歐洲文化入門課后習(xí)題答案：Divisionone:GreekcultureandRomanculture希臘、羅馬文化Ⅰ.Greekculture希臘文化WhatarethemajorelementsinEuropeanculture?Therearetwomainelements——theGreco-RomanelementandtheJudeo-Christianelement.WhatwerethemainfeaturesofancientGreeksociety?InGreeksociety,onlyadultmalecitizenhadrealpowerandthecitizenshipwasasetofrightswhichamaninheritedfromhisfather.TheeconomyofAthensrestedonanimmenseamountofslavelabor.Slavesworkedfortheirmasters.Theexploitationwasaserioussocialproblem.TheGreekslovedsports.TheyoftentookpartinthecontestsofsportsinOlympusMount,thusOlympicGamescameintobeing.WhatdidHomerdo?WhyisheimportantinthehistoryofEuropeanliterature?HedepictedthegreatGreekmenwholivedintheperiod1200-1100B.C.andwarshappeningatthattime.Asanauthorofepics,heemployedfineliterarylanguagetodescribewarsandmen,eventhoughtheyweredull.HestoodinthepeekofGreekliteratureandexertedagreatinfluenceonhisfollowers.WhoweretheoutstandingdramatistsofancientGreece?Whatimportantplaysdideachofthemwrite?Aeschylus,SophoclesandEuripideswerethreeoutstandingdramatistsofancientGreece.Aeschylus:PrometheusBound,Persians,AgamemnonSophocles:OedipustheKing,Electra,AntigoneEuripides:Andromache,Medea,TrojanWomenWeretherehistoriansthen?Whowerethey?Whatdideachofthemwriteabout?Yes,thereare.TheywereHerodotusandThucydides.HerodotuswroteaboutthewarsbetweenGreeksandPersians.ThucydideswroteaboutthewarbetweenAthensandSpartaandbetweenAthensandSyracuse.6.Wouldyousaythatphilosophywashighlydevelopedthen?Whowerethemajorphilosophers?No,Iwouldn’t.Becausethosephilosophicalideaswereonlyidealismorsimplematerialismormetaphysics.Socrates,PlatoandAristotlewerethemajorphilosophersatthattime.7.DidSocrateswriteanybook?Howthendoweknowabouthim?Whatdistinguishedhisphilosophy?No,hedidn’t.WeknowSocrateschieflythroughwhatPlatorecordedofhiminthefamousDialogueswrittenbyPlato.Heconsideredthatphilosophyrestedwiththedissectofoneselfandvirtuewashighworthoflife.Hismethodofargument,byquestionsandanswers,wasknownasthedialecticalmethod.8.TellsomeofPlato’sideas.Whydopeoplecallhimanidealist?(1)Menhaveknowledgebecauseoftheexistenceofcertaingeneral“ideas”,likebeauty,truth,andgoodness.(2)Weshouldnotlookatthethingswhicharenotseen:forthethingswhicharenotseeneternal.Becauseheemphasizedtheimportanceof“ideas”andbelievedthat“thought”hadcreatedtheworld,peoplecallhimanidealist.9.InwhatimportantwayswasAristotledifferentfromPlato?WhataresomeofAristotle’sworksthatarestillinfluentialtoday?(1)Aristotleemphasizeddirectobservationofnatureandinsistedthattheoryshouldfollowfact.ThisisdifferentfromPlato’srelianceonsubjectivethinking.(2)Hethoughtthat“idea”andmattertogethermadeconcreteindividualrealitiesinwhichhedifferedfromPlatowhoheldthatideashadhigherrealitythanthepoliticalworld.Hissignificantworksincludes:Ethics,PoliticsandRhetoric.10.Whoweresomeoftheotherphilosophersactiveinthatperiod?Doestheword“Epicurean”initsmodernsenseconveythetruemeaningofthephilosophyoftheancientEpicureans?Whatweretheirviewsonpleasure?(1)TheywereHeracleitue,Democritus,Diogenes,Pyrrhon,EpicurusandZeno.(2)No,itdoesn’t.TheancientEpicureansbelievedpleasuretobethehighestworthoflife,butbypleasuretheymeant,notsensualenjoymentbutthatattainedbythepracticeofvirtue.Butthisideawasmisledbymodernpeople,intheirsense,theword“Epicurean”hascometomeanindulgenceinluxuriousliving.11.SaysomethingaboutGreeksculpture,potteryandarchitecture.WhatwasthemostfamousGreektemple?Isitstillthere?(1)AlongwiththeformationofGreekcivilization,Greeksculpture,potteryandarchitecturegotmanygreatachievements.Greeksputintoworksofartthethingstheyadmiredandworshiped,thescientificrulestheydiscovered.Greekartevolvedfromthearchaicperiodtotheclassicalperiodwhichmarkeditsmaturity.(2)themostfamoustemplewastheAcropolisatAthens.(3)Yes,itisstillthere.12.GivesomeexamplestoshowtheenormousinfluenceofGreekcultureonEnglishliterature.Someexamples:(1)AFreudianterm“OedipusComplex”of19thcenturyoriginatingfromaGreektragedyinwhichkingOedipusunknowinglykilledhisfatherandmarriedhismother.(2)Intheearlypartofthe19thcentury,inEnglandalone,threeyoungRomanticpoetsexpressedtheiradmirationofGreekcultureinworkswhichhavethemselvesbecomeclassics:Byron’sIsleofGreece,Shelley’sHellasandPrometheusUnboundandKeats’sOdeonaGrecianUrn.(3)Inthe20thcentury,thereareHomericparallelsintheIrishmanJamesJoyce’smodernistmasterpieceUlysses.Ⅱ.Romanculture羅馬文化WhatdidtheRomanhaveincommonwiththeGreeks?Andwhatwasthechiefdifferencebetweenthem?(1)TheRomanshadalotincommonwiththeGreeks.Bothpeopleshadtraditionsrootedintheideaofthecitizen-assembly,hostiletomonarchyandtoservility.Theirreligionswerealikeenoughformostoftheirdeitiestobereadilyidentified—GreekZeuswithRomanJupiter,GreekAphroditewithRomanVenus,andsoon—andtheirmythstobefused.Theirlanguagesworkedinsimilarwaysandwereultimatelyrelated,bothbeingmembersoftheIndo-EuropeanlanguagefamilywhichstretchesfromBangladeshtoIceland.(2)Therewasonebigdifference.TheRomansbuiltupavastempire.TheGreeksdidn’t,ofthefinaltriumphofGod’spurpose.HowdidtherelationsbetweenChristiansandtheRomangovernmentchange?TheearlyChristianweresubjecttopersecutionsbytheRomangovernment.JesusChristwascrucifiedbytheRomangovernment.AfterJesusdied,hisdisciplinesSt.PeterandSt.PaulsufferedmartyrdomundertheRomanEmperorNeroabout65A.D.NeroevenburnedChristiansinhisgardenin64A.D.For240yearsafterthemartyrdomsofPeterandPaul,persecutionsofChristianscontinued.ThechiefpersecutionswereunderNero,Domitian,Trajan,ValerianandDiocletian.Despitethesepersecutions,ChristianscontinuedtospreadsteadilyovertheMediterraneanregion.ItbegantodrawmenandwomenfromallclassesandtheattitudeoftheRomangovernmenttowardChristianitybegantochange.By305Diocletiangaveuphisefforttodestroytheyoungreligion.WhenConstantineⅠwonthethronefromhisrivals,hebelievedthatGodhadhelpedhim,andin313heissuedtheEdictofMilanwhichgrantedreligiousfreedomtoallandmadeChristianitylegal.UnderConstantineChristianitymadegreatcontributionoftheempire.TheemperorswhofollowedConstantineⅠcontinuedpro-Christianpolicies.In392A.D.,EmperorTheodosiusmadeChristianitytheofficialreligionoftheempireandoutlawedallotherreligions.NowChristianityhadchangedfromanobjectofoppressiontoaweaponinthehandsoftherulingclasstocrushtheiropponents.HowdidChristianmonkshelpWesterncivilizationsurvive?TheChristianmonkshelpedwesterncivilizationsurviveinmanyways:⑴TheChristianmonksspreadChristianitytotheMediterraneanregionandsomeofthemevensufferedmartyrdom;⑵SomemonkstranslatedtheOldTestamentintoGreekandSt.JerometranslatedthewholeBibleintoLatin.LatersomesuchasJohnWycliffeandWilliamTyndaletranslatedtheBibleintothevernacular;⑶IntheMiddleAges,peopleinWesternEuropeweremainlydividedintothreeclasses:clergy,lordsandpeasants.Ofthesethreeclasses,theonlyliteratesectionwastheclergy.TheChristianmonksdidalottohelppreserveandtransmitalargepartofthetraditionalheritageofthewesternculture.TheynotonlytranslatedtheBibleintoLatinortheVernacularbutalsocopiedortranslatedtheancientworksintothevernacular,suchasthemonksinthesemonasteriessetupbyCharlemagneandAlfredtheGreat.WhydowesaytheBiblehasshapedWesternculturemoredecisivelythananythingelseeverwritten?Judeo-ChristiantraditionconstitutesoneofthetwomajorcomponentsofEuropeanculture.TheBiblewhichisvirtuallyrelatedtoeveryphaseofhumanlifegreatlyinfluencespeople’sdailylife,especiallyintheMiddleAgeswhe