2018考研英語翻譯2017考研英語翻譯2016考研英語翻譯2015考研英語翻譯2014考研英語翻譯2013考研英語翻譯2012考研英語翻譯2010考研英語翻譯2009考研英語翻譯2008考研英語翻譯2007考研英語翻譯2006考研英語翻譯2005考研英語翻譯2004考研英語翻譯2003考研英語翻譯2002考研英語翻譯2001考研英語翻譯2000考研英語翻譯1999考研英語翻譯1998考研英語翻譯1997考研英語翻譯1996考研英語翻譯1995考研英語翻譯1994考研英語翻譯2018英語二翻譯2017英語二翻譯2016英語二翻譯2015英語二翻譯2014英語二翻譯考研文章和類型總覽 ●1995標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化考1996科研的發(fā) ●1997動物權(quán)1998宇宙大理 ●1999歷史的定2000與社會發(fā) ●2001未來科技發(fā) ●2003社會科學(xué)人類2004語言與思 ●2005大眾傳媒的發(fā)2006●2007法律教2008介 ●2009青年人教育模 ●2011書籍介紹2012語言學(xué)研 ●2013園藝2014音樂欣 ●2015早期文2016心理健 ●2017英語的使2018戲2. 表達(dá)通順：2.賦予含義1.theinlectualequipmentofan2.thespecialpreserveof3.Hisfunctionisogoustothatofa4.Hehasnotbeenchargedwiththe5.hedidnotacceptthechargemadebysomeofhiscriticsaswell6.hisprimarytaskisnottothinkaboutthemoralcode ernshis7.developedthe8.auniqueanddistinctlyimportantsocial9.Childrenwillywithdollsequipped ality10.ThisabilityisbuiltintousinthesamewaythatourbodiesknowhowtohealaatthejumptothebeobligedtoonadailytakesortoutrestsauthorofpieceIntokilltwobirdswithonetolaughoffone’sanunchartedboundinanticipationof：預(yù)計到=becausethecompetitiveedgejripout，撕毀，拆joiningthedotsmarksbout使誰出類拔萃/fund-raisingmethod募bringAtoaclosebringtoacloseA（totheletterpangofsth:一陣flashofsth:Aflashinthepan:Nexttotrade-off（名詞）maywellLikenAtoBANoend=veryItupsetmenoendtohearthey’dsplitup.Makeendsmeet:Attheendoftheday:bearthebruntof首當(dāng)其沖（brunt沖擊；主要沖力prepareAforBdeservingpeople…Studiesservefordelight，forornamentandfor23： 例句2：TheparkisThetaskdemandsastrategicThenewAmericanSecretaryofStatehasproposedaworldconferenceonfood Youmayapply orby Therewill evisionchatshowshostedbyrobots，andcarswithpollution .Hewasonthewrong例句2：Hewasagainstthenfromthevery例句3：JohnRobert’sprofessionsofjudicialmodestyduringhisownconfirmationhearingsin2005gavelittleinklingofthecontroversialdecisionsoverwhichhehassincepresided. Behaviorists，incontrast，saythatdifferencesinscoresareduetothefactthatblacksareoftendeprivedofmanyeducationaladvantagesthatwhitesenjoy.Ifwintercomes,canspringbefar（六）TherebeAnappleonthetableintheriveragainstthedeclineofwholeeconomyTherewillbeevisionchatshowshostedbyrobots，andcarswithpollution例子1：Alitoresolvedthisbyconcludingthattheaggressiveproceduredoesnotviolatefederalstatutes.Changeofinformation,ifany,concerningthecontentsofthissectionwillbefoundinappendixattheendofthis Smokingisprohibitedinpublic（二）hisbook例句1：OnemusthavestudiedhardbeforeonecouldsucceedinmasteringaforeignHecoveredhisfacewithhishandasiftoprotecthisWeliveandBeethoven；Einstein；Edison；Eason；Jay；I-Theemphasisondatagatheredfirst-hand，combinedwithacross-culturalbroughttotheysisofculturespastandpresent，makesthisstudyauniqueanddistinctlyimportantsocialscience.howdiverselanguagescouldbe.Howthisproductcouldbeproduced2.獨立成句：介詞+ng（介詞不翻譯）groundbaseddetectorsattheSouth例句1：Theshark,ahugelysuccessfulfishinevolutionaryterms,withalineagedatingbackmorethan400millionyears,isunderrelentlessattackfromhumans.Additionalsocialstressesmayalsooccurbecauseofthepopulationexplosionorproblemsarisingfrommassmigrationmovements—themselvesmaderelativelyeasynowadaysbymodernmeansoftransport.Butthat，Pearsonpointsout，isonlythestartofman-machineitisnoexaggerationtosaythat…不夸張的說itisreportedthat...據(jù)itisimportantthat...重要的是（六）TherebeThereisatempleontheTherearetwomonksinthetemple.Thereisacuponthetable.ThereisnoTherewillbeawarmMetalsaredeliberaymixedtoproducehundredsofnewsubstanceswithdesirablequalitiesnototherwiseavailable.。ThefundscanbeonlyobtainedthroughwebsitenototherwiseOtherprocesseswillbediscussed Theroleofnaturalselectioninevolutionwasformulatedonlyalittlemorethanahundredyearsago. Thisinstinctshouldbeencouragedratherthanlaughed 例句6：Howwellthepredictionswillbevalidatedbylaterperformancedependsupontheamount,reliability,andappropriatenessoftheinformationusedandontheskillandwisdomwithwhichitisinterpreted.預(yù)測在多大程度上能為所取決于所用信息的數(shù)量，可靠性和適Untiltheseissuesareresolved,atechnologyofbehaviorwillcontinuetoberejected,andwithitpossiblytheonlywaytosolveourproblems.（并列引起的省略）在這些得到解決以前，研究行為的技術(shù)就會繼續(xù)排斥，解決問題的唯一方式可能也隨之繼續(xù)排斥。Asfamiliesmoveawayfromtheirstablecommunity,theirfriendsofmanyyears,theirextendedfamilyrelationships,theinformalflowofinformationiscutoff,andwithittheconfidencethatinformationwillbeavailablewhenneededandwillbetrustworthyandreliable.1：Lovecannotbe5：Thequalityofourproductshasbeengreatly例6：Thecarhasbeencleaned.例句1：Althoughlittleisknownabouthowhypnosisworks,ithasbeenmadeuseofinmedical 對 （Feelknowbelieve,see,hear）例句2：Theeducationprogramsshouldbeenrichedtoincludelifeskillsforhealth,safetyandenvironmentalawareness.3：CopiesofKeynesaredustedoff,theFedlowersinterestrates,andtheandCongresscuttaxesandhikespending.Nolarger tionstotheeconomyare例句1：LightandheatcanbegiventousbytheHeatisremovedfromthebodyduring AbundantexercisesandproblemsareprovidedinthisreferenceTheactofmemorizingismoreofacognitiveexercisethananintuitiveMore+肯定，than+否定less+否定，than+肯定例句1：Futuristpoetryismoreofatransientphenomenonthan Theactofmemorizingismoreofacognitiveexercisethananintuitiveone.HeearnsmoremoneythanhecanTheunemploymentratehasfallenfarfasteroverthepastyearthanthetepidrecoveriesinbothcountriesseemtojustify.Notso+原級+as…=less+原級+than…=not+JackislesscleverthanTom.JackisnotsocleverasTom.JackisnotclevererthanTom.例句2：Whileitiseasytoignoreinourcontactwithteenagerstheeffectofouractsupontheirdisposition,itisnotsoeasyasindealingwithadults.Notsomuch…notsomuchAasBAB。沒有比較的意思，只是單純的闡述觀點。TheconveniencesthatAmericansdesirereflectnotsomuchaleisurelylifestyleasabusylifestyleinwhichevenminutesoftimearetoovaluabletobewasted.qualitycontrolless…more…與其說…不如說Interestinhistoricalmethodshasarisenlessthroughexternalchallengetothevalidityofhistoryasaninlectualdisciplineandmorefrominternalquarrelsamonghistoriansthemselves.（InterestarisenlessthroughAmorefromB.nomore…than…=not…anymoreButhisprimarytaskisnottothinkaboutthemoralcodewhichernshisactivity,anymorethanabusinessmanisexpectedtodedicatehisenergiestoanexplorationofrulesofconductinNobodywithanysenseexpectstofindthewholetruthinjobadvertisementanymorethanheexpectsamanapplyingforajobtodescribehis ingsandmoreseriousfaults.Heseesthegradualdisappearanceof“whom”tobenaturalandnomoreregrettablethanthelossofthecase-endingsofOldEnglish.例句1：TheymayteachverywellandmorethanearntheirManagershavebeenmorethanwillingtoadjustteamuniformstofitthegrowingnumbersofbigger,longerframes.Deliberatepracticeentailsmorethansimplyrepeatinga2018考研英語翻譯

PartReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegments YourtranslationshouldbewrittenneatlyontheANSWERSHEET.（10Shakespeare’slifetimewasco withaperiodofextraordinaryactivityandachievementinthedrama.（46）BythedateofhisbirthEuropewaswitnessingthepassingofthereligiousdrama,andthecreationofnewformsundertheincentiveofclassicaltragedyandcomedy.Thesenewformswereatfirstmainlywrittenbyscholarsandperformedbyamateurs,butinEngland,aseverywhereelseinwesternEurope,thegrowthofaclassofprofessionalactorswasthreateningtomakethedramapopular,whetheritshouldbeneworold,classicalormedieval, ryorfarcical.Court,schoolorganizationsofamateurs,andthetravelingactorswereallrivalsinsupplyingawidespreaddesirefordramaticentertainment;and（47）noboywhowenta rschoolcouldbeignorantthatthedramawasaformofli turewhichgaveglorytoGreeceandRomeandmightyetbringhonortoEngland.WhenShakespearewastwelveyearsold,thefirstpublicyhousewasbuiltinLondon.Foratimelitureshowednointerestinthispublicstage.ysaimingatlirydistinctionwerewrittenforschoolorcourt,orforthechoirboysofSt.Paul’sandtheroyalchapel,who,however,gaveysinpublicaswellasatcourt.（48）buttheprofessionalcompaniesprosperedintheirpermanenttheaters,anduniversitymenwithlitureambitionswerequicktoturntothesetheatersasofferingameansoflivelihood.BythetimeShakespearewastwenty-five,Lyly,Peele,andGreenehadmadecomediesthatwereatoncepopularandliry;Kydhadwrittenatragedythatcrowdedthepit;andMarlowehadbroughtpoetryandgeniustotriumphonthecommonstage-wheretheyhadyednopartsincethedeathofEuripides.（49）Anativelirydramahadbeencreated,itsalliancewiththepublicyhousesestablished,andatleastsomeofitsgreattraditionshadbeenbegun.ThedevelopmentoftheElizabethandramaforthenexttwenty-fiveyearsisofexceptionalinteresttostudentsofliryhistory,forinthisbriefperiodwemaytracethebeginning,growth,blossoming,anddecayofmanykindsofys,andofmanygreatcareers.Weareamazedtodayatthemerenumberofysproduced,aswellasbythenumberofdramatistswritingatthesametimeforthisLondonoftwohundredthousandinhabitants.（50）Torealizehowgreatwasthedramaticactivity,wemustrememberfurtherthathostsofyshavebeenlost,andthatprobablythereisnoauthorofnotewhoseentireworkhassurvived.PartC（10作為謀生。2017考研英語翻譯

PartReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegments YourtranslationshouldbewrittencarefullyontheANSWERSHEET.（10hasobviouslybeencontinuingforseveraldecades.ButevenasthenumberofEnglishspeakersexpandsfurther,therearesignsthattheglobalpredominanceofthelanguagemayfadewithintheforeseeablefuture.Complexinternational,economic,technologicalandculturalchangescouldstarttodiminishtheleadingpositionofEnglishasthelanguageoftheworldmarket,andUKinterestswhichenjoyadvantagefromthebreathofEnglishusagewouldconsequentlyfacenewpressures.ThoserealisticpossibilitiesarehighlightedinthestudypresentedbyDavidGraddol.Hisysisshouldthereforeendanyself-contentednessamongthosewhomaybelievethattheglobalpositionofEnglishissostablethattheyounggenerationoftheUnitedKingdomdonotneedadditionallanguagecapabilities.DavidGraddolconcludesthatmonoglotEnglishgraduatesfaceableakeconomicfutureasqualifiedmultilingualyoungstersfromothercountriesareprovingtohaveacompetitiveadvantageovertheirBritishcounterpartsinglobalcompaniesandorganizations.Alongsidethat,（48）manycountriesareintroducingEnglishintotheprimary-schoolcurriculumbutBritishschoolchildrenandstudentsdonotappeartobegaininggreaterencouragementtoachievefluencyinotherIflefttothemselves,suchtrendswilldiminishtherelativestrengthoftheEnglishlanguageininternationaleducationmarketsasthedemandforeducationalresourcesinlanguages,suchasSpanish,ArabicorMandaringrowsandinternationalbusinessprocessoutsourcinginotherlanguagessuchasJapanese,FrenchandGerman,spreads.（49）ThechangesidentifiedbyDavidGraddolallpresentclearandmajorchallengestotheUK’sprovidersofEnglishlanguageteachingtopeopleofothercountriesandtobroadereducationbusinesssectors.TheEnglishlanguageteachingsectordirectlyearnsnearly￡1.3billionfortheUKininvisibleexportsandourothereducationrelatedexportsearnupto￡10billionayearmore.Astheinternationaleducationmarketexpands,therecentslowdowninthenumberofinternationalstudentsstudyinginthemainEnglishspeakingcountriesislikelytocontinue,especiallyiftherearenoeffectivestrategicpoliciestopreventsuchslippage.Theanticipationofpossibleshiftsindemandprovidedbythisstudyissignificant.（50）ItgivesabasistoallorganizationswhichseektopromotethelearninganduseofEnglish,abasisfornningtomeetpossibilitiesofwhatcouldbeaverydifferentoperatingenvironment.Thatisanecessaryandpracticalapproach.Inthisasinmuchelse,thosewhowishtoinfluencethefuturemustprepareforit.PartC（102016考研英語翻譯

PartReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegments YourtranslationshouldbewrittenneatlyontheANSWERSHEET.（10Mentalhealthisourbirthright.（46）Wedon’thavetolearnhowtobementallyhealthy;itisbuiltintousinthesamewaythatourbodiesknowhowtohealacutormend,abrokenbone.Mentalhealthcan’tbelearned,onlyreawakened.Itislikeimmunesystemofthebody,whichunderstressorthroughlackofnutritionorexercisecanbeweakened,butwhichneverleavesus.Whenwedon’tunderstandthevalueofmentalhealthandwedon’tknowhowtogainaccesstoit,mentalhealthwillremainhiddenfromus.（47）Ourmentalhealthdoesn’tgoanywhere;likethesunbehindacloud,itcanbetemporarilyhiddenfromview,butitisfullycapableofbeingrestoredinaninstant.Mentalhealthistheseedthatcontainsself-esteem–confidenceinourselvesandanabilitytotrustinourcommonsense.Itallowsustohaveonourlives-theabilitytonottakeourselvestooseriously,tolaughatourselves,toseethebiggerpicture,andtoseethatthingswillworkout.It’saformofinnateorunlearnedoptimism.（48Mentalhealthallowsustoviewotherswithsympathyiftheyarehavingtroubles,withkindnessiftheyareinpain,andwithunconditionallovenomatterwhotheyare.Mentalhealthisthesourceofcreativityforsolvingproblems,resolving,makingoursurroundingsmorebeautiful,managingourhomelife,orcomingupwithacreativebusinessideaorinventiontomakeourliveseasier.Itgivesuspatienceforourselves.Andtowardothersaswellaspatiencewhiledriving,catchingafish,workingonourcar,orraisingachild.Itallowsustoseethebeautythatsurroundsuseachmomentinnature,inculture,intheflowofourdailylives.（49）Althoughmentalhealthisthecure-allforlivingourlives,itisperfectingordinaryasyouwillseethatithasbeentheretodirectyouthroughallyourdifficultdecisions.Ithasbeenavailableeveninthemostmundaneoflifesituationstoshowyourightfromwrong,goodfrombad,friendfromfoe.Mentalhealthhascommonlybeencalledconscience,instinct,wisdom,commonsense,ortheinnervoice,wethinkofitsimplyasahealthandhelpfulflowofinligentthough.50）Asyouwillcometosee,knowingthatmentalhealthisalwaysavailableandknowingtotrustitallowustoslowdowntothemomentandlivelifehappily.你的生活中指導(dǎo)你面對各種的決定。ButeverybodyknowsObamaneedsaliberaltostopthecourtfrommovingfurthertotherightthanitalreadyhasunderJohnRoberts,thepresentchiefjustice,amanmorestealth-bomberthanaircraft-carrier,whoseprofessionsofjudicialmodestyduringhisownconfirmationhearingsin2005gavelittleinklingofthecontroversialdecisionsoverwhichhehassincepresided.2）Asfamiliesmoveawayfromtheirstablecommunity,theirfriendsofmanyyears,theirextendedfamilyrelationships,theinformalflowofinformationiscutoff,andwithittheconfidencethatinformationwillbeavailablewhenneededandwillbetrustworthyandreliable.3）clawisaphenomenonsodifferentfromallotherformsoflaw—notwithstanding，ofcourse，aconsiderableandinevitablenumberofcoincidenceswithoneortheotherofthemasfarassubjectmatterandpositiveenactmentsareconcerned—thatitsstudyisindispensableinordertoappreciateadequa ythefullrangeofpossiblelegalphenomena.4）Anyoneconsideringtakingpartinaworkoftransformationofthoseformsofolderartwhichseemtousinmanywaysunsatisfactory,sothattheyshouldbemoreinturnwiththechangingtimes,andanyonewhodoesnotquailattheprospectofseekingoutnewformsofexpressionfornewmaterialsandnewbuildingfunction,willfindspiritualkinship,observing2015考研英語翻譯

PartReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsentences YourtranslationshouldbewrittenneatlyontheANSWERSHEET.（10Withinthespanofahundredyears,intheseventeenthandearlyeighteenthcenturies,atideofemigration—onethegreatfolkwanderingsofhistory—sweptfromEuropetoAmerica.（46）Thismovement,drivenbypowerfulanddiversemotivations,builtanationoutofawildernessand,byitsnature,shapedthecharacteranddestinyofanunchartedcontinent.（47）TheUnitedStatesistheproductoftwoprincipals—theimmigrationofEuropeanpeopleswiththeirvariedideas,customsandnationalcharacteristicsandtheimpactofanewcountrywhichmodifiedthesetraits.Ofnecessity,colonialAmericawasaprojectionofEurope.AcrosstheAtlanticcamesuccessivegroupsofEnglishmen,Frenen,Germans,Scots,Irishmen,Duten,Swedes,andmanyotherswhoattemptedtotransnttheirhabitsandtraditionstothenewworld.（48）ButtheofgeographicconditionspeculiartoAmerica,theinteryofthevariednationalgroupsupononeanother,andthesheerdifficultyofmaintainingold-worldwaysinaraw,newcontinentcausedsignificantchanges.Thesechangesweregradualandatfirstscarcelyvisible.Buttheresultwasanewsocialpatternwhich,althoughitresembledEuropeansocietyinmanyways,hadacharacterthatwasdistinctlyAmerican.（49）ThefirstshiploadsofimmigrantsboundfortheterritorywhichisnowtheUnitedStatescrossedtheAtlanticmorethanahundredyearsafterthe15th-and-16th-centuryexplorationsofNorthAmerica.Intheme ,thrivingSpanishcolonieshadbeenestablishedinMexico,theWestIndies,andSouthAmerica.ThesetravelerstoNorthAmericacameinsmall,overcrowdedcraft.Duringtheirsix-totwelve-weekvoyage,theysurvivedonbarelyenoughfoodallottedtothem.Manyoftheshipswerelostinstorms,manypassengersdiedofdisease,andinfantsrarelysurvivedthejourney.Sometimesstormsblewthevesselsfarofftheircourse,andoftencalmbroughtunbearablylongdelay.TotheanxioustravelersthesightoftheAmericanshorebroughtalmostinexpressiblerelief.Saidonerecorderofevents,“Theairattwelveleagues’distancesmeltassweetasanew-blowngarden.”Thecolonists’firstglimpseofthenewlandwasasightofdensewoods.（50）Thevirginwithitsrichnessandvarietyoftreeswasarealtreasure-housewhichextendedfromMaineallthewaydowntoGeorgia.Herewasabundantfuelandlumber.Herewastherawmaterialofhousesandfurniture,shipsandpotash,dyesandnavalstores.47）是兩種主要力量的產(chǎn)物；第一種力量是：思想習(xí)俗、民族特色各異的歐洲；但具有著特有的地理條件,不同民族之間相互作用,在原始舊世界在15-16世紀(jì)的探索的一百多年之后，第一批乘船橫渡駛向現(xiàn)在的2014考研英語翻譯

SectionIIIReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegments YourtranslationshouldbewrittenclearlyonANSWERSHEET2.（10Musicmeansdifferentthingstodifferentpeopleandsometimesevendifferentthingstothe atdifferentmomentsofhislife.Itmightbepoetic,philosophical, ,ormathematical,butinanycaseitmust,inmyview,havesomethingtodowiththesoulofthehumanbeing.Henceitismetaphysical;butthemeansofexpressionispurelyandexclusivelyphysical:sound.Ibelieveitispreciselythispermanentcoexistenceofmetaphysicalmessagethroughphysicalmeansthatisthestrengthofmusic.（46）Itisalsothereasonwhywhenwetrytodescribemusicwithwords,allwecandoisarticulateourreactionstoit,andnotgraspmusicBeethoven’simportanceinmusichasbeenprincipallydefinedbytherevolutionarynatureofhiscompositions.Hedmusicfromhithertoprevailingconventionsofharmonyandstructure.SometimesIfeelinhislateworksawilltobreakallsignsofcontinuity.Themusicisabruptandseeminglydisconnected,asinthelastpianosonata.Inmusicalexpression,hedidnotfeelrestrainedbytheweightofconvention.（47）Byallaccountshewasathinking ,andacourageousone,andIfindcourageanessentialqualityfortheunderstanding,letalonetheperformance,ofhisworks.Thiscourageousattitudeinfact esarequirementfortheperformersofBeethoven’smusic.Hiscompositionsdemandtheperformertoshowcourage,forexampleintheuseofdynamics.（48）Beethoven’shabitofincreasingthevolumewithanintensecrescendoandthenabruptlyfollowingitwithasuddensoftpassagewasonlyrarelyusedbycomposersbeforehim.Beethovenwasadeeplypoliticalmaninthebroadestsenseoftheword.Hewasnotinterestedindailypolitics,butconcernedwithquestionsofmoralbehaviourandthelargerquestionsofrightandwrongaffectingtheentiresociety.（49）Especiallysignificantwashisviewofdom,which,forhim,wasassociatedwiththerightsandresponsibilitiesoftheindividual:headvocateddomofthoughtandof alexpression.Beethoven’smusictendstomovefromchaostoorderasiforderwereanimperativeofhumanexistence.Forhim,orderdoesnotresultfromforgettingorignoringthedisordersthatourexistence;orderisanecessarydevelopment,animprovementthatmayleadtotheGreekidealofcatharsis.ItisnotbychancethattheFuneralMarchisnotthelastmovementoftheEroicaSymphony,butthesecond,sothatsufferingdoesnothavethelastword.（50）OnecouldparaphrasemuchoftheworkofBeethovenbysayingthatsufferingisinevitable,butthecouragetofightitrenderslifeworthliving.必須具備這一品質(zhì)，演奏他的作品就更是如此。習(xí)慣用漸強(qiáng)來增大音量，然后突然緊接舒緩的曲段，這是之前的作2013考研英語翻譯

SectionIIIReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegments YourtranslationshouldbewrittenclearlyonANSWERSHEET2.（10Itisspeculatedthatgardensarisefromabasicneedintheindividualswhomadethem:theneedforcreativeexpression.Thereisnodoubtthatgardensevidenceanimpossibleurgetocreate,express,fashion,andbeautifyandthatself-expressionisabasichumanurge;（46）yetwhenonelooksatthephotographsofthegardencreatedbythehomeless,itstrikesonethat,foralltheirdiversityofstyles,thesegardensspeakofvariousotherfundamentalurges,beyondthatofdecorationandcreativeexpression.Oneoftheseurgeshadtodowithcreatingastateofpeaceinthemidstofturbulence,a“stillpointoftheturningworld,”toborrowaphrasefromT.S.Eliot.（47）Asacredceofpeace,howevercrudeitmaybe,isadistinctlyhumanneed,asopposedtoshelter,whichisadistinctlyanimalneed.Thisdistinctionissomuchsothatwherethelatterislacking,asitisfortheseunlikelygardens,theformer esallthemoreurgent.Composureisastateofmindmadepossiblebythestructuringofone’srelationtoone’senvironment.（48）Thegardensofthehomelesswhichareineffecthomelessgardensintroduceformintoanurbanenvironmentwhereiteitherdidn’texistorwasnotdiscernibleassuch.Insongtheygivecomposuretoasegmentoftheinarticulateenvironmentinwhichtheytaketheirstand.Anotherurgeorneedthatthesegardensappeartorespondto,ortoarisefromissointrinsicthatwearebarelyeverconsciousofitsabidingclaimsonus.Whenwearedeprivedofgreen,ofnts,oftrees,（49）mostofusgiveintoademoralizationofspiritwhichweusuallyblameonsomepsychologicalconditions,untilonedaywefindourselvesingardenandfeelthevanishasifbyInmostofthehomelessgardensofNewYorkCitytheactualcultivationofntsisunfeasible,yetevensothecompositionsoftenseemtorepresentattemptstocallarrangementofmaterials,aninstitutionofcolors,smallpoolofwater,andafrequentpresenceofpetalsorleavesaswellasofstuffedanimals.Ondisyherearevariousfantasyelementswhosereference,atsomebasiclevel,seemstobethenaturalworld.（50）Itisthisimplicitorexplicitreferencetonaturethatfullyjustifiestheuseofwordgarden,thoughina“l(fā)iberated”sense,todescribethesesyntheticconstructions.Inthemwecanseebiophilia—ayearningforcontactwithnonhumanlife—assuminguncannyrepresentationalforms.2012考研英語翻譯

Readthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsinto translationshouldbewrittenclearlyonANSWERSHEET2.（10points）SincethedaysofAristotle,asearchforuniversalprincipleshascharacterizedthescientificenterprise.Insomeways,thisquestforcommonalitiesdefinesscience.Newton’slawsofmotionandDarwinianevolutioneachbindahostofdifferentphenomenaintoasingleexplicatoryframework.（46）Inphysics,oneapproachtakesthisimpulseforunificationtoitsextreme,andseeksatheoryofeverything—asinglegenerativeequationforallwesee.Itis inglessclear,however,thatsuchatheorywouldbeasimplification,giventhedimensionsanduniversesthatitmightentail.Nonetheless,unificationofsortsremainsamajorgoal.too.（47Here,Darwinismseemstoofferjustification,forifallhumanssharecommonorigins,itseemsreasonabletosupposethatculturaldiversitycouldalsobetracedtomoreconstrainedbeginnings.Justasthebewilderingvarietyofhumancourtshipritualsmightallbeconsideredformsofualselection,perhapstheworld’slanguages,music,socialandreligiouscustomsandevenhistoryareerneduniversalfeatures.（48）TofilteroutwhatisuniquefromwhatissharedmightenableustounderstandhowcomplexculturalbehavioraroseandwhatguidesitinevolutionaryorcognitiveThat,atleast,isthehope.Butacomparativestudyoflinguistictraitspublishedonlinetodaysarealitycheck.RussellGrayattheUniversityofAucklandandhiscolleaguesconsiderevolutionofgrrsinthelightoftwopreviousattemptstofinduniversalityinThemostfamousoftheseeffortswasinitiatedbyNoamChomsky,whosuggestedthathumansarebornwithaninnatelanguage—acquisitioncapacitythatdictatesauniversalgrr.Afewgenerativerulesarethensufficienttounfoldtheentirefundamentalstructureofalanguage,whichiswhychildrencanlearnitsoquickly.（49）Thesecond,byJoshuaGreenberg,takesamoreempiricalapproachtouniversality,identifyingtraits（particularlyinwordorder）sharedbymanylanguage,whichareconsideredtorepresentbiasesthatresultfromcognitiveconstraints.Grayandhiscolleagueshaveputthemtothetestbyexaminingfourfamilytreesthatbetweenthemrepresentmorethan2,000languages.（50）Chomsky’sgrrshouldshowpatternsoflanguagechangethatareindependentofthefamilytreeorthepathwaytrackedthroughit,whereasGreenbergianuniversalitypredictsstrongco-dependenciesbetweenparticulartypesofword-orderrelations.Neitherofthesepatternsisborneoutbytheysis,suggestingthatthestructuresofthelanguagesarelineage-specificandnoternedbyuniversals.并從進(jìn)化論或認(rèn)知角度理解什么引導(dǎo)了它的。第二次努力——由堡做出——采用更為經(jīng)驗主義的方法來研究語言的語法應(yīng)該顯示出語言變化的模式，這些模式不受語言譜系或貫穿譜系Readthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegments YourtranslationshouldbewrittenclearlyonANSWERSHEET2.（10W