碳酸鹽巖:自生碳酸鹽礦物含量超過50%的沉積巖稱碳酸鹽巖，自生碳酸鹽礦物中若一半以上為方解石稱石灰?guī)r或簡稱灰?guī)r，若一半以上為白云石稱白云巖或簡稱云巖。Carbonaterocksarethoseinwhichthematrixandframeworkarecomposedofgreaterthan50%carbonateminerals(thisdefinitionexcludescement).Unlikesilicilasticsediments,wherestructuresandtexturesreflectthephysicalfactorsinthedepositionalenvironment,thestructuresandtexturesofcarbonaterockscommonlyreflectintrabasinal,biologicalfactors.Thesourceforcarbonatesedimentsisalmostexclusivelybiological.Althoughcarbonatesformincolderwaterandmorespecializedsettingssuchas'hot'springsandcaves,mostthickbuildupsrepresenthighorganicaccumulationinshallow,warmseasinareasremovedfromsignificantsiliciclasticinputTheseshallowmarineareaswherecarbonatesedimentsarecreatedbycalcareousorganismsarereferredtoasthe"carbonatefactory"

CARBONATEROCKS

Manyfeaturesofcarbonatesedimentsareanalogoustothoseinterrigenousclasticsediments,butwithsomenotabledifferences:

——Mostcarbonaterocksareintrabasinal:therocksmainlyoriginateinthebasinofsedimentationratherthanbeingtransported.——Manycarbonaterocksare"biogenic"inorigin,dueeithertobiochemically-inducedmineralprecipitationorduetohighconcentrationsofskeletalshellcomponents(biomineralization).Somecarbonaterocks,however,areabiotic(inorganic)inorigin.——Carbonaterocksgenerallylithifyveryrapidly.——Particlesizeincarbonatesdoesnotnecessarilyreflecttheenergyoftheenvironmentofdeposition.Somecoarseparticlescanformorbedepositedinlow-energyenvironments.Modern

Warm

Water

Modern

Cool

Water

Ancient

Counterpart

SedimentarycontributioncoralsNONEarchaeocyathids,corals,bryozoa,stromatoporoids,rudistidbivalves,hydrozoansthelargecomponents,ofteninplaceofreefsandmoundsbivalves,redalgae,echinodermsbivalves,redalgae,echinoderms,brachiopods,barnaclesbivalves,redalgae,brachiopods,cephalopods,trilobitesandotherarthropodsmayoccurwholeorinbrokenpeicestoformsandandgravel-sizedgrainsgastropod,benthicforaminifersgastropod,benthicforaminifersgastropod,tintinids,tentaculitids,salterellids,benthicformainifers,brachiopodssandandgravel-sizedgrainsfromedfromwholeskeletonscodiaceanalgae,spongesredalgae,bryozoanssponges,crinoids,andotherpelmatozoanssand-sizedgrainsfromedfromdisintegrationofthedeadorganismplanktonicforaminifers,coccoliths,pteropodsplanktonicforaminifers,coccoliths,pteropodsplanktonicforaminifers,coccoliths(post-Jurassic)mediumsand-sizedorsmallergrainsthatoccurinbasinaldepositsooids,peloidsNONEooids,peloidsconcentricallylaminatedormicriticsand-sizedparticlesencrustingforaminifers,bryozoans,corallinealgaeencrustingforaminifers,bryozoans,corallinealgae,serpulidwormsencrustingforaminifers,corallinealgae,phylloidalgae,reralcidsbuilduptoformthickdepositsafterencrustingonhardsubstrates,orformlimemudonseafloorcodiaceananddasycladgreenalgaeNONEcodiaceananddasycladgreenalgaedisintegratetoformlimemudcyanobacteriaandothercalcimicrobescyanobacteriaandothercalcimicrobescyanobacteriaandothercalcimicrobes(importantinpre-Ordovician)formstromatolitesandmatsbytrappingandbindingfine-grainedsediments1．石灰?guī)r的一般特征1）形態(tài)：——海成石灰?guī)r區(qū)域性的穩(wěn)定層狀，也可與凈砂巖互層。——湖成石灰?guī)r規(guī)模一般不大，以條帶狀出現(xiàn)。2） 顏色：灰白、灰、灰黑或紫紅等色。3） 成分：——方解石//其它成分常在5%以下：粘土礦物、石英粉砂、鐵質(zhì)微粒、海綠石、有機質(zhì)等?！皫r過渡的灰?guī)r中可含較多陸源碎屑，——白云石化也可使白云石含量增加。４）沉積構(gòu)造：——常見泥裂、生痕、生物擾動、結(jié)核、縫合線等，特別是蟲孔、生物擾動、硅質(zhì)（燧石）結(jié)核和縫合線——水平層理相對常見，——紋層狀層理（如交錯層理,顆粒性巖石，風(fēng)暴或濁流石灰?guī)r）——多見塊狀層理?！B層構(gòu)造和鳥眼構(gòu)造。5）結(jié)構(gòu)：——泥晶結(jié)構(gòu)和各種顆粒結(jié)構(gòu)為主，——生物骨架結(jié)構(gòu)、粘結(jié)結(jié)構(gòu)或障積結(jié)構(gòu)?！Y(jié)晶結(jié)構(gòu)?！B加的交代結(jié)構(gòu)。6）成巖方式：壓實和膠結(jié)為主，溶蝕、交代和重結(jié)晶等作用常見。MineralogyThemainmineralsincarbonaterocksare:——Calcite:CaCO3(alsocalledlow-magnesiumcalcite)——Mg-calcite:CaCO3,butwithseveralmol%Mg(typically>4mol%)——Aragonite:CaCO3——Dolomite:CaMg(CO3)2Otherlesscommoncarbonatemineralsinclude:Ferroandolomite(Ca(MgFe)(CO3)2(alsocalledankerite);Siderite(FeCO3);Magnesite(MgCO3)Ferroandolomiteandsideritearecommonlyassociatedwithreducing(lowtozerooxygen)environments:sedimentarymagnesiteisfoundinsomesalinelakes.Calciteandaragonitearepolymorphs—theyhavethesamechemicalcomposition(althoughtheirtraceelementsaredifferent),butadifferentcrystalstructure:calciteistrigonal,whereasaragoniteisorthorhombic.Thecommoncarbonatemineralsdifferintheirsolubility.Calciteislesssoluble(i.e.morestable)thanaragoniteinmostfluidsattheearth'ssurface.ThesolubilityofMg-calcite(highmagnesiumcalcite)varieswiththeamountofMgsubstitutionforCainthecalcitecrystallattice,butMg-calciteiscommonlymoresolublethanaragonite.Mg-calcitecommonlyrecrystallizestocalciteduringdiagenesis;aragonite,beingmoresolublethecalcite(especiallyinfreshwater),maydissolvetoproducesecondaryporosityormayaltertocalciteduringdiagenesis.CalciteinskeletalgrainsTheskeletalpartsoforganismsarecommonlycomposedofcalcite,magnesiancalcite,aragoniteoropalinesilica.Thismineralogydeterminesthesusceptibilityoftheskeletalfragmenttodiageneticchangeandsoitscurrentcompositionandfabricinalimestoneordolomite.Calciteskeletalgrains,whichcontainlessthan4mole%magnesiuminthecalcite,includesomeforaminifera(有孔蟲),brachiopods（腕足類）,bryozoans苔蘚蟲類,trilobites三葉蟲,ostracodes介形蟲,calcareousnannoplankton鈣質(zhì)微型浮游生物,andtintinnids纖毛蟲.Skeletalgrainsofmagnesiancalcite,thatiswith4-20mole%magnesiuminthecalcite,includethoseproducedbyechinoderms棘皮類動物,mostforaminifera有孔蟲類,andredalgae紅藻.Aragoniteskeletalgrainsareformedfromcorals珊瑚蟲,stromatoporoids層孔藻,mostmolluscs軟體動物,greenalgae綠藻,andblue-greenalgae藍綠藻.Skeletalgrainsofbiogenicopalinesilicaincludespongespicules海綿骨針andradiolarians放射蟲.Carbonatesarecomposedlargelyofbothcalciumandmagnesiumcarbonatemineralsaswellascarbondioxide.Aswell,inmostcarbonaterocks,thesilicacompositionisquitelow.Therearethreemainsedimentarycarbonateminerals:aragonite,calcite,anddolomite.Thecompositionofmostcarbonatesliessomewherebetweencalcite(CaCO3)anddolomite(CaMg(CO3)2.Forexample,mostcontainsomemagnesium,butnotasmuchaspuredolomite.Carbonatesedimentmaybeformedbybiologicalprocessesaswellasbyphysicalweatheringanderosion;however,themaincontrolontheformationofthesesedimentsischemistry.

CalciteGroup

(hexagonal)

DolomiteGroup

(hexagonal)

AragoniteGroup

(orthorhombic)

mineralformulamineralformulamineralformulaCalciteCaCO3

DolomiteCaMg(CO3)2

AragoniteCaCO3

MagnesiteMgCO3

AnkeriteCa(Mg,Fe)(CO3)2

WitheriteBaCO3

Siderite,FeCO3

KutnohoriteCaMn(CO3)2

StrontianiteSrCO3

RhodochrositeMnCO3

Thecarbonatemineralssharesomecommoncharacteristics,including:AllshowchangeofreliefwithrotationAllhaveextremebirefringence(delta=0.148to0.242),givinghigh-order,creamyorpastelinterferencecoloursTodistinguish(e.g.)first-orderwhitefromhigh-orderwhite:lookforblue-greytint,showingfirst-orderlookatthinedgesofgrains;entireinterference-coloursequencemaybepresent,makingitpossibletocountcoloursin(orsequenceofpastelsmaybevisible)insertgypsumplate;1?colourschangetoupper1?lower2?high-ordercoloursshowlittlechangeSeveralfactorsinfluencethesolubilityofCaCO3:WhatcanyougetfromaboveFig?FavourableconditionHighpHhighTLowerp(CO2)LowerpressureCarbonatedepositionalsystemsforminginthegeologicpast,andinmodernsettings,fallintothreegeneraltypes:rampmargins,rimmedmarginsisolatedplatforms.gentlysloping(<1°)platform

maybeslightshelfbreaknopronouncedreeftrend,although

discontinuouscarbonatesandshoalsmaybepresentmayhavehighenergybeachandskeletal,ooliticsandshoals.

斜坡的邊緣HIGHENERGYLOWERENERGY·pronouncedbreakinslope·presencesofnearlycontinuousrimorbarrieralongplatformedge·thebarrierisawaveresistantstructureconsistingofeitherareeforskeletal,ooliticsandshoals·landwardofrim/barrierisalowenergy"lagoonal"areaofvariablyrestrictedcirculation·lagoonalareacommonlygradeslandwardintotidalflat

· "Bahamatype"-derivedfrommodernanalogywithBahamaplatform· shallowplatform10'sto100'skmwideoffshoreofshallowcontinentalshelves· surrounedbydeepwater(several100'smetrestofewkmdeep)· Mayhaveeithergentlyslopingmarginormoresteeplyslopingmargin.Sedimentarystructuresandearlydiageneticfeaturesofshallowmarinecarbonatedeposits

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