1T/GSXXX—2026東北草甸草原家畜混合放牧技術(shù)規(guī)程本文件確定了東北草甸草原家畜混合放牧的程序，規(guī)定了測(cè)算最適利用率、測(cè)算放牧?xí)r間、確定放牧順序、測(cè)定牧草產(chǎn)量、測(cè)算家畜采食量、測(cè)算混合放牧家畜適宜載畜量的操作指示，描述了記錄和檔案管理等追溯方法。本文件適用于東北以牛羊?yàn)橹饕倚蟮牟莸椴菰?規(guī)范性引用文件下列文件中的內(nèi)容通過(guò)文中的規(guī)范性引用而構(gòu)成本文件必不可少的條款。其中，注日期的引用文件，僅該日期對(duì)應(yīng)的版本適用于本文件；不注日期的引用文件，其最新版本（包括所有的修改單）適用于本文件。NY/T635-2015天然草地合理載畜量的計(jì)算NY/T2998-2016草地資源調(diào)查技術(shù)規(guī)程N(yùn)Y/T4129-2022草地家畜最適采食強(qiáng)度測(cè)算方法3術(shù)語(yǔ)和定義下列術(shù)語(yǔ)和定義適用于本文件。3.1混合放牧mixedgrazing同時(shí)進(jìn)行牛羊等家畜放牧的草地利用方式。3.2草地最適利用率optimumutilizationrateofgrassland為保持草地生態(tài)良性循環(huán)，在既充分合理利用又不發(fā)生草地退化的放牧（或割草）強(qiáng)度下，可供利用的草地牧草產(chǎn)量占草地牧草年產(chǎn)草量的百分比。3.3可食牧草edibleforage草地上可被家畜采食的植物。3.4日采食量dailyfeedintake維持家畜的正常生長(zhǎng)、發(fā)育、繁殖及正常地生產(chǎn)畜產(chǎn)品，每頭家畜每天所需攝取的飼草量。2T/GSXXX—20264確定草地最適利用率按照NY/T635的規(guī)定確定草地不同季節(jié)的最適利用率。5確定放牧?xí)r間5.1開(kāi)始放牧?xí)r間由不同草地類型的優(yōu)勢(shì)牧草生長(zhǎng)發(fā)育情況確定。以禾本科牧草為主的草地，應(yīng)在禾本科牧草開(kāi)始抽莖拔節(jié)時(shí)；以豆科和雜類草為主的草地，應(yīng)在腋芽（或側(cè)枝）發(fā)生時(shí)。放牧?xí)r間應(yīng)避開(kāi)不同地區(qū)春季休牧期。5.2結(jié)束放牧?xí)r間應(yīng)在生長(zhǎng)季結(jié)束前30d左右，這里的生長(zhǎng)季是指能保證植物生長(zhǎng)發(fā)育所需的生物學(xué)有效溫度的5.3放牧?xí)r間在放牧開(kāi)始至放牧結(jié)束之間適宜放牧的天數(shù)，混合放牧不同家畜放牧?xí)r間分別測(cè)算。6確定混合放牧順序牛羊混合放牧?xí)r，應(yīng)先放羊或牛羊同時(shí)放牧。7測(cè)定牧草產(chǎn)量7.1測(cè)算牧草總產(chǎn)量按照NY/T4129的規(guī)定測(cè)定草地牧草總產(chǎn)量。7.2確定家畜可食牧草種類按照NY/T4129的規(guī)定確定可食牧草種類。7.3測(cè)算可食牧草產(chǎn)量草地可食牧草產(chǎn)量按式（1）計(jì)算：式中：Ye——可食牧草產(chǎn)量，單位為克每平方米（g/m2n——可食牧草總物種數(shù)；T/GSXXX—2026i——第i種可食牧草；Yi——第i種可食牧草產(chǎn)量，單位為克每平方米（g/m2）。7.4測(cè)算可食禾草產(chǎn)量草地可食禾草產(chǎn)量按式（2）計(jì)算：式中：Yg——可食禾草產(chǎn)量，單位為克每平方米（g/m2n——可食禾草總物種數(shù)；i——第i種可食禾草；Gi——第i種可食禾草產(chǎn)量，單位為克每平方米（g/m2）。7.5測(cè)算可食非禾草產(chǎn)量草地可食非禾草產(chǎn)量按式（3）計(jì)算：式中：Yf——可食非禾草產(chǎn)量，單位為克每平方米（g/m2n——可食非禾草總物種數(shù)；i——第i種可食非禾草；Fi——第i種可食非禾草產(chǎn)量，單位為克每平方米（g/m2）。8測(cè)算家畜日采食量肉牛、奶牛和綿羊日采食量按照其平均體重計(jì)算，見(jiàn)附錄A、B、C。9測(cè)算混合放牧家畜適宜載畜量9.1牛適宜載畜量牛適宜載畜量按公式（4）計(jì)算：式中：CC——牛適宜載畜量，單位是頭每公頃每天（n/hm2?d）；A——草地面積，單位是公頃（hm2Yg——可食禾草產(chǎn)量，單位為克每平方米（g/m2T/GSXXX—20264U——草地最適利用率，單位是百分率（%）；IC——牛日采食量，單位是千克（kg）；Tc——牛放牧?xí)r間，單位是天（d）。9.2羊適宜載畜量羊適宜載畜量按公式（5）計(jì)算：式中：CS——羊適宜載畜量，單位是只每公頃每天（羊單位/hm2?d）；A——草地面積，單位是公頃（hm2Yf——可食非禾草產(chǎn)量，單位為克每平方米（g/m2U——草地最適利用率，單位是百分率（%）；IS——羊日采食量，單位是千克（kg）；TS——羊放牧?xí)r間，單位是天（d）。10檔案管理應(yīng)對(duì)東北草甸草原家畜混合放牧過(guò)程進(jìn)行記錄，將數(shù)據(jù)、圖像、評(píng)價(jià)指標(biāo)統(tǒng)計(jì)分析表、評(píng)價(jià)報(bào)告等建立檔案并及時(shí)歸檔。檔案長(zhǎng)期保存，做到可追溯。T/GSXXX—2026（資料性附錄）肉牛日采食量生長(zhǎng)育肥牛、生長(zhǎng)母、妊娠母牛和哺乳母牛日采食量見(jiàn)表A.1~表A.3。表A.1生長(zhǎng)育肥牛和生長(zhǎng)母牛日采食量體重（kg）日采食量（kg）生長(zhǎng)肥育牛生長(zhǎng)母牛02.662.660.33.293.290.43.493.490.53.703.700.63.913.910.70.84.334.330.94.544.544.754.754.95-5.16-02.982.980.33.633.630.43.853.850.54.074.070.64.294.290.74.514.510.84.724.720.94.944.945.165.165.38-5.59-20003.303.300.33.983.98T/GSXXX—202660.44.214.210.54.444.440.64.664.660.74.894.890.80.95.345.345.575.575.80-6.03-22503.603.600.34.314.310.44.554.550.54.784.780.65.025.020.75.265.260.85.495.490.95.735.735.965.966.20-6.44-25003.93.90.34.644.640.44.884.880.55.135.130.65.375.370.75.625.620.85.875.870.96.366.366.60-6.85-27504.194.190.34.964.96T/GSXXX—20260.45.215.210.55.475.470.65.725.720.75.985.980.86.236.230.96.496.496.746.747.00-7.25-30004.464.460.35.265.260.45.535.530.55.795.790.66.066.060.76.326.320.86.586.580.96.856.857.38-7.64-32504.754.750.35.575.570.45.845.840.50.66.396.390.76.666.660.86.946.940.97.217.217.497.497.76-8.03-35005.025.020.35.875.87T/GSXXX—202680.46.156.150.56.436.430.66.726.720.77.007.000.87.287.280.97.577.577.857.858.13-8.41-37505.285.280.36.166.160.46.456.450.56.746.740.67.037.030.77.327.320.87.627.620.97.917.918.208.208.49-8.79-40005.555.550.36.456.450.46.766.760.57.067.060.67.367.360.77.667.660.87.967.960.98.268.268.568.568.87-9.17-42505.80-0.36.73-T/GSXXX—20260.47.04-0.57.35-0.67.66-0.77.97-0.88.29-0.98.60-8.91-9.22-9.53-45006.066.060.37.027.020.47.347.340.57.667.650.67.987.970.78.308.290.88.628.610.98.948.939.269.259.58-9.90-47506.31-0.37.30-0.47.63-0.57.96-0.68.29-0.78.61-0.88.94-0.99.27-9.60-9.93--50006.566.560.37.587.57T/GSXXX—20260.47.917.910.58.258.250.68.598.580.78.938.920.89.279.260.99.619.609.949.93--表A.2妊娠母牛日采食量體重（kg）妊娠月份日采食量（kg）30066.3276.4386.696.7735066.8676.9887.1597.3240067.3977.5187.6897.8445067.9078.0288.1998.3650068.4078.5288.6998.8655068.89T/GSXXX—202679.0089.1799.34表A.3哺乳母牛日采食量體重（kg）標(biāo)準(zhǔn)乳產(chǎn)量（kg）日采食量（kg）30004.4735.8246.2756.7267.1777.6288.0798.528.9735005.0236.3746.8257.2767.7278.1788.6299.079.5240005.5536.9047.3557.8068.2578.7089.1599.6045006.06T/GSXXX—202637.4147.8658.3168.7679.2189.66950006.5637.9148.3658.8169.2679.718955007.0438.3948.8459.2969.74789T/GSXXX—2026（資料性附錄）奶牛日采食量成年母牛和種公牛日采食量、成年母牛每產(chǎn)1kg奶的日采食量、母牛妊娠最后四個(gè)月日采食量、生長(zhǎng)母牛和生長(zhǎng)公牛日采食量見(jiàn)表B.1~表B.4。表B.1成年母牛和種公牛日采食量成年母牛種公牛體重（kg）日采食量（kg）體重（kg）日采食量（kg）3505.025007.994005.556009.174506.067005006.568005507.049006007.526507.987008.447508.89--表B.2成年母牛每產(chǎn)1kg奶的日采食量乳脂率（%）日采食量（kg）2.50.31~0.353.00.34~0.383.50.37~0.414.00.40~0.454.50.43~0.495.00.46~0.525.50.49~0.55表B.3母牛妊娠最后四個(gè)月日采食量體重（kg）妊娠月份日采食量（kg）T/GSXXX—202635065.7876.2887.2398.740066.376.8187.7699.2245066.8177.3288.2799.7350067.3177.8288.78955067.8078.3189.26960068.2778.7889.73965068.7479.258970069.2279.718975069.65T/GSXXX—2026789表B.4生長(zhǎng)母牛和生長(zhǎng)公牛日采食量體重（kg）日采食量（kg）生長(zhǎng)母牛生長(zhǎng)公牛7000.30.40.52.030.62.212.10.72.392.30.83.612.50.9----00.30.40.52.162.10.62.342.30.72.572.40.82.792.70.9----9000.30.42.10.52.302.20.62.482.40.72.702.60.82.932.80.9----T/GSXXX—202600.32.072.00.42.252.20.52.432.30.62.662.50.72.842.70.82.90.9----00.32.392.30.42.572.50.52.792.70.63.022.90.73.240.83.513.30.93.743.64.053.802.212.20.32.702.70.42.882.80.53.00.63.333.20.73.603.40.83.833.70.94.103.94.414.202.482.50.33.022.90.43.203.20.53.423.60.63.653.80.73.923.8T/GSXXX—20260.84.194.00.94.504.34.824.620002.702.70.33.293.20.43.513.40.53.743.60.63.963.80.74.234.10.84.554.40.94.864.65.185.025003.203.20.33.833.80.44.054.00.54.324.20.64.594.50.74.864.70.85.185.00.95.545.35.905.630003.693.70.34.374.30.44.594.50.54.914.80.65.185.00.75.495.30.85.855.60.96.215.96.626.335004.10.34.864.80.45.135.0T/GSXXX—20260.55.455.30.65.765.60.76.085.90.86.396.20.96.846.67.297.040004.554.50.35.365.30.45.635.50.55.945.80.66.300.76.666.40.87.076.80.97.477.27.977.645005.005.00.35.805.70.46.106.00.56.506.30.66.806.70.77.207.00.87.707.40.98.107.88.608.250005.405.40.36.306.20.46.606.50.57.006.80.67.307.10.77.807.60.88.208.00.98.708.49.308.9T/GSXXX—202655005.805.80.36.806.70.47.106.90.57.507.30.67.907.70.78.300.88.808.50.99.308.99.909.560006.206.20.37.207.10.47.607.40.58.007.80.68.408.20.78.908.60.89.409.00.99.909.5T/GSXXX—2026（資料性附錄）綿羊日采食量生長(zhǎng)肥育綿羊羔羊、育成母綿羊、育成公綿羊、育肥綿羊、妊娠母綿羊和泌乳母綿羊日采食量見(jiàn)表C.1~表C.6。表C.1生長(zhǎng)肥育綿羊羔羊日采食量體重（kg）日采食量（kg）40.10.20.360.10.130.20.130.30.1380.10.160.20.160.30.160.10.240.20.240.30.240.10.320.20.320.30.320.10.400.20.400.30.400.10.480.20.480.30.480.10.560.20.560.30.56T/GSXXX—2026200.10.640.20.640.30.64表C.2育成母綿羊日采食量體重（kg）日采食量（kg）2500.80.030.80.060.80.090.83000.030.060.093500.030.060.094000.030.060.094500.030.060.095000.030.060.09表C.3育成公綿羊日采食量體重（kg）日采食量（kg）T/GSXXX—2026200.050.90.100.90.15250.050.100.15300.050.100.15350.050.100.1540