名詞性從句名詞性從句：在句子中起名詞作用的句子叫名詞性從句(NounClauses）。名詞性從句在復(fù)合句中能擔(dān)任:主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)、同位語(yǔ)等。名詞性從句分為：主語(yǔ)從句、賓語(yǔ)從句、表語(yǔ)從句和同位語(yǔ)從句。一、引導(dǎo)名詞性從句的連接詞名詞性從句的引導(dǎo)詞可分為三類(lèi)：1、從屬連詞（5個(gè)）（1）that無(wú)詞義，在從句中不做成分（表明從句的確定性），在賓語(yǔ)從句或表語(yǔ)從句中that有時(shí)可以省略（2）whether，if有詞義，在從句中不做成分（whether，if均表示“是否”之意，表明從句內(nèi)容的不確定性）不可以省略（3）asif,asthough（均表示“好像”，“似乎”之意）在從句中不做成分2、連接代詞（9個(gè)）：what,whatever,who,whoever,whom,whomever,whose,which,whichever，有詞義，在從句中做成分，不可以省略（whowhatwhich在從句中做主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、其中what指代沒(méi)有范圍的事物，which指代有范圍的事物，表“選擇哪一個(gè)”whom做賓語(yǔ)whose做定語(yǔ)）3、連接副詞（7個(gè)）：when,where,how,why,whenever,wherever,however有詞義，在從句中做狀語(yǔ)，不可以省略主語(yǔ)從句主語(yǔ)從句：作主語(yǔ)的從句叫主語(yǔ)從句。考點(diǎn)一、主語(yǔ)從句引導(dǎo)詞that：無(wú)詞義，在主語(yǔ)從句中不做成分，不可省略Thathedislikesthemovieisnoneofmybusiness.whether:翻譯為“是否”，在從句中不做成分，不可省略Whetherhewillcomeisunknown.Whetherspendingmoneytoenhanceemployees’workingskillsisthemostcrucialinvestmentthathasbeendebatedheavilyamongmanagers.由連接代詞what,who，whom,which,whoever,whatever,whichever,whose等引導(dǎo)的主語(yǔ)從句，連接代詞需要在從句中做主語(yǔ)或者賓語(yǔ)，不可省略。Whowillwinthematchisstillunknown.Whatweshoulddoistomakesurethatpositiveonesareencouragedandnegativeonesareeliminated.由連接副詞when,where,why,how,whenever,wherever,however等關(guān)聯(lián)詞引導(dǎo)的主語(yǔ)從句，連接副詞在句中不做成分，不可省略。Itisknowntoushowhebecameawriter.WheretheEnglisheveningwillbeheldhasnotyetbeenannounced.Howthesefactorsinteractisstillunknowntodayandtheyremainlargelyunpredictableinaperson’slife.考點(diǎn)二、it做形式主語(yǔ)注意：有時(shí)為避免句子頭重腳輕，常用形式主語(yǔ)it代替主語(yǔ)從句作形式主語(yǔ)放于句首，而把主語(yǔ)從句置于句末。主語(yǔ)從句后的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞一般用單數(shù)形式。常用句型如下：（1）It+be+名詞+that從句：Itisafactthat事實(shí)是Itisanhonourthat非常榮幸Itiscommonknowledgethat…是常識(shí)Itisapitythat遺憾……（2）It+be+動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞+that從句:Itissaidthat據(jù)說(shuō)Itisreportedthat據(jù)報(bào)道Ithasbeenprovedthat已經(jīng)證明Itisbelievedthat…人們認(rèn)為Itissupposedthat…據(jù)猜測(cè)（3）It+不及物動(dòng)詞（vi）+that從句：Itseemsthat似乎Ithappenedthat碰巧Itappearsthat似乎（4）It+be+形容詞+that從句Itisnaturalthat…很自然…Itisstrangethat…奇怪的是…注意:在主語(yǔ)從句中用來(lái)表示驚奇、不相信、惋惜、理應(yīng)如此等語(yǔ)氣時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要用虛擬語(yǔ)氣“(should)+do”，常用的句型有：Itisnecessary(important,natural,strange,etc.)that…Itissuggested(requested,proposed,desired,etc.)that…考點(diǎn)三、it作形式主語(yǔ)和it引導(dǎo)強(qiáng)調(diào)句的比較①I(mǎi)t作形式主語(yǔ)代替主語(yǔ)從句，主要是為了平衡句子結(jié)構(gòu)，主語(yǔ)從句的連接詞沒(méi)有變化。②it引導(dǎo)的強(qiáng)調(diào)句則是對(duì)句子某一部分進(jìn)行強(qiáng)調(diào)，無(wú)論強(qiáng)調(diào)的是什么成分，都可用連詞that引導(dǎo)，被強(qiáng)調(diào)部分指人時(shí)也可用who/whom。例如：a)Itisapitythatyoudidn’tgotoseethefilm.b)Itdoesn’tinterestmewhetheryousucceedornot.c)Itisinthemorningthatthemurdertookplace.（強(qiáng)調(diào)句型）d)ItisJohnthatbrokethewindow.（強(qiáng)調(diào)句型）補(bǔ)充：主語(yǔ)從句不可位于句首的五種情況：（1）if引導(dǎo)的主語(yǔ)從句不可居于復(fù)合句句首。（2）Itissaid/reported…結(jié)構(gòu)中的主語(yǔ)從句不可提前。例如：正確表達(dá)：ItissaidthatPresidentJiangwillvisitourschoolnextweek.錯(cuò)誤表達(dá)：ThatPresidentJiangwillvisitourschoolnextweekissaid.（3）Ithappens/occurs…結(jié)構(gòu)中的主語(yǔ)從句不可提前。例如：正確表達(dá)：Itoccurredtohimthathefailedintheexamination.錯(cuò)誤表達(dá)：Thathefailedintheexaminationoccurredtohim.（4）Itdoesn’tmatterhow/whether…結(jié)構(gòu)中的主語(yǔ)從句不可提前。例如：正確表達(dá)：Itdoesn’tmatterwhetherheiswrongornot.錯(cuò)誤表達(dá)：Whetherheiswrongornotdoesn’tmatter.（5）含主語(yǔ)從句的復(fù)合句是疑問(wèn)句時(shí)，主語(yǔ)從句不可提前。例如：正確表達(dá)：Isitlikelythatitwillrainintheevening?錯(cuò)誤表達(dá)：Isthatwillrainintheeveninglikely?注意：what與that在引導(dǎo)主語(yǔ)從句時(shí)的區(qū)別what引導(dǎo)主語(yǔ)從句時(shí)在句時(shí)在從句中充當(dāng)句子成分，如主語(yǔ)．賓語(yǔ)．表語(yǔ)，而that則不然。例如：1)Whatyousaidyesterdayisright.2)Thatsheisstillaliveisaconsolation.練習(xí)___________mostcompaniesandworkforcerequireisnotrobots,butcreativepeoplethatbringadvantagestoitsdevelopment.___________youcansucceedinmakingyourdreamcometruedependsonhardworkmorethanluck.____________governmentsshoulddoistocreatepoliciestoencouragelowcarbonemission.____________shecouldgetbettersuggestionsand_________wouldgiveherbetteradvidealsopuzzledher.It’snosurprise___________ourteamhaswonthegame.Itisdecided___________themeetingwillbeputoffnextMonday.參考答案：1.what2.whether3.what4.where,who5.that三、表語(yǔ)從句表語(yǔ)從句：位于系動(dòng)詞之后作表語(yǔ)的從句叫表語(yǔ)從句Thatiswhy,inrecentyears,therehasbeenagrowingbodyofopinioninfavorofputtingmoreresourcesintohealth.Whatisofcrucialimportance,inmyopinion,ishowwedefine“responsibleforbringingthechildrenup”.Thatisjustwhatstudentswoulddoduringtheprocessofactivelearning.Thatiswhymanyfamilieshavesetaroutinetohavemealstogetheratleastonceaweek.Thethicksmogcoveredthewholecity.Itwasasif/thoughagreatblackblankethadbeenthrownoverit.注意：當(dāng)主語(yǔ)是reason時(shí)，表語(yǔ)從句要用that引導(dǎo)而不是because。例如：Thereasonwhyhewaslatewasthathemissedthetrainbyoneminutethismorning.練習(xí)I’dliketostartmyownbusiness—that’s________I’ddoifIhadthemoney.Thereasonwhyhedidn’tpasstheexamwas___________hewastoocareless.參考答案：1.what2.that四、同位語(yǔ)從句1、同位語(yǔ)從句說(shuō)明其前面的名詞的具體內(nèi)容。同位語(yǔ)從句通常由that引導(dǎo)，that無(wú)詞義，不在句子中做成分，不可以省略2、可用于同位語(yǔ)從句的名詞有belief、advice、demand、doubt（懷疑）、possibility、thought、proposal、case、fact、hope、idea、information、message、news、order、problem、promise、question、request、suggestion、truth、wish、word等。例如：1)Thenewsthatwewonthegameisexciting.2)Ihavenoideawhenhewillcomebackhome.3)ThethoughtcametohimthatMaryhadprobablyfallenill.4)Themanagerputforwardasuggestionthatweshouldhaveanassisstant.5)Maybethisalsoledtothecasethatshebacamefatter.3、同位語(yǔ)從句與定語(yǔ)從句的區(qū)別(1)定語(yǔ)從句中的that既代替先行詞，同時(shí)以在從句中作某個(gè)成分（主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)），而同位語(yǔ)從句中的that是連詞，只起連接主句與從句的作用，不充當(dāng)句中任何成分。(2)定語(yǔ)從句是形容詞性的，其功能是修飾先行詞，對(duì)先行詞加以限定，描述定的性質(zhì)或特征；同位語(yǔ)從句是名詞性的，其功能是對(duì)名詞進(jìn)行補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明。例如：1)ThenewsthathetoldmeisthatTomwouldgoabroadnextyear.（他告訴我的消息是湯姆明年將出國(guó)。）（第一個(gè)that引導(dǎo)的從句是定語(yǔ)從句，that在從句中作賓語(yǔ)）2)ThenewsthatTomwouldgoabroadistoldbyhim.（湯姆將出國(guó)的消息是他講的。）（同位語(yǔ)從句，that在句中不作任何成分）五、賓語(yǔ)從句賓語(yǔ)從句：接在介詞和動(dòng)詞后面的從句叫賓語(yǔ)從句?？键c(diǎn)一、賓語(yǔ)從句引導(dǎo)詞1.由從屬連詞that引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句：that在句中不擔(dān)任任何成分，不需翻譯，常被省去Hehastoldme(that)hewillgotoShanghaitomorrow.Wemustneverthink(that)wearegoodineverythingwhileothersaregoodinnothing.注意：在demand（要求）、order（命令）、suggest、decide、insist（堅(jiān)持）,desire（期望）,urge（督促），advise，propose（建議），require，request,command（命令）,doubt等表示要求、命令、建議、決定等意義的動(dòng)詞后，賓語(yǔ)從句常用“（should）+動(dòng)詞原形”。例如：Iinsistthatshe(should)doherworkalone.Thecommanderorderedthattroops(should)setoffatonce.由從屬連詞whether或if引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句:翻譯為“是否”，不可省略Shewonderedif/whethercenturiesofdivingcouldhaveledtotheevolutionofphysicalcharacteristicsthatmadethetaskeasierforthem.Thereisdebate,however,overwhetherthisisusefultocompaniesandtoindividuals.注意：只能用whether，不能用if的情況引導(dǎo)主語(yǔ)從句并在句首時(shí)；引導(dǎo)表語(yǔ)從句時(shí)；引導(dǎo)從句作介詞賓語(yǔ)時(shí)；從句后有“ornot”時(shí)；后接動(dòng)詞不定式時(shí);在discuss后只能用whether1)Whetherthereislifeonthemoonisaninterestingquestion.2)Everythingdependsonwhetherwehaveenoughmoney.3)Iwonderwhetherhewillcomeornot.4)Canyoutellmewhethertogoortostay?由連接代詞what,who，whom,which,whoever,whatever,whichever,whose等引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句，連接代詞需要在從句中做主語(yǔ)或者賓語(yǔ)，不可省略。Also,itgivesourparentsmoretimetodowhattheylikeanditimprovesthefamilyrelationships.Nowtherouteisnolongerusedforinternationaltradebutmanystoriesofwhathappenedontheancientroadremain.Everyyear,whoevermakesthemostbeautifulkitewillwinaprizeintheKiteFestival.Yoursupportisimportanttoourwork.Whateveryoucandohelps.Shewillgivewhoeverneedshelpawarmsupport.由連接副詞when,where,why,how,whenever,wherever,however等關(guān)聯(lián)詞引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句，連接副詞在句中不做成分，不可省略。Shealwaysthinksofhowshecanworkwell.WhatpuzzlesLily’sfriendsiswhyshealwayshassomanycrazyideas.Thepoormanwasn’tabletogivehimanyinformationaboutwhereshelived.Wellorbadly,Iwroteatleasttwopagesaday.Thisishowmynovel,TheLineoftheSun,wasfinished.考點(diǎn)二、賓語(yǔ)從句的時(shí)態(tài)主現(xiàn)從變：當(dāng)主句動(dòng)詞是現(xiàn)在時(shí)，從句根據(jù)自身的句子情況，而使用不同時(shí)態(tài)。Iknow(that)hestudiesEnglisheveryday.（從句用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)）Iknow(that)hestudiedEnglishlastterm.（從句用一般過(guò)去時(shí)）Iknow(that)hewillstudyEnglishnextyear.（從句用一般將來(lái)時(shí)）Iknow(that)hehasstudiedEnglishsince1998.（從句用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)）主過(guò)從過(guò)：當(dāng)主句動(dòng)詞是過(guò)去時(shí)態(tài)（could,would除外），從句則要用相應(yīng)的過(guò)去時(shí)態(tài)，如一般過(guò)去時(shí)，過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)，過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)等；Hesaidthathewouldwaitforusattheairport.IcametobelievethatIcoulddonothingaboutmyweight.TheteachertoldusthatTomhadleftusforAmerica.客觀真理一般現(xiàn)：當(dāng)從句表示的是客觀真理，科學(xué)原理，自然現(xiàn)象，則從句仍用現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài)。Theteachersaidthatthesunrisesfromtheeastandsetsinthewest.Scientistshaveprovedthattheearthturnsaroundthesun.練習(xí)：Theweatherisfine.I’msure________wecangocampingthisafternoon.2．Alicearrivedat________shethoughtwasawonderland.3．Theexhibitiontellsus________weshoulddosomethingtostopairpollution.4．Ithinkmyfatherwouldliketoknow_______I’vebeenuptosofar,soIdecidetosendhimaquicknote.5．Policehavefound____________appearstobethelostancientstatue.6．Itisestimatedthat12.79millionnewurbanjobshavebeencreatedthisyear,whichalmostdoubles_____________itwaslastyear.7．Thecompaniesareworkingtogethertocreate_________theyhopewillbethebestmeansoftransportinthe21stcentury.8．Everyonefaceschallengesinlife.It’samatterof__________youlearntoovercomethemandusethemtoyouradvantage.9．Figuringoutinadvance_____we’regoingtocopewithmajorproblemsduringthevirusoutbreakhelpsusworkefficiently.10．Peoplefromthesouthfinditdifficulttounderstand____________peoplefromthenortharesaying.11．—Thehillsidevillageremainsprimitiveandunspoiled.—Thatexplains______peopledesiretoexploresucharemoteplace.I’mwondering__________youcouldhelpmewithmyhomework.Heasked______________handwritingwasthebest.Canyoutellme______________theNo.3busstopis?Idon’tknow______________thetrainislate.Iamnotsure________ismorefrightened,meorthelittleboy.Doyouknow_________hewillstopworking——Maybeat12:00pm.Pleasedecide________wewillgonextmonth,Canadaorothercountries?參考答案：3.that2.what3.that4.what5.what6.what7.what8.what9.that10.what11.why12.if/whether13.whose14.where15.why16.who17.when18.where拓展：否定轉(zhuǎn)移1)將think,believe,suppose,expect,fancy,imagine等動(dòng)詞后面賓語(yǔ)從句的否定詞轉(zhuǎn)移到主句中，即主句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用否定式，而從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用肯定式。Idon'tthinkIknowyou.我想我并不認(rèn)識(shí)你。Idon'tbelievehewillcome.我相信他不回來(lái)。注意：若謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞為hope,賓語(yǔ)從句中的否定詞不能轉(zhuǎn)移。Ihopeyouweren'till.我想你沒(méi)有生病吧。2)將seem,appear等后的從句的否定轉(zhuǎn)移到前面。Itdoesn'tseemthattheyknowwheretogo.看來(lái)他們不知道往哪去。Itdoesn'tappearthatwe'llhaveasunnydaytomorrow.看來(lái)我們明天不會(huì)碰上好天氣。3)有時(shí)將動(dòng)名詞，介詞短語(yǔ)或整個(gè)從句的否定轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)閷?duì)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的否定。Idon'trememberhavingeverseensuchaman.我記得從未見(jiàn)過(guò)這樣一個(gè)人。(not否定動(dòng)名詞短語(yǔ)having…)It'snotaplacewhereanyonewouldexpecttoseestrangecharactersonthestreet.在這里，人們不會(huì)想到在街上會(huì)碰上陌生的人。(anyone作主語(yǔ)，從句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞不能用否定形式。)4)有時(shí)狀語(yǔ)或狀語(yǔ)從句中否定可以轉(zhuǎn)移到謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞前。Theantisnotgatheringthisforitselfalone.(否定狀語(yǔ))螞蟻不只是為自己采食。HewasnotreadytobelievesomethingjustbecauseAristotlesaidso.(否定because狀語(yǔ))他并不因亞里斯多德說(shuō)過(guò)如何如何，就輕信此事。Shehadnotbeenmarriedmanyweekswhenthatman'syoungerbrothersawherandwasstruckbyherbeauty.(否定狀語(yǔ)manyweeks)她結(jié)婚還不到幾個(gè)星期，這個(gè)人的弟弟就看見(jiàn)她了，并對(duì)她的美貌著了迷。練習(xí)1.It'srainingdayandnight.There'snodoubt________thesportsmeetwillbeputoff.2.Hestudiedhard.__________wasnowonderhewasadmittedtoatopuniversity.3.Somechildrenwanttoimprovethemselvesbylearningalanguagedifferentfrom________theirparentsspeakathome.4.Ifyoutakealookaroundyourkitchenoroffice,chancesare________you’llnoticethatyouaresurroundedbyplasticwaterbottles,take-outcups,plasticgrocerybagsandfoodpackages.5.Thethoughtcametohim________maybeheshouldhavesaidsorrytohisfather.6.________makesthisshopdifferentisthatitoffersmorepersonalservices.7.Sheishappyfor________hersonhasachievedinliterature.8.Thereasonwhyhewasabsentfromthemeetingwas________hewasdelayedbytheaccident.9.________?isknowntoallisthatsmokingdoesharmtoourhealth.10.________youdon'tlikehimisnoneofmybusiness.11.Canyoufindtheanswertothequestion________waswrongwiththecomputer?12．However,it'snotjustwhenyoueatthatmatters,but_______youeatalsomatters.13.PartofthereasonwhyCharlesDickenslovedhisownnovel,DavidCopperfield,was________itwasrathercloselymodeledonhisownlife.14.Hestayeduptoolateanddidn'tgetupontime.That's________hemissedtheschoolbus.15.Jimsaidtherewasnoclearevidence________shehadtoldalie.16.Thereasonwhyhefailedis________hewastoocareless.17.Themostpleasantthingoftherainyseasonis________onecanbeentirelyfreefromdust.18.________impressedmemostinmyseniorhighschoollifewasthefriendshipamongclassmates.19.Itisshockingthatsomeinvestmentbanksevenjudgecandidateson________theywearbrownshoes.20.Pleasetellme________youaregettingalongwithyournewclassmates.21.Everyyear,________makesthemostbeautifulkitewillwinaprizeintheKiteFestival.22.Janemovedaimlesslydownthetree-linedstreet,notknowing________shewasheading.23.Thefact________sheworkshardiswellknowntousall.24.Iwasdeeplytouchedandinspiredby________hesaid.25.Nooneknows________effectstheGMmaterialmighthaveonthefoodchain.26.Theyareworkingtogethertomake________theythinkisthebestproduct.27.That's________Iwanttoknow.28.Infact,nooneknowsforsure________itwasthatmadehimgiveupthisopportunity.29.________isnodoubtthatgradeshaveimprovedandinterestineducationhasrevived.30.________Amydidn'tknowwasthatherkindnesswouldsetoffachainreaction.31.________surprisedusmostwasthathewasawardedallthethreemedalsinthecontest.32.I'llgivetheticketsto________wantsit.33.Weshouldrespectfoodandthinkaboutpeoplewhodon'thave________wehavehereandtreatfoodnicely.34.________surprisedmewasthathedidverywellintheexam.35.Accordingto________thehotel'sgeneralmanageroncetoldus,atriptothewoodsissomethingofatraditioninthearea.36.________isapitythattheindustrialcitiesbuiltinthenineteenthcenturydonotattractvisitors.37.Whatthedoctorsreallydoubtis_______mymotherwillrecoverfromtheseriousdiseasesoon.38.________interestsmethemostishoweverythingisconnectedaltogetherinrandomways.39.—Youcan'timagine________fantasticfunwebchattingis.

—Really?Butitmaycausealotoftroublesometimes.40.Thestudentsreturnedtoschoolwithasenseofachievement,afeeling______