabyCenter,astand-alonemediapropertythatpromotescomplementaryandevencompetitiveproducts.Besides e,thepresenceofothermarketersmakesthesiteseemobjective,givescompaniesopportunitiestolearnvaluableinformationabouttheappealofothercompanies'marketing,andmayhelpexpandusertrafficforallcompaniesconcerned.Thesamedramatictechnologicalchangesthathaveprovidedmarketerswithmore(andmorediverse)communicationschoiceshavealsoincreasedtheriskthatpassionateconsumerswillvoicetheiropinionsinquicker,morevisible,andmuchmoredamagingways.Suchhijackedmediaaretheoppositeofearnedmedia:anassetorn ehostagetoconsumers,otherstakeholders,oractivistswhomakenegativeallegationsaboutabrandorproduct.Membersofsocialnetworks,forinstance,arelearningthattheycanhijackmediatoapplypressureonthebusinessethatoriginallycreatedthem.Ifthathappends,passinateconsumerswouldtrytopersuadeotherstoboycottproducts,puttingthereputationofthetargetcompanyatrisk.Insuchacase,thecompany'sresponsemaynotbesufficientlyquickorthoughtful,andthelearningcurvehasbeensteep.ToyotaMotor,forexample,alleviatedsomeofthedamagefromitsrecallcrisisearlierthisyearwitharelativelyquickandwell-orchestratedsocial-mediaresponsen,whichincludedeffortstoengagewithconsumersdirectlysitessuchasandthesocial-newssitDigg.Consumersmaycreat"earned"mediawhentheyare(obscssedwithonlineshopatcertainWebinspiredbyproduct-promotinge-mailssenttoeagertohelptheirfriendspromotequalityenthusiastic mendingtheirfavoriteAccordingtoParagraph2,soldmediafeature(asafebusinessrandomStronguserflexibilityinTheauthorindicatesinParagraph3thatearnedmedia(inviteconstantswithpassinatecanbeusedtoproducenegativeeffectsinmayberesponsibleforfiercerdeserveallthegetativecommentsaboutToyotaMotor'sexperienceiscitedasanexampleof(respondingeffectivelytohijackedpersuadingcustomersintoboycottingcooperatingwithsupportivetakingadvantageofhijackedWhichofthefollowingisthetextmainlyAlternativestoconventionalpaidbetweenhijackedandearnedmediaDominanceofhijackedPopularityofownedIt’snosurprisethatJenniferSenior’sinsightful,provocativemagazinecoverstory,“IloveMyChildren,IHateMyLife,”isarousingmuchchatter-nothinggetspeopletalkinglikethesuggestionthatchildrearingisanythinglessthanacompleyfulfilling,life-enrichingexperienceRatherthanconcludingthatchildrenmakeparentseitherhappyormiserable,Seniorsuggestsweneedtoredefinehappiness,insteadofthinkingofitassomethingthatcanbemeasuredbymoment-to-momentjoy,weshouldconsiderbeinghappyasapast-tenseconditionEventhoughtheday-to-dayexperienceofraisingkidscanbesoul-crushinglyhard,Seniorwritesthat“theverythingsthatinthemomentdampenourmoodscanlaterbesourcesofintensegratificationanddelight.”ThemagazinecovershowinganattractivemotherholdingacutebabyishardlytheonlyMadonna-and-childimageonnewsstandsthisweek.Therearealsostoriesaboutnewlyadoptive-andnewlysingle-momSandraBullock,aswellastheusual“JenniferAnistonispregnant”news.Practicallyeveryweekfeaturesatleastonecelebritymom,ormom-to-be,smilingontheInasocietythatsopersistentlycelebratesprocreation,osotanywonderthatadmittingyouregrethavingchildrenisequivalenttoadmittingyousupportkitten-killing?Itdoesn’tseemquitefair,then,tocomparetheregretsofparenttotheregretsofthechildren.Unhappyparentsrarelyareprovokedtowonderiftheyshouldn’thavehadkids,butunhappychildlessfolksarebotheredwiththemessagethatchildrenarethesinglemostimportantthingintheworld:obviouslytheirmiserymustbeadirectresultofthegababy-sizeholesintheirlives.OfcoursetheimageofparenthoodthatcelebritymagazinelikeUsWeeklyandPeoplepresentishugelyunrealistic,especiallywhentheparentsaresinglemotherslikeBullock.Accordingtoseveralstudiesconcludingthatparentsarelesshappythanchildlesscouples,singleparentsaretheleasthappyofall.Noshockthere,consideringhowmuchworkitistoraiseakidwithoutapartnertoleanon;yettohearSandraandBritneylit,raisingakidontheir“own(read:withround-the-clockhelp)isapieceofcake.”It’shardtoimaginethatmanypeoplearedumbenoughtowantchildrenjustbecauseReeseandAngelinamakeitlooksoglamorous:mostadultsunderstandthatababyisnotahaircut.Butit’sinterestingtowonderiftheimagesweseeeveryweekofstress-free,happiness-enhancingparenthoodaren’tinsomesmall,subconsciouswaycontributingtoourowndissatisfactionswiththeactualexperience,inthesamewaythatasmallpartofushopedgetting“theRachel”mightmakeuslookjustalittlebitlikeJenniferAniston.JenniferSeniorsuggestsinherarticlethatraisingachildcantemporaryenjoymentinhappinessinlastingWelearnfromParagraph2celebritymomsareapermanentsourceforsinglemotherswithbabiesdeservegreaternewsaboutpregnantcelebritiesishavingchildrenishighlyvaluedbytheItissuggestedinParagraph3thatchildlessareconstantlyexposedtoarelargelyignoredbythefailtofulfilltheirsocialarelesslikelytobesatisfiedwiththeirAccordingtoParagraph4,themessageconveyedbycelebritymagazinesWhichofthefollowingcanbeinferredfromthelastHavingchildrencontributeslittletotheglamourofcelebrityCelebritymomshaveinfluencedourattitudetowardschildHavingchildrenintensifiesourdissatisfactionwithWesometimesneglectthehappinessfromchildPartThefollowingparagrapharegiveninawrongorder.ForQuestions41-45,youarerequiredtoreorganizethoseparagraphintoacoherenttextbychoosingfromthelistA-Gtofillingthemintothenumberedboxes.ParagraphEandChavebeencorrectlyplaced.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.(10points)Nodisciplineshaveseizedonprofessionalismwithasmuchenthusiasmthehumanities.Youcan,Mr.Menandpointsout,becamealawyerinthreeyearsandamedicaldoctorinfour.Buttheregulartimeittakestogetadoctoraldegreeinthehumanitiesisnineyears.Notsurprisingly,uptohalfofalldoctoralstudentsinEnglishdropoutbeforegettingtheirdegrees.Hisconcernismainlywiththehumanities:Literature,languages,philosophyandsoon.Thesearedisciplinesthataregoingoutofsytle:22%ofAmericancollegegraduatesnowmajorinbusinesscomparedwithonly2%inhistoryand4%inEnglish.However,manyleadingAmericanuniversitieswanttheirundergraduatestohaveagroundinginthebasiccanonofideasthatevery shouldposses.Butmostfinditdifficulttoagreeonwhata“generaleducation”shouldlooklike.AtHarvard,Mr.Menandnotes,“thegreatbooksarereadbecausetheyhavebeenread”,theyformasortofsocialglue.Equallyunsurprisingly,onlyabouthalfendupwithprofessorshipsforwhichtheyenteredgraduateschool.Therearesimplytoofewposts.ThisispartlybecauseuniversitiescontinuetoproduceevermorePhDs.Butfewerstudentswanttostudyhumanitiessubjects:Englishdepartmentawardedmorebachelor’sdegreesin1970-71thantheydid20yearslater.Fewerstudentsrequiresfewerteachers.So,attheendofadecadeoftheses-writing,manyhumanitiesstudentsleavetheprofessiontodusomethingforwhichtheyhavenotbeentrained.OnereasonwhyitishardtodesignandteachcoursesisthattheycancutacrosstheinsistencebytopAmericanuniversitiesthatliberal-artseducationsandprofessionaleducationshouldbekeptseparate,taughtindifferentschools.ManystudentsexperiencebothvarietiesAlthoughmorethanhalfofHarvardundergraduatesendupinlaw,medicineorbusiness,futuredoctorsandlawyersmuststudyanon-specialistliberal-artdegreebeforeembarkingonaprofessionalqualification.BesidesprofessionalizingtheprofessionsbythisseparationtopAmericanuniversitieshaveprofessionalizedtheprofessor.Thegrowthonpublicmoneyforacademicresearchhasspeededtheprocess:federalresearchgrantsrosefourfoldbetween1960and1990,butfacultyteachinghoursfellbyhalfasresearchtookitstoll.Professionalismhasturnedtheacquisitionofadoctoraldegreeintoaprerequisiteforasuccessfulacademiccareer:aslateas1969athirdofAmericanprofessorsdidnotpossessone.Butthekeyideabehindprofessionalization,arguesMr.Menand,isthat“theknowledgeandskillsneededforaparticularspecializationaretransmissiblebutnottransferable.”Sodisciplinesacquireamonopolynotjustovertheproductionofknowledge,butalsoovertheproductionoftheproducersofknowledge.Thekeytoreforminghighereducation,concludesMr.Menand,istoalterthewayinwhich“theproducersofknowledgeareproduced.”O(jiān)therwise,academicswillcontinuetothinkdangerouslyalike,increasinglydetachedfromthesocietieswhichtheystudy,investigateandcriticize.“Academicinquiry,atleastinsomefields,mayneedto elessexclusionaryandmoreholistic.”Yetquitehowthathappens,Mr.Menanddosenotsay.ThesubtleandinligentlittlebookThemarketplaceofIdeas:ReformandintheAmericanUniversityshouldbereadbyeverystudentthinkingofapplyingtotakeadoctoraldegree.Theymaythendecidetogoelsewhere.ForsomethingcurioushasbeenhappeninginAmericanUniversities,andLouisMenand,aprofessorofEnglishatHarvardUniversity,captureditG→41.→42.→E→43.→44.PartReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.YourtranslationshouldbewrittencarefullyonANSWERSHEET2.(10points)Withitsthemethat“Mindisthemasterweaver,”creatingourinnercharacterandoutercircumstances,thebookAsaManThinkingbyJamesAllenisanin-depthexplorationofthecentralideaofself-helpwriting.(46)Allen’scontributionwastotakeanassumptionweallshare-thatbecausewearenotrobotswethereforecontrolourthoughts-andrevealitserroneousnature.Becausemostofusbelievethatmindisseparatefrommatter,wethinkthatthoughtscanbehiddenandmadepowerless;thisallowsustothinkonewayandactanother.However,Allenbelievedthattheunconsciousmindgeneratesasmuchactionastheconsciousmind,and(47)whilewemaybeabletosustaintheillusionofcontrolthroughtheconsciousmindalone,inrealitywearecontinuallyfacedwithaquestion:“WhycannotImakemyselfdothisorachievethat?”Sincedesireandwillaredamagedbythepresenceofthoughtsthatdonotaccordwithdesire,Allenconcluded:“Wedonotattractwhatwewant,butwhatweare.”Achievementhappensbecauseyouasaembodytheexternalachievement;youdon’t“get”successeit.ThereisnogapbetweenmindandPartofthefameofAllen’sbookisitscontentionthat“Circumstancesdonotmakea,theyrevealhim.”(48)Thisseemsajustificationforneglectofthoseinneed,andarationalizationofexploitation,ofthesuperiorityofthoseatthetopandtheinferiorityofthoseatthebottom.This,however,wouldbeaknee-jerkreactiontoasubtleargument.Eachsetofcircumstances,howeverbad,offersauniqueopportunityforgrowth.Ifcircumstancesalwaysdeterminedthelifeandprospectsofpeople,thenhumanitywouldneverhaveprogressed.Infat,(49)circumstancesseemtobedesignedtobringoutthebestinusandifwefeelthatwehavebeen“wronged”thenweareunlikelytobeginaconsciousefforttoescapefromoursituation.Nevertheless,asanybiographerknows,a ’searlylifeanditsconditionsareoftenthegreatestgifttoanindividual.ThesoberingaspectofAllen’sbookisthatwehavenooneelsetoblameforourpresentconditionexceptourselves.(50)Theupsideisthepossibilitiescontainedinknowingthateverythingisuptous;wherebeforewewereexpertsinthearrayoflimitations,nowweeauthoritiesofwhatispossible.SectionⅢPart51.Writealettertoafriendofyoursmendoneofyourfavoritemoviesgivereasonsfor Youshouldwriteabout100wordsonANSWERDonotsignyourownnameattheendoftheletter.Use”LiMing”instead.Donotwritetheaddress.(10points)Part52、Writeanessayof160-200wordsbasedonthefollowingdrawing.Inyouressay,youdescribethedrawingexplainitsintendedmeasinggiveyourYoushouldwriteneatlyonANSWER英語(yǔ)（一）答SectionIUseof1． 2． 3． 4． 5． 6． 7． 8． 9．C 19．ASectionIIReadingComprehensionPartA21.C22.B23.D24.B25.A26.B27.D28.C29.A31.D32.C33.B34.A35.A36.C37.C38.D39.DPartB42.D43.A44.CPartC己的思維——并且了這個(gè)假設(shè)是錯(cuò)誤的。SectionIIIDearLiuI’mwritingtolyouaboutafantasticmovieIhavejustwatched,aswealwayssharethesametasteofmovies.ThemovieisAvatar,whichlsastoryofasoldierwho,onanalienplanetfilledwithexoticlifeforms,findshimselftornbetweentwoworldsinafightforthesurvivalofthealienpeople.Besidesthetouchingandthrillingstory,themoviealsofeaturesbrilliantvisualeffects,thankstothetalenteddirectorandadvancedcomputertechnology.SoI mendittoyouasoneofthebestmoviesIhaveeverwatched.I’msureyouwillloveitasmuchasIdo.I’mlookingforwardtodiscussingmorewithyouafteryouwatchit.LiDearRecentlyIhaveseensuchawonderfulmovie,TheOne,thatIcan’thelpsharingitwithyou.Ibelieveyoumusthaveheardaboutit,becauseitsdirectorZhangJixia,togetherwiththemaincast,isbusypromotingthemoviearoundtheworld.Fourcharacteristicsmakeitshiningamongallmovies.Firstofall,Zhangisaworldclassdirectorwhoisfamousforthespectacularscenery.Second,itpresentsapureandstronglovebetweentwoyoungsterswhichisfullofupsanddowns.Lastbutnottheleast,theleadi